冠心病患者血管内超声与冠状动脉造影术的比较

目的:观察血管内超声(IVUS)在冠状动脉粥样硬化诊断、指导及评价经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)中的作用。方法:对31例行冠状动脉造影(CAG)患者的33处冠状动脉血管段于支架置入术前、术后及球囊扩张后行IVUS检测。结果:IVUS在显示血管壁的形态结构、斑块的性质方面敏感性高于CAG检查,诊断冠心病更准确,CAG低估冠状动脉病变的严重程度;本组38处血管,经CAG和IVUS检查符合介入治疗干预指征的血管33处,IVUS指导植入支架的大小、长度以及植入的位置,支架植入术后,血管总截面积、管腔面积增加,斑块面积及面积狭窄率降低。结论:IVUS诊断冠心病的敏感性和特异性均为100%,IVUS是诊断冠心     

血管内超声在冠状动脉病变诊断及治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨血管内超声(IVUS)检查在轻中度冠脉病变诊断及治疗中的价值。方法 对56例临床诊断为冠心病(CHD)的患者行冠状动脉造影(CAG)及IVUS检查。结果 ①56例共83处血管段,CAG示钙化性斑块12处,IVUS示钙化性斑块42处(P<0.01)。CAG示偏心性斑块25处,IVUS示偏心性斑块58处(P<0.01)。CAG示面积狭窄率为(55.09％±6.74％),IVUS示面积狭窄率为(72.00％±5.87%),P<0.05。②IVUS与CAG示面积狭窄程度呈正相关(r=0.63,P<0.01)。③CAG显示56例83处血管段均未达到支架置入指征,IVUS检测43处血管段需置入支架。④CAG显示43处血管段手术效果均理想,IVUS显示5例内膜撕裂严重者需进一步处理。结论 IVUS对于冠状动脉轻中度的诊断和介入治疗有较高的价值,且优于CAG。     

血管内超声在冠状动脉介入诊治中的运用

目的观察运用血管内超声(Intravascular ultrasound IVUS)测定冠脉病变血管的价值及安全性。方法30例冠心病患者,共46支冠状动脉血管在冠状动脉造影(Coronary angiography CAG)后行IVUS检查。IVUS测量狭窄段血管直径和截面积、斑块性质,与相应部位定量的冠状动脉造影(Quantitative coronary angiographyQCA)的结果比较。结果QCA检出偏心性狭窄25处(54.3%);IVUS检出偏心性狭窄32处(69.6%)(P<0.05)。IVUS发现30处(65.2%)靶血管病变钙化,而CAG检出18处(39.1%)血管病变钙化(P<0.01)。CAG和IVUS检出病变血管直径狭窄率分别为62.15%和74.35%(P<0.01)。46处(100%)靶血管完成IVUS检查,34处血管介入后复查,其中1处IVUS导管无法通过支架,IVUS检出不理想支架释放8处(24.2%)。所有患者随访1个月以上,未发现严重心脏缺血事件。结论IVUS可以准确地识别冠状动脉管腔形态、斑块性质,有助于冠脉介入手术策略的选择,是对CAG的有效补充,IVUS检查本身比较安全。     

血管内超声技术在冠心病经皮冠状动脉介入治疗中的临床应用价值

目的探讨血管内超声技术在冠心病(CHD)经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗中的临床应用价值。方法选取2015年1月—2016年7月我院收治的CHD病人208例,依据检查方法不同分为两组,接受血管内超声技术(IVUS)引导下PCI治疗的病人93例为IVUS组,接受选择性冠状动脉造影(CAG)引导下PCI治疗的病人115例为CAG组,比较两组血管造影情况、支架置入情况及临床结局。结果 IVUS组支架扩张时最大球囊压力、管腔直径最大获得值及PCI后最小管腔直径均大于CAG组(P0.05),PCI后残余狭窄率明显小于CAG组(P0.05)。置入术后分别采用IVUS与CAG检查评价即刻效果,IVUS显示28处支架开放不理想,需再次行高压球囊扩张,CAG显示2处置入不理想,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);IVUS组心绞痛住院和亚急性血管闭塞发生率均显著低于CAG组(P0.05)。结论 IVUS技术可指导PCI手术获得较大的管腔直径,从而指导球囊选择和介入治疗过程,减轻术后残余狭窄,降低远期心脏事件发生率。     

血管内超声在急性冠脉综合征中的运用价值

目的分析急性冠脉综合征患者冠状动脉造影(CAG)及血管内超声(IVUS)检查数据,探讨血管内超声在定量分析冠状动脉临界病变管腔狭窄率,斑块性质,评价经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)治疗效果中的作用。研究血管内超声(IVUS)在急性冠脉综合征(ACS)临界病变中的应用价值。方法 2010年1月—2014年3月大同市三医院心内科32例根据临床表现诊断为ACS患者,行冠状动脉造影评估患者左主干(LM)、左前降支(LAD)、左回旋支(LCX)、右冠状动脉(RCA)的管腔狭窄情况;冠状动脉造影发现狭窄≥70%病变直接行PCI,临界病变血管段进行IVUS检测,观察血管壁的形态结构,分析动脉粥样硬化斑块的类型、性质及其狭窄程度,对符合PCI干预指征的病变行PCI术。PCI术后行IVUS检查即刻评价支架置入是否理想、是否合并手术并发症。结果 32例患者中CAG发现冠脉血管12支17处病变管腔直径狭窄率≥70%,予直接行支架植入术,共植入17枚支架;CAG测得38处管腔直径狭窄率为50%~70%(临界病变),经IVUS测得有33处病变管腔狭窄率≥70%,涉及28位患者,共置入33枚支架,单支架23例,双支架5例;3CAG与IVUS检测的38处临界病变处直径狭窄率及管腔面积狭窄率(斑块负荷)比较,IVUS测值显著高于CAG测值有统计学意义(P0.01)。术后行IVUS检查示均显示支架完全贴壁、扩张充分、展开均匀、完全覆盖病变,未发现冠脉内夹层形成、壁内血肿、支架断裂等PCI术后并发症。结论 CAG不同程度地低估了冠状动脉临界病变狭窄,IVUS与CAG相比发现的临界病变管腔狭窄率诊断更精确。IVUS对斑块定性较CAG更优。更能准确选择临界病变支架置入的适应证。IVUS能明确冠状动脉临界病变的性质和狭窄程度。     

血管内超声指导CYPHERTM支架球囊后扩张的临床应用

目的:在血管内超声(IVUS)指导下,评价雷帕霉素药物洗脱支架(CYPHERTM)置入后球囊后扩张的临床价值。方法:选取72例CYPHERTM置入患者,在IVUS指导下选择支架大小,置入支架后,根据IVUS结果是否满足MUSIC标准分为不需球囊后扩张的支架组(NPB组)和需要球囊后扩张的支架组(PB组),对PB组患者继续用比支架大0.5mm的后扩张球囊1418.2~2026kPa扩张1~4次,反复IVUS检查,直到符合标准。术后6个月内随访观察主要临床心血管事件,满6个月时复查冠状动脉造影和IVUS。结果:球囊后扩张前,PB组支架贴壁状况、支架对称系数、支架最小截面积不满意,和NBP组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01),球囊后扩张后IVUS参数达到标准,2组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),并且球囊后扩张后支架近远端夹层没有明显增加。6个月复查时,2组支架最小截面积、增生内膜面积、面积狭窄率、主要临床心血管事件也差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),但是PB组的面积狭窄率和临床心血管事件有减低趋势。结论:CYPHERTM置入后,在IVUS指导下进行球囊后扩张安全可行,对那些支架扩张不充分的患者能减低再狭窄率和心血管不良事件。     

血管内超声与冠状动脉造影在不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉轻度狭窄中的显像特征

目的探讨血管内超声(IVUS)与冠状动脉造影(CAG)在不稳定性心绞痛患者冠状动脉轻度狭窄中的显像特征。方法对经CAG发现冠状动脉轻度狭窄的30例不稳定性心绞痛患者42处病变进行IVUS检查,观察病变斑块性质和血管最大狭窄程度,并对CAG和IVUS两种检查结果进行比较。结果 CAG发现,偏心性狭窄26处,向心性狭窄16处,病变最窄处血管直径狭窄率为(29.06±7.20)%;IVUS发现,偏心性斑块34处,向心性斑块8处,易损斑块28处,病变最窄处血管直径狭窄率为(37.37±6.50)%,面积狭窄率为(41.51±7.50)%。IVUS所测病变最窄处血管直径狭窄率明显高于CAG(P<0.05)。结论 CAG低估血管内病变情况,IVUS可准确地判定冠状动脉的病变性质和狭窄程度,更好地指导临床确定治疗策略。     

血管内超声在冠心病左主干病变介入诊疗中的指导价值研究

目的应用血管内超声(IVUS)进行指导,分析冠状动脉造影(CAG)在冠状动脉左主干病变介入诊治时的局限和不足,为左主干病变的诊断和经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)提供有价值的信息。方法入组冠心病左主干病变患者60例,分为左主干口部及体部组和左主干远段分又组,每组各30例。联合应用IVUS和CAG评估病变、指导介入治疗及评估支架置入效果等,分析两组间的差异。结果两组中GAG测量的左主干平均参考直径、最小管腔直径及最小管腔面积均小于IVUS测量结果,差异均有统计学意义(均为P0.05)。左主干口部及体部病变组中8例(26.7%)CAG判断结果与IVUS差异明显;CAG与IVUS指导下左主干远段分叉的支架策略差异较大,不相符者达30%。两组中IVUS指导的支架置入后扩张的比例均明显高于CAG指导下的比例(P0.05)。结论与IVUS相比,CAG不能精确诊断冠心病左主干病变,指导左主干病变PCI治疗的准确性也有限,建议冠心病左主干病变患者的介入诊治应常规联合应用IVUS进行指导。     

血管内超声检查在冠状动脉内支架置入术中的应用

血管内超声 ( IVUS)不仅能观察到血管壁与血管腔的形态 ,准确测量血管狭窄程度 ,且可以根据斑块的不同性质指导介入治疗并评价治疗效果。 2 0 0 1年以来 ,我们将 IVUS用于冠脉内支架植入术以指导手术过程并评价手术效果 ,现将结果报告如下。1　资料与方法1 .1　临床资料　研究对象为 2 4例冠心病患者 ,男2 1例、女 3例 ,年龄 43～ 67岁、平均 65 .6岁。其中急性心肌梗死 3例 ,陈旧性心肌梗死 5例 ,不稳定型心绞痛 1 3例 ,稳定型心绞痛 3例 ,均行冠状动脉造影( CAG)检查。显示 36处狭窄、闭塞血管段 ,其中左前降支 1 5处 ,左回旋支 9处 …     

冠状动脉造影三维重建与造影平面定量对比分析

目的研究冠状动脉造影三维重建定量分析冠状动脉狭窄病变的准确性，并与传统冠状动脉造影平面图像比较。方法收集2006年9月至200／年3月于解放军总医院接受冠状动脉造影和冠状动脉血管内超声检查（IVUS）的20处血管段（19例患者）的影像资料。以IVUS为参照，回顾性分析比较冠状动脉三维重建和传统平面图像对狭窄病变血管段最窄处管腔直径／面积、参考血管直径／面积、最窄处截面积狭窄率等的测量值。结果全部20处病变中，在三维重建和平面图像两种测量方法与IVUS各参数值差异无统计学意义；进一步分成偏心斑块组和向心斑块组，向心斑块组中三者测量值差异仍无统计学意义，而在偏心斑块组中冠状动脉三维重建对病变狭窄率测量比传统平面图像更准确（两组病变血管最窄处面积狭窄率为56．42％±11．02％比43．69％±21．41％，P〈0．05）。结论冠状动脉造影三维重建能够准确定量分析冠状动脉狭窄病变，对偏心性狭窄病变的准确性比传统造影平面图像更高。     

Impact of diabetes mellitus on angiographically silent coronary atherosclerosis.

Constrictive remodeling occurs in significant atherosclerotic lesions of the diabetic patient, but the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the angiographically normal coronary artery is still unclear. Morphometric analysis using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) prior to intervention evaluated 54 sites in 33 DM patients and 106 in 62 non-diabetic patients. Vessel area (VA) and lumen area (LA) were measured at angiographically normal sites in the vessel. Plaque area (PA) was calculated as VA - LA. Percentage plaque area (%PA) was calculated as PA VA. Even in the angiographically normal site, mild coronary atherosclerosis was detected by IVUS in both groups. In the patients with DM, VA and LA were significantly smaller than in the non-diabetic patient (15.5 vs 17.8 mm(2), p<0.01; and 10.1 vs 12.2 mm(2), p<0.01 respectively), whereas % PA was similar (34.5 vs 31.6%). At angiographically normal sites where mild coronary atherosclerosis is detected by IVUS, the coronary artery of diabetic patients is smaller than that of the non-diabetic. These results suggest impaired compensatory enlargement or some other constrictive mechanism has already occurred in the early stages of coronary atherosclerosis in patients with DM.     

Intravascular ultrasonography in the evaluation of results of coronary angioplasty and stenting

The main advantage of intravascular ultrasonography (IVUS) over angiography in assessing the effect of coronary interventions is the ability of IVUS to directly visualize the vessel wall. IVUS often reveals a high residual plaque burden after angiographically successful angioplasty, and this can motivate the operator to use additional, more aggressive measures in an attempt to increase lumen dimensions. Studies using IVUS imaging before and after balloon angioplasty have shown that luminal gain after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) results from a combination of plaque reduction and vessel wall stretch. Minimal luminal area and residual area stenosis after PTCA and stent deployment, as measured by IVUS, have been shown to be predictors of restenosis. IVUS studies have pointed to vessel shrinkage, not intimal hyperplasia, as the main mechanism of restenosis after PTCA. IVUS guidance of stent deployment has often revealed inadequate stent expansion despite optimal results on angiography, leading to high-pressure stent deployment with significant additional luminal gain. Restenosis rates may be lower with IVUS-guided stent deployment.     

Intravascular ultrasound catheter entrapment after coronary artery stenting.

Intracoronary ultrasound (IVUS) facilitates optimal stent deployment in the treatment of coronary artery disease, which may favorably improve long-term outcome after stenting. Complications associated with IVUS include coronary vasospasm and rarely more serious adverse events such as vessel perforation or stent deformation. We report an IVUS catheter tip entrapment within a self-deploying nitinol stent.     

The Jomed Covered Stent Graft for coronary artery aneurysms and acute perforation: a successful device which needs careful deployment and may not reduce restenosis

The Jomed Covered Stent Graft (Jomed International AB, Helsingborg, Sweden) is marketed for treatment of coronary artery aneurysms, perforations, dissection or thrombus. Three cases are presented, two with aneurysms, one with an acute coronary perforation. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) identified the need for high-pressure deployment of the stent. Although it has been suggested that this stent might lead to reduced rates of restenosis, one case later developed proliferative and occlusive in-stent restenosis and another suffered stent thrombosis at one month shortly after discontinuing clopidogrel. This niche stent clearly has an important role, but high-pressure deployment, IVUS evaluation and prolonged antiplatelet therapy are strongly recommended.     

Impact of deep vessel wall injury on acute response and remodeling of coronary artery segments after cutting balloon angioplasty

Deep vessel wall injury is believed to affect vessel dimension following coronary intervention. The cutting balloon is designed to treat coronary artery stenoses with dilatation and surgical incisions, thereby reducing excess vessel injury. This study examines the effect of deep vessel wall injury on acute and late coronary arterial response after cutting balloon angioplasty. Serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) analyses were performed in 63 lesions treated with cutting balloon angioplasty alone. Before intervention, the longitudinal range of the lesion segment that included the smallest lumen area (LA) was determined as LA <4 mm(2) and/or LA stenosis >60%. The exact corresponding site at postintervention and follow-up was aligned using peri- and intravascular landmarks. Average vessel area (VA), plaque area (PA), and LA were measured. Lesion segments were categorized as with or without deep vessel wall injury, which was defined as the presence of plaque/vessel wall fracture extending to the sonolucent (medial) layer. Before intervention, the lesion vessel size of deep injury group was smaller than that of the nondeep injury group (p <0.05 for average VA and PA), whereas average lesion LA, lesion length, and reference vessel size did not differ. Immediately after cutting balloon angioplasty, the deep injury group showed a significant increase in VA (p <0.0001) and a lesser decrease in PA (p <0.01) compared with the nondeep injury group. During follow-up, the increase of VA tended to be greater in the deep injury group than in the nondeep injury group (p = 0.06), whereas the change of PA did not differ. Consequently, LA decrease was less in the deep injury group than in the nondeep injury group (p <0.05). From these results, it is suggested that deep vessel wall injury tends to occur in lesions with relatively small size and such lesions show favorable vessel response after cutting balloon angioplasty.     

Mechanism of lumen gain during coronary stent deployment in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients show an increased incidence of restenosis after coronary angioplasty than non-diabetic patients. This may be because of differences in the mechanism of lumen gain during coronary revascularization in this population cohort. DESIGN: This study analyses the mechanism of lumen gain during coronary stent deployment in diabetic patients compared with non-diabetic patients with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). METHODS: IVUS images were obtained prior to and after revascularization in 26 diabetic and 97 non-diabetic patients. The external elastic membrane cross-sectional area (EEM) and lumen cross-sectional area (LA) were measured. Plaque area (PA) was calculated as EEM minus LA. Differences between pre- and post-LA (deltaLA), EEM (deltaEEM) and PA (deltaPA) were calculated. RESULTS: Pre-interventional PA (diabetic patients: 12.4 +/- 4.4 mm2 compared with non-diabetic patients: 10.7 +/- 3.6 mm2, = 0.04) and pre-interventional EEM (15.5 +/- 4.4 mm2 compared with 13.6 +/- 3.7 mm2 respectively, P = 0.02) were larger in the diabetic group. Postinterventional PA (10.2 +/- 3.2 mm2 compared with 8.0 +/- 3.4 mm2, P = 0.004) was also larger and postinterventional LA (6.3 +/- 2.2 mm2 compared with 7.4 +/- 2.4 mm2 = 0.04), deltaEEM (0.9 +/- 1.8 mm2 compared with 1.8 +/- 1.8 mm2 P = 0.04) and deltaLA (3.1 +/- 1.6 mm2 compared with 4.2 +/- 2.2 mm2, P = 0.03) were smaller in the diabetic group. The diabetic group exhibited longer lesion lengths (P = 0.04) and a higher inflation pressure was used during revascularization in this patient cohort (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION: Diabetic patients have less reduction of PA during revascularization and because the vessel wall cannot be stretched outwards despite higher inflation pressure, postinterventional LA remains smaller than in the non-diabetic population cohort. This might be a rudiment for consideration of different treatment strategies such as cutting balloon or atherectomy prior to stenting in this population group in order to achieve better procedural outcome.     

急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声

目的观察急性冠状动脉综合征患者不稳定性斑块的血管内超声特征.方法 36例急性冠状动脉综合征患者和20例稳定型心绞痛患者进行冠状动脉造影及血管内超声检查.应用血管内超声分别观察比较冠状动脉内斑块的性质,同时测量冠状动脉病变部位及其参考部位的血管外弹力膜面积、管腔面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率,并计算斑块的偏心指数及血管重构指数.结果急性冠状动脉综合征患者中脂质斑块占77.8%(28/36),其中10例发生斑块破裂及血栓形成;稳定型心绞痛患者主要为纤维性斑块及混合性斑块,脂质斑块仅占10%(2/20),无斑块破裂及血栓形成.两组斑块的特征包括偏心性、外弹力膜面积、斑块面积及管腔面积狭窄率具有显著性差异.不稳定性斑块呈现明显的正性重构,占72.2%(26/36),而稳定性斑块主要表现为负性重构,占75%(15/20).结论血管内超声能够准确地识别动脉粥样硬化不稳定性斑块,为早期临床发现不稳定性斑块并预测斑块破裂奠定了基础.     

Assessment of optimum stent deployment by stent boost imaging: comparison with intravascular ultrasound

Stent boost (SB) imaging is an enhancement of the radiologic edge of the stent by digital management of regular X-ray images. The purpose of the present study was to validate SB imaging by comparison with the anatomical standard using intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). We investigated SB and IVUS after stent implantation in 68 arteries in 60 patients. Based on those findings, we added high-pressure dilatation in four patients and another stent implantation in four patients. We defined the SB criteria for adequate stent deployment as: complete stent expansion, stent minimum diameter ≥70% of reference diameter, and stent minimum diameter ≥2.0 mm; and IVUS criteria for adequate stent deployment as: minimal stent area ≥5.0 mm². If the reference vessel was <2.8 mm, adequate stent deployment was defined as minimum stent area ≥4.5 mm². IVUS findings indicated inadequate stent deployment in 21/72 observations (29%). Seven SB images showed inadequate stent expansion. SB predicted inadequate findings of IVUS with 100% specificity, 33% sensitivity, and 81% agreement. Although the sensitivity of SB image for adequate stent deployment is low, the specificity is sufficiently high for it to be the first-line for monitoring just after stent implantation in centers where IVUS is not used routinely.     

Coronary stenting with cardiogenic shock due to acute ascending aortic dissection

A 65-year-old man developed chest pain under cardiogenic shock. Coronary angiography revealed severe stenosis from the ostium of the left main coronary artery(LMCA) to the left anterior descending artery(LAD). Intravascular ultrasound(IVUS) identified a large hematoma that originated from the aorta and extended into the LAD, thereby compressing the true lumen. Type A aortic dissection(TAAD) that involved the LMCA was diagnosed by IVUS. Coronary stenting was performed via the LMCA to the proximal LAD, which resulted in coronary blood flow restoration and no further propagation of dissection. Elective surgical aortic repair was performed 2 wk after the stenting. LMCA stenting under IVUS guidance is effective for prompt diagnosis and precise stent deployment in patients with cardiogenic shock due to TAAD with LMCA dissection.