心房颤动患者经导管射频消融术后不同时期左心房结构及功能的动态变化

目的:观察射频消融术对阵发性和持续性心房颤动(房颤)患者左心房结构和功能不同时期的影响。方法:临床诊断房颤的79名患者作为研究对象(阵发性房颤组65例、持续性房颤组14例),随访1年,行超声心动图检查监测左心房最大面积(左心房左右径×上下径)、左心房最大容积(LAVmax)、左心房最小容积(LAVmin)、左心房P容积(LAVp)等左心房结构指标,并通过左心房被动射血分数(LAPEF),左心房主动射血分数(LAAEF),左心房排空容积等指标探讨左心房功能的变化。体检非房颤人群22例作为对照组。全部数据采用SPSS17.0软件包进行统计学分析。结果:①消融术前检测显示:房颤组左心房最大面积、LAVmax、LAVmin均高于正常对照组(P0.05);并且持续性房颤组左心房增大更显著(P0.05)。房颤组LAAEF低于正常对照组(P0.05),其中持续性房颤组下降更明显(P0.05)。LAPEF及左心房排空容积各组间差异无统计学意义。②两组房颤患者术后左心房最大面积、LAVmax较术前均有变小(P0.05),但两者出现变化的时间点不同,阵发性房颤组在术后1年明显变小(P0.05),持续房颤组在术后近期就出现明显变小(P0.05)。两组LAAEF、LAPEF、排空容积等较术前均无显著性变化。③持续性房颤组左心房最大面积术后近期、中期变化率大于阵发性房颤组(P0.05),但至术后1年变化率两者差异无统计学意义。结论:经导管射频消融术能缩小房颤患者增大的左房结构,近、中期在持续性房颤患者更加显著;经导管射频消融术本身对左心房功能无明显影响。     

肥厚型梗阻性心肌病扩大室间隔切除术后左心房功能变化及意义

目的应用二维斑点追踪应变显像技术(2DSTE)评估肥厚型梗阻性心肌病(HOCM)患者扩大室间隔切除术后左心房功能的变化特点,并探讨其临床意义。方法 39例HOCM患者入选此研究。应用2DSTE技术测量房间隔,左房侧壁、前壁,下壁的基底段、中段,以及房顶部共12个节段各个时相的心房心肌应变率,取平均值,得出左心室收缩期左心房峰值应变率(mSRs)、左心室舒张早期左心房峰值应变率(mSRe)、左心室舒张晚期(心房收缩期)左心房峰值应变率(mSRa)。应用2DSTE自左房容积曲线获得左心房最大容积(LAVmax)、左心房收缩前容积(LAVp)、左心房最小容积(LAVmin),计算左心房容积指数(LAVI)、左心房主动排空分数(LAAEF)、左心房被动排空分数(LAPEF)、左心房扩张指数(LAEI)。比较术前、术后中期各参数的变化特点。结果与术前比较,39例HOCM患者扩大室间隔切除术后,左心房最大前后径(LAD)、室间隔厚度(IVS)、左心室后壁舒张末期厚度(LVPWd)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室流出道最大压差(LVOT-PG)、二尖瓣反流(MI)均明显减低(P均0.05);左心室舒张末前后径(LVEDD)、左心室收缩末前后径(LVESD)均明显增大(P均0.05);二尖瓣E峰减速时间(DT)缩短,舒张晚期二尖瓣环运动速度(a’)增加(P0.05);左心室舒张晚期mSRa较术前明显增加(P0.05);各个时相LAVmax、LAVp、LAVmin以及LAVI均明显减小(P0.05),LAAEF增加(P0.05);左心室舒张晚期mSRa与LAAEF在0.01水平上呈中等程度负相关(P0.01)。结论 HOCM患者扩大室间隔切除术后左心房辐泵功能较术前恢复。2DSTE能够敏感反映左心房功能的变化特点。     

不同部位起搏对左房结构与功能的影响

目的:探讨不同部位起搏对左心房结构和功能的影响。方法:选择我院自2012年01月至2014年01月间因心动过缓需要起搏治疗的62例患者作为研究对象,根据起搏电极放置部位的不同,患者被均分为右室心尖部(RVA)起搏组和右室流出道(RVOT)起搏组,比较两组患者起搏治疗前后左房收缩前容积(LAVp),最小左房容积(LAVmin),最大左房容积(LAVmax),左心房主动排空分数(LAAEF),左心房被动排空分数(LAPEF)等指标的差异。结果:治疗前两组各指标比较无显著差异(P均>0.05);起搏治疗6个月后,与RVA起搏组比较,RVOT起搏组LAVp[(29.5±3.2)ml比(27.1±3.5)ml]、LAVmin[(18.6±2.0)ml比(17.2±2.7)ml]、LAVmax[(48.9±4.8)ml比(46.1±5.1)ml]、LAAEF[(47.2±4.5)%比(43.5±4.2)%]显著减少,LAPEF[(40.9±5.3)%比(43.6±3.9)%]显著提高(P<0.05或<0.01)。结论:右室流出道起搏疗效好于右室心尖部起搏治疗,可作为右室心尖部的起搏部的替代。     

左心房容积追踪技术对终末期肾病肾移植手术患者左心房功能的评价价值

目的评价左心房容积追踪技术(LAVT)对终末期肾病(ESRD)肾移植手术患者左心房功能的评价价值。方法选取2014年12月—2016年10月在天津市第一中心医院行肾移植手术的ESRD患者65例,术后均恢复良好并随访1年以上。比较所有患者术前、术后左心室功能参数和左心房容积参数,左心室功能参数与左心房容积参数的相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析。结果所有患者术后左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室短轴缩短率(LVFS)、左房室瓣E峰最大流速(E值)、平均瓣环运动速度(e'值)高于术前,E/e'比值低于术前(P0.05);术后左心房最大容积(LAVmax)、心电图P波对应左心房容积(LAVp)、左心房最小容积(LAVmin)、左心房整体排空率(LATEF)、左心房被动排空率(LAPEF)、左心房主动排空率(LAAEF)低于术前(P0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,E/e'比值与ESRD肾移植手术患者LAVmax、LAVp、LAVmin、LATEF、LAAEF呈正相关(r值分别0.663、0.237、0.373、0.650、0.581,P0.05),与LAPEF无直线相关性(r=0.101,P0.05)。结论 ESRD患者肾移植术后心功能明显改善,LAVT能实时观察左心房容积变化,准确评价左心房功能。     

实时三维超声及二维斑点追踪显像对冠心病合并心房颤动患者左房功能的评价

目的:探讨实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)及二维斑点追踪显像(2D-STI)在评价冠心病合并心房颤动(房颤)患者左房功能中的应用价值。方法:选取30例冠心病合并房颤患者为CAD-AF组、30例冠心病窦性心律患者为CAD-SR组,30例体检正常的健康志愿者作为对照组,行常规二维及多普勒超声测量左房前后径(LAD),二尖瓣口峰值血流速度(E/A),组织多普勒测量二尖瓣后叶瓣环峰值运动速度(e'/a'),应用RT-3DE计算左房最大容积指数(LAVImax)、左房最小容积指数(LAVImin)、左房收缩前容积指数(LAVIp)、左房总射血分数(LATEF)、左房扩张指数(LAEI)、左房被动射血分数(LAPEF)、左房主动射血分数(LAAEF);应用2D-STI检查,获得左房整体应变-时间曲线,测量左室收缩期、左室舒张早期、左室舒张晚期的左房平均峰值应变(mSs、mSe、mSa)及应变率(mSRs、mSRe、mSRa),并计算左房僵硬度(LASI)。结果:与对照组相比,①CAD-SR组、CAD-AF组的LAD增大,CAD-AF组E/e'速度较对照组及CAD-SR组均有增加(均P0.05);②与对照组相比,CAD-SR组、CAD-AF组的LAVImax、LAVImin增大,LATEF、LAEI减小;CAD-SR组LAPEF较对照组减低(均P0.05);③与对照组相比,CAD-SR组与CAD-AF组mSs、mSe、mSRs、mSRe减低,LASI增加(均P0.05),CAD-AF组mSa、mSRa消失;④LASI与LAVImax、LAVImin呈显著正相关,与mSs、mSe、mSRs、mSRe、LATEE、LAEI呈显著负相关(均P0.05)。结论:RT-3DE及2D-STI可以综合反映冠心病合并房颤患者左房功能的改变。     

慢性心力衰竭患者左心房结构及功能的改变

目的探讨慢性心力衰竭(CHF)患者左心房结构及功能的改变及其临床意义。方法入选46例CHF患者(NYHA心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级),应用双平面面积长度法测定左心房最大容积(LAVmax)、P容积(LAVp)和最小容积(LAVmin),并计算左心房存储容积(LARV)、左心房管道容积(LACV)和左心房主动排空容积(即左心房每搏输出量,LASV)和左心房主动排空分数(LAAEF);并与30例正常人的上述各参数测值进行对比分析。结果 1CHF组与正常组相比LAVmax、LAVmin、LAVp、LARV、LASV、LAAEF均有不同程度升高(P0.01),而LACV则减低(P0.01)。2不同心功能级别心衰患者LAVmax、LAVmin、LAVp、LARV、LACV、LASV、LAAEF各参数无统计学差异(P0.05)。3限制性充盈与非限制性充盈患者比较LAVmax、LAVmin、LAVp有不同程度升高(P0.05),而LACV、LASV、LAAEF则减低(P0.05),LARV两组间无差异(P0.05)。结论 CHF患者整个心动周期LAV均扩大,左心房管道功能减低、存储功能及助力泵功能代偿性增强;随着左心室舒张功能异常的逐渐加重,LAV进一步扩大,左心房管道功能进一步减低,而助力泵功能亦开始减弱。     

二维斑点追踪技术在评价2型糖尿病患者早期左心房功能中的应用

目的:应用二维斑点追踪技术评价2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者早期左心房功能。方法:搜集T2DM患者56例,把其中27例无微血管病者作为A组,29例合并微血管病者作为B组,30例正常健康志愿者作为对照组(C组)。采集静息状态下心尖两腔切面和心尖四腔切面二维动态图像,应用二维斑点追踪技术(2D-STE)技术获取左心房各壁(房间隔、侧壁、下壁及前壁)在左心室收缩期、舒张早期和舒张晚期的峰值应变率及左心房整体应变(SRs、SRe、SRa、Gs),并计算其平均值(mSRs、mSRe、mSRa)。应用实时三维超声技术测得左心房各容积参数、左心房被动射血分数(LAPEF)、左心房主动射血分数(LAAEF)及左房扩张指数(LAEI)。另外,各组均行常规超声心动图检查。结果:与C组比较,A组和B组左心房Gs、mSRs、mSRe降低,mSRa升高(均P0.01)。A和B组mSRa与LAAEF呈显著正相关(r=0.785,0.813,均P0.01)。结论:2D-STE可较好地反映T2DM患者早期左心房功能。     

二维斑点追踪显像技术评估缺血性心肌病患者左心房功能的应用价值

目的探讨二维斑点追踪显像(2D-STI)技术评估缺血性心肌病(ICM)患者左心房功能的临床应用价值。方法确诊为ICM的患者35例为ICM组,另选同期来院体检的健康人群32例为对照组。运用2D-STI技术检测两组受试者的收缩期应变(Ss)和应变率(SRs),舒张早期应变(Se)和应变率(SRe),舒张晚期应变(Sa)和应变率(SRa),计算得到相应房壁的平均应变(m Ss、m Se和m Sa)及平均应变率(m SRs、m SRe和m SRa);采用双平面面积-长度法(L-A法)测量两组受试者的左心房容积,包括左心房最大容积(LAVmax)、左心房最小容积(LAVmin)、左心房收缩前容积(LAVp)、被动射血分数(LAPEF)、主动射血分数(LAAEF)、左心房总射血分数(LATEF),并分析左心房射血分数指标与应变率之间的相关性。结果ICM组LAVmax、LAVp和LAVmin容积指标均明显高于对照组(P均<0.05);而其LATEF、LAPEF与LAAEF指标则明显低于对照组(P均<0.05)。ICM组患者左心房m Ss、m SRs、m Se、m SRe、m Sa和m SRa指标均明显低于对照组(P均<0.05)。ICM患者中,LAPEF、LAAEF、LATEF分别与|SRe|、|SRa|、SRs呈正相关(r=0.73、0.70、0.69;P均<0.05)。结论 2D-STI技术能够测量ICM患者左心房在整个心动周期不同时相的应变及应变率,准确评估其左心房功能,值得推广。     

实时三维超声和二维斑点追踪成像对不同时期心房颤动患者左房结构和功能的评价

目的:采用实时三维超声心动图(RT-3DE)和二维斑点追踪成像(2D-STI)评价不同时期心房颤动(房颤)患者的左房结构和功能。方法:分别对24例健康对照组和48例房颤患者(房颤间歇期为AFl组,发作期为AF2组)行超声心动图检查。应用RT-3DE计算左房最大容积指数(LAVImax)、左房最小容积指数(LAVImin)、左房收缩前容积指数(LAVIp)、左房总射血分数(LATEF)、左房扩张指数(LAEI)、左房被动射血分数(LAPEF)和左房主动射血分数(LAAEF);应用2D-STI获取左房壁各节段的应变-时间曲线,测量收缩期、舒张早期和舒张晚期的左房平均峰值应变(mSs、mSe、mSa)、峰值应变率(mSRs、mSRe、mSRa),并计算左房僵硬度(LASt)。结果:与对照组比较,AFl组和AF2组左房内径(LAD)、左房容积指数(LAVI)增大,mSs、mSe、mSRs减低(均P0.05),且AF2组更明显,mSRe在AF1和对照组间差异无统计学意义。AF1组mSa、mSRa减低(均P0.01),AF2组mSa、mSRa消失,LASt增高(均P0.01)。LASt与LAVImax、LAVImin呈正相关,与LATEF、LAEI、mSs、mSRs、mSe、mSRe呈负相关。结论:房颤患者左房容积增大。房颤间歇期左房储存功能及辅泵功能降低;发作期左房辅泵功能消失,储存功能及管道功能降低,左房僵硬度增高。左房僵硬度与LAVImax、LAVImin、左房储存功能、管道功能相关。     

冠心病患者经皮冠状动脉介入术后左心房压力、功能变化及其与左心室功能的关系

目的应用组织多普勒成像(TDI)及二维斑点追踪显像(2D-STI)技术评价冠心病(CHD)患者经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)前后左心房压力和功能变化及其与左心室功能关系,为临床CHD的治疗提供更有效信息。方法对30例PCI术治疗的CHD患者分别在PCI术前、术后1周及术后3月经超声心动图测量并计算左心房最大容积(LAV_(max))、最小容积(LAV_(min))、左心房收缩前容积(LAV_(pre))、左心房被动排空分数(LAPEF)、左心房主动排空分数(LAAEF)、左心室射血分数(LVEF)、二尖瓣舒张早期速度峰值(E)及晚期速度峰值(A);采用TDI测量并计算二尖瓣环舒张早期速度(e’)、左心房平均压力(mLAP)、E/A及E/e’;采用2D-STI测量并计算左心室整体纵向应变(GLS),左心室收缩期、舒张早期及晚期左心房各壁平均峰值应变率(mSRs,mSRe,mSRa)。另选30例冠状动脉造影检查冠状动脉狭窄率30%的病例作为对照组。结果 CHD组与对照组比较,各时间段LVEF、LAPEF、E、E/A、e’、mSRs、mSRe、GLS均下降,A、E/e’、mLAP、LAV_(min)、LAV_(max)、LAV_(pre)、LAAEF、mSRa均升高(P0.05)。CHD组PCI术后1周与术前比较,各项指标差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);CHD组PCI术后3月与术前、术后1周比较,E、e’、E/A、mSRs、mSRe、GLS、LVEF、LAPEF均上升,A、E/e’、mLAP、LAV_(min)、LAV_(max)、LAV_(pre)、LAAEF、mSRa均下降(P0.05)。CHD组PCI术后3月mLAP与GLS、mSRe、LAV_(min)、LAV_(max)、LAV_(pre)呈正相关(r=0.548,0.871,0.851,0.858,0.857,P0.01),与LVEF、E/A、mSRa、mSRs、LAPEF呈负相关(r=-0.800,-0.884,-0.898,-0.829,-0.427,P0.05)。结论 CHD患者左心房及左心室功能在PCI术后3月较术后1周、术前明显改善;左心房压力与功能变化可以综合反映CHD患者PCI术后左心房及左心室功能改变,二者功能紧密联系。     

应变率成像技术评价酒精性心肌病患者左心房功能

目的:研究应变率成像技术在评价酒精性心肌病患者左心房功能改变方面的应用价值。方法:对30例酒精性心肌病患者(ACM组)和相匹配年龄30例正常人(正常对照组),分别进行左心房常规二维参数及应变率参数测量。常规参数包括:左心房最小容积（LAVmin）、左心房最大容积（LAVmax）、左心房p容积（LAVp）、左心房最大直径（LAMD）、左心房主动射血分数(LAAEF)及左心房被动射血分数(LAPEF)。应变率测量指标包括:左心房间隔、侧壁、下壁及前壁收缩期的应变率（SSR）、舒张早期应变率（ESR）及舒张晚期应变率（ASR）。结果:与正常对照组相比,ACM组常规参数LAMD、LAVmax、LAVmin、LAVp及LAAEF增高,LAPEF减低,差异均具有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。ACM组ASR增高,而SSR及ESR减低,差异具均有统计学意义(均P<001)。结论:应变率成像可以准确评价酒精性心肌病患者左心房功能。     

Effects of dipper and non-dipper status of essential hypertension on left atrial mechanical functions

AIM: This study was designed in order to investigate the effects of dipper and non-dipper status of hypertension on left atrial mechanical (reservoir, conduit and booster pump) functions with left atrial volume measurements by means of two-dimensional echocardiography in untreated systemic hypertensive patients. METHOD: A total of 27 untreated dipper hypertensive patients, group I (15 female, 12 male, mean age 57+/-12 years); 23 untreated non-dipper hypertensive patients, group II (12 female, 11 male, mean age: 53+/-18 years); and 25 voluntary healthy individuals, group III (13 female, 12 male, mean age 53+/-10 years) were included into the study. Twenty-four hour blood pressure (BP) measurement was performed by the cuff-oscillometric method to evaluate the nocturnal decrease of BP. The patients whose night time mean blood pressure measurements were found 10% or more lower compared to mean day time measurements were classified as dipper hypertensive patients and the ones with a decrease of less than 10% were classified as non-dipper hypertensive patients. Left atrial (LA) volumes were measured echocardiographically according to biplane area-length method in apical four-chamber and two-chamber views. LA maximal volume (V(max)) was recorded at the onset of mitral opening, LA minimal volume (V(min)) was recorded at the onset of mitral closure and LA presystolic volume (V(p)) was recorded at the beginning of the atrial systole (p wave on ECG). All volume measurements were corrected to body surface area, and following LA emptying functions parameters were calculated: LA passive emptying volume (LAPEV)=V(max)-V(p), LA passive emptying fraction (LAPEF)=LAPEV/V(max), Conduit volume (CV)=left ventricular output volume-(V(max)-V(min)), LA active emptying volume (LAAEV)=V(p)-V(min), LA active emptying fraction (LAAEF)=LAAEV/V(p), LA total emptying volume (LATEV)=V(max)-V(min), LA total emptying fraction (LATEF)=LATEV/V(max). RESULTS: LA volume indexes, V(max), V(min), and V(p), were significantly increased in the hypertensive subgroups (groups I and II) than in controls (p<0.001, p<0.001, p<0.001, respectively), but no significant difference was found in the V(p) values between group I and group II. V(max) and V(min) were larger in non-dipper hypertensive group than in dipper hypertensive group (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively). LAPEV and LAPEF were observed to be significantly reduced in both dipper and non-dipper hypertensives than in control (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively), and this difference was more obvious in non-dipper than dipper cases (p<0.001). Conduit volume was significantly lower in hypertensive groups than controls (p<0.05). LA active emptying volume (p<0.001) and LAA active emptying fraction (p<0.001) were significantly greater in hypertensive cases than in controls. Furthermore, LA active emptying volume in non-dipper hypertensive subjects was significantly greater than dipper hypertensive cases (p<0.05). Left atrial total emptying volume and left atrial total emptying fraction in both hypertensive groups were similar to control (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Atrial reservoir and booster pump functions increase in hypertensive patients, but this result is more prominent in non-dipper hypertensives than in dipper hypertensive patients.     

Left atrial mechanical function in patients with essential hypertension

OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to assess the left atrial (LA) mechanical function in patients with essential hypertension with two-dimensional echocardiography by means of left atrial volume measurements. METHODS: LA volumes were measured echocardiographically in 36 untreated hypertensive patients and 20 age-sex-matched healthy controls according to biplane area-length method. LA volume measurements were done at the time of mitral valve opening (Vmax), at the onset of atrial systole (p wave at the electrocardiography = Vp) and at closure (Vmin). All volumes were indexed for body surface area, and the following left atrial emptying functions were calculated: LA passive emptying volume = Vmax -Vp, LA passive emptying fraction = LA passive emptying volume /Vmax, conduit volume = left ventricular stroke volume-(Vmax-Vmin), LA active emptying volume = Vp-Vmin, LA active emptying fraction = LA active emptying volume /Vp, LA total emptying volume = (Vmax-Vmin), LA total emptying fraction = LA total emptying volume /Vmax. RESULTS: Vmax (p < 0.01),Vmin (p < 0.005) and Vp (p < 0.001) were significantly greater in hypertensives than in controls. Although LA passive emptying volume (p < 0.001), LA passive emptying fraction (p < 0.001), conduit volume (p < 0.005) and LA total emptying fraction (p < 0.05) were found to be significantly lower in hypertensives than in controls, LA active emptying volume (p < 0.001) and LA active emptying fraction (p < 0.01) were found to be significantly greater in hypertensives than in controls. LA total emptying volume (p > 0.05) was similar in both groups. CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that chronic hypertension is associated with an increased in left atrial volumes, a decrease in left atrial passive emptying function, and an increase systolic pump function. Increased left atrial pump function represents a compensatory mechanism in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy.     

Assessment of posterior aortic wall motion using echocardiogram in patients with atrial fibrillation

Background and hypothesis: Noninvasive evaluation of left ventricular (LV) diastolic function was performed on 12 patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) using posterior aortic wall echocardiogram and a parameter for determining the optimal heart rate in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation was considered. Methods: Subjects were divided into two groups; one with no underlying cardiac disease (AF only group; n = 7) and the other with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM group; n = 5). Left atrial emptying index (LAEI) obtained from the posterior aortic wall echocardiogram was used as the parameter of LV diastolic function, and R-R interval-LAEI relation and minimum R-R interval showing LAEI = 1.0 were investigated and compared between the two groups. Results: There was a good correlation between R-R interval and LAEI until LAEI of 1.0 was obtained in all patients. Slope of the regression line was significantly steeper in the AF only group than in the DCM group, and minimum R-R interval showing LAEI = 1.0 was significantly shorter in the AF only group. Conclusion: Assessment of R-R interval-LAEI relation was useful for the noninvasive evaluation of LV diastolic function, and this parameter could be used for clinical application to determine the optimal heart rate in atrial fibrillation.     

超声二维斑点追踪技术评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心房功能

目的 探讨二维斑点追踪技术（STI）评价肥厚型心肌病（HCM）患者左心房功能的应用价值.方法 应用STI技术检测肥厚型心肌病患者房间隔、左心房侧壁中间段应变率曲线及左心房容积曲线,分析计算左心房功能,并与健康对照组进行对比分析.结果 ①对照组房间隔中间段平均舒张早期峰值应变率（SRe）、舒张晚期峰值应变率（SRa）分别为（-4.61±1.63）s-1、（-2.05±0.62）s-1,HCM组房间隔中间段平均SRe、SRa分别为（-1.52±1.02）s-1、（-2.65±1.10）s-1;对照组左心房侧壁中间段平均SRe、SRa分别为（-2.66±1.31）s-1、（-1.69±0.59）s-1,HCM组左心房侧壁中间段平均SRe、SRa分别为（-1.46±0.89）s-1、（-2.18±1.19）s-1.与对照组比较,HCM组房间隔及左心房侧壁SRe减低,SRa增高,二者差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.②对照组平均左心房被动射血分数（LAPEF）、左心房主动射血分数（LAAEF）、左心房最小容积（LAVmin）分别为（0.35±0.11）%、（0.27±0.07）%和（17.56±7.10）ml;HCM组平均LAPEF、LAAEF、LAVmin分别为（0.21±0.11）%、（0.34±0.10）%和（29.68±14.42）ml.与对照组比较,HCM组LAPEF减低,LAAEF和 LAVmin增高,二者差异均具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 超声二维斑点追踪技术能够较好地评价肥厚型心肌病患者左心房功能.     

The use of anatomic M-mode echocardiography to determine the left atrial appendage functions in patients with sinus rhythm

Left atrial appendage (LAA) contractile dysfunction is associated with thrombus formation and systemic embolism. LAA function is determined by its flow velocities and fractional area change. This study was performed in order to determine the LAA functions with the anatomic M-mode echocardiography (AMME). Our study comprised 74 patients who had sinus rhythm and underwent transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) for various reasons. LAA fractional change (LAAFAC) was measured by manual planimetry in a transverse basal short-axis approach and LAA emptying and filling velocities also were measured. The AMME values were determined by an M-mode cross section from a cursor placed beneath the orifice of the LAA in transverse basal short-axis imaging. From these values LAA fractional shortening (LAAFS) and ejection fraction (LAAEF) were calculated. LAAEF was calculated by the Teicholz method. The comparisons were conducted, and no correlations between the LAA late filling and the anatomic M-mode values were found (for LAAFS r = 0.18; P > 0.05 and for LAAEF r = 0.19; P > 0.05). There were significant but poor correlations among the LAA late emptying with the anatomic M-mode measurements (for LAAFS r = 0.26; P < 0.05 and for LAAEF r = 0.30; P < 0.01), whereas, there were significant and good correlations between the LAAFAC and the anatomic M-mode values (for LAAFS r = 0.75; P < 0.01 and for LAAEF r = 0.78; P < 0.01). There were significant differences between the valvular heart disease group and the normal group, and between the valvular heart disease group and the ASD group (for LAAFAC P < 0.01, for LAAEF P < 0.01, for LAAFS P < 0.01). There was no difference between the normal group and the ASD group. Our study showed that the LAAEF and LAAFS in patients with sinus rhythm obtained via anatomical M-mode echocardiography is a new method, which can be used instead of left atrial appendage area change.     

Disturbed Left Atrial Function is Associated with Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation in Hypertension

Background

Hypertension is the most prevalent and modifiable risk factor for atrial fibrillation. The pressure overload in the left atrium induces pathophysiological changes leading to alterations in contractile function and electrical properties.

Objective

In this study our aim was to assess left atrial function in hypertensive patients to determine the association between left atrial function with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF).

Method

We studied 57 hypertensive patients (age: 53±4 years; left ventricular ejection fraction: 76±6.7%), including 30 consecutive patients with PAF and 30 age-matched control subjects. Left atrial (LA) volumes were measured using the modified Simpson''s biplane method. Three types of LA volume were determined: maximal LA(LAVmax), preatrial contraction LA(LAVpreA) and minimal LA volume(LAVmin). LA emptying functions were calculated. LA total emptying volume = LAVmax−LAVmin and the LA total EF = (LAVmax-LAVmin )/LAVmax, LA passive emptying volume = LAVmax− LAVpreA and the LA passive EF = (LAVmax-LAVpreA)/LAVmax, LA active emptying volume = LAVpreA−LAVmin and LA active EF = (LAVpreA-LAVmin )/LAVpreA.

Results

The hypertensive period is longer in hypertensive group with PAF. LAVmax significantly increased in hypertensive group with PAF when compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.010). LAAEF was significantly decreased in hypertensive group with PAF as compared to hypertensive group without PAF (p=0.020). A'' was decreased in the hypertensive group with PAF when compared to those without PAF (p = 0.044).

Conclusion

Increased LA volume and impaired LA active emptying function was associated with PAF in untreated hypertensive patients. Longer hypertensive period is associated with PAF.     

Exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy depends on left ventricular diastolic function.

Some studies have demonstrated that left ventricular (LV) diastolic function is the principal determinant of impaired exercise capacity in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HC). In this study we sought the capability of echocardiographic indexes of diastolic function in predicting exercise capacity in patients with HC. We studied 52 patients with HC while they were not on drugs;12 of them had LV tract obstruction at rest. Diastolic function was assessed by M-mode and Doppler echocardiography by measuring: (1) left atrial fractional shortening, and the slope of posterior aortic wall displacement during early atrial emptying on M-mode left atrial tracing; and (2) Doppler-derived transmitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity indexes. Exercise capacity was assessed by maximum oxygen consumption by cardiopulmonary test during cycloergometer upright exercise. Maximum oxygen consumption correlated with the left atrial fractional shortening (r = 0.63, p <0.001), the slope of posterior aortic wall displacement during early atrial emptying (r = 0.55, p <0.001), age (r = -0.50; p <0.001), pulmonary venous diastolic anterograde velocity (r = 0.41, p <0.01), and the systolic filling fraction (r = -0.43; p <0.01). By stepwise multiple linear regression analysis, left atrial fractional shortening and the pulmonary venous systolic filling fraction were the only determinants of the maximum oxygen consumption (multiple r = 0.70; p <0.001). Exercise capacity did not correlate with Doppler-derived transmitral indexes. Thus, in patients with HC, exercise capacity was determined by passive LV diastolic function, as assessed by the left atrial M-mode and Doppler-derived pulmonary venous flow velocities.     

肥厚型心肌病左心房功能改变的超声研究

目的用超声声学定量(AQ)技术研究肥厚型心肌病(HCM)左心房结构与功能的改变。方法将辽宁省人民医院2004年7月至2005年10月门诊及住院患者进行分组,其中肥厚型梗阻性心肌病组27例,肥厚型非梗阻性心肌病组29例,另选健康体检者30名作为对照组。采用AQ技术,测量左心房快速排空分数(LAEF)、峰值快速排空率(PRER);左心房存储容积(RV)和峰值充盈率(PFR)、左心室收缩末期左心房容量(ESV);左心房主动收缩排空分数(AEF)和峰值心房排空率(PAER)。结果与对照组比较,HCM组左心房LAEF减低;RV和PFR增高;AEF和PAER增加。结论HCM组峰值左房管道功能减低,助力泵功能和储存器功能代偿性增强,AQ技术为左心房功能的评价提供了无创性新方法。