英夫利昔治疗瘘管型克罗恩病的研究进展

瘘管是克罗恩病（CD）常见的一种并发症,往往导致患者生活质量明显下降.许多临床试验证实英夫利昔对瘘管型CD安全有效.对传统治疗方案无效者,早期规律给予英夫利昔可很好地控制疾病进展和复发.对单药治疗效果不佳者,联合英夫利昔和内外科治疗可提高疗效.本文就近年英夫利昔治疗瘘管型CD的研究进展作一综述.     

大黄素诱导急性胰腺炎胰腺细胞凋亡机制的实验研究

目的 从凋亡信号传导的角度探讨中药大黄素治疗大鼠急性胰腺炎的分子生物学机制。方法 将44只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组，非治疗组，大黄素组，以腹腔注射雨蛙肽物方法诱导大鼠急性胰腺炎模型。并于大黄素治疗后6，24，48，72，96小时处死大鼠。应用HE染色比较胰腺组织病理学改变，应用Tunel法检测胰腺细胞凋亡指数，应用RT-PCR技术检测治疗前后凋亡调控基因Bak和BaxmRNA表达。结果 大黄素干预治疗急性胰腺炎后96小时淀粉酶值显低于未治疗组，胰腺细胞凋亡指数显高于未治疗组，凋亡调控基因BakmRNA的表达与未治疗组之间无显性差异。而BaxmRNA的表达显高于未治疗组。结论 大黄素治疗实验性急性胰腺炎的机制可能与干预凋亡调控基因有关。诱导凋亡调控基因Bax表达增强可能是干预凋亡信号传导的重要机制，而与Bak基因表达无关。     

北京市某医院结核科护士压力源调查分析

目的 对结核科护士工作压力源进行调查分析.方法 自行设计调查问卷,采用便利抽样方法,对首都医科大学附属北京胸科医院88名结核科护士工作压力源进行调查.结核科护士平均年龄为（33.04±9.07）岁,工作年限（12.70±9.04）年,每月夜班数（4.25±2.25）个.本研究结核科护士工作压力源问卷分为8个维度,共有61个条目,采用分量法计分.其中,没有压力1分,压力程度一般为2分,压力程度较高为3分,压力程度非常高为4分,可能的得分范围为61～244分,分数越高,表明护士所承受的压力越大.采用问卷调查法,调查前向被调查者说明调查的目的、方法,取得知情同意.由研究者亲自发放调查问卷,30 min后当场收回.本次共发放问卷90份,回收88份,有效88份,有效回收率97.8％.结果 （1）结核科护士压力源总体得分为（154.81±36.03）分.（2）压力源各维度得分从高到低依次是：结核护理专业特殊性的问题（3.07±0.81）分;工作环境及资源方面的问题（2.88±0.81）分;工作量及时间分配问题（2.67±0.78）分;社会环境带来的问题（2.63±0.78）分;护理专业发展方面的问题（2.55±0.74）分;患者护理方面的问题（2.52±0.68）分;护理专业及工作方面的问题（2.45±0.74）分;管理及人际关系方面的问题（1.89±0.64）分.（3）得分排在前10位的压力源条目分别是：长期接触排菌、耐药肺结核患者（3.55±0.78）分;担心自己患上结核病（3.47±0.88）分;同伴被确诊患上结核病（3.36±0.89）;担心消毒防护设施的效果（3.28±0.94）分;担心工作中出现差错事故（3.21±0.95）分;工作环境差（3.18±0.92）分;病区拥挤（3.02±1.07）分;收入差距大（2.98±0.94）分;工作量太大（2.97±0.94）分;经常倒班（2.94±1.03）分.结论 结核科护士承受着较高的工作压力,护理管理者应采取有针对性的措施,指导护士积极应对,减轻护士工作压力.     

苯并咪唑类药物治疗包虫病研究进展

包虫病主要是由细粒棘球绦虫和多房棘球绦虫的幼虫引起的严重的人兽共患寄生虫病。在我国,由于受手术复发、死亡等手术水平的限制,药物治疗仍然是目前最主要的治疗方法,每年药物治疗的数量远大于手术治疗数。药物在术前缩小病灶、减轻痛苦,延长患者寿命发挥着重要作用。本文综述苯并咪唑类药物及其新剂型的动物及临床治疗包虫病现况,为探索包虫病药物治疗研究的发展方向提供依据。     

Patterns of in vitro BFU-E proliferation in different forms of polycythaemia and in thrombocythaemia

To investigate erythroid colony formation in polycythaemia of different types and in thrombocythaemia, a study was performed in 121 subjects, including 13 normal volunteers (N), 30 patients with Primary Proliferative Polycythaemia (PPP), 35 with Idiopathic Erythrocytosis (IE), 19 with Secondary Polycythaemia (SP), 10 with Primary Thrombocythaemia (PT) and 14 with Secondary Thrombocytosis (ST); BFU-E colony formation from peripheral blood samples was studied in the presence of medium only, medium plus a source of burst-promoting activity (BPA) and medium BPA, plus erythropoietin (Ep). In the presence of medium only, practically no colonies were seen in cultures from N and SP, while a variable number was observed in cultures from PPP, IE and PT. Significant differences between groups were as follows: N v PPP; IE v PPP; SP v PPP; N v PT; ST v PT. Such differences persisted in the presence of BPA, but disappeared when Ep was added to the cultures. Further experiments, plating non-adherent mononuclear cells in a chemically defined serum-free medium, confirmed the growth of tiny erythropoietic colonies from circulating stem cells of patients with PPP and PT, in the absence of BPA and EP. These results provide a useful criterion to differentiate PPP, as a group, from other types of polycythaemia; individual cases of IE may need further characterization.     

Role of xanthine oxidoreductase in the anti-thrombotic effects of nitrite in rats in vivo

The mechanisms underlying nitrite-induced effects on thrombosis and hemostasis in vivo are not clear. The goal of the work described here was to investigate the role of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) in the anti-platelet and anti-thrombotic activities of nitrite in rats in vivo. Arterial thrombosis was induced electrically in rats with renovascular hypertension by partial ligation of the left renal artery. Sodium nitrite (NaNO₂, 0.17?mmol/kg twice daily for 3 days, p.o) was administered with or without one of the XOR-inhibitors: allopurinol (ALLO) and febuxostat (FEB) (100 and 5?mg/kg, p.o., for 3 days). Nitrite treatment (0.17?mmol/kg), which was associated with a significant increase in NOHb, nitrite/nitrate plasma concentration, resulted in a substantial decrease in thrombus weight (TW) (0.48?±?0.03?mg vs. vehicle [VEH] 0.88?±?0.08?mg, p?p?ex vivo using collagen-induced whole-blood platelet aggregation (70.5?±?7.1% vs. VEH 100?±?4.5%, p?2 generation was fully reversed by both XOR-inhibitors. In addition, nitrite decreased plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 concentration (0.47?±?0.13?ng/ml vs. VEH 0.62?±?0.04?ng/ml, p?In vitro the anti-platelet effect of nitrite (1?mM) was reversed by FEB (0.1?mM) under hypoxia (0.5%O₂) and normoxia (20%O₂). Nitrite treatment had no effect on coagulation parameters. In conclusion, the nitrite-induced anti-platelet effect in rats in vivo is mediated by XOR, but XOR does not fully account for the anti-thrombotic effects of nitrite.     

2006年河南省洛阳市燃煤污染型氟中毒病区现状调查

目的 了解河南省洛阳市燃煤污染型氟中毒(简称地氟病)病区现状,为制订地氟病防治措施提供依据.方法 2006年,采用一村一户一表的登记式方法,对洛阳市所辖的偃师市、孟津县、新安县、栾川县和吉利区共941个历史燃煤污染型地氟病自然村病情现况、生活习惯、住房结构等进行普查.普查中对人口数在500人以上的病区自然村作为重点调查村,进行水氟、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙病情及尿氟测定.水氟、儿童尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,儿童氟斑牙检查采用Dean法.结果 在洛阳市地氟病病区,现存地氟病自然村742个,与历史村数比较减少了199个.96.7%(142 543/147 419)的居民户以本地石煤及外购的无烟煤做燃料,无排烟设施.其中独立厨房户数占93.6%(137 919/147 419),有63.0%(86 889/137 919)的居户厨房和卧室相通.125 060户群众用燃煤炉取暖,其中87.8%(109 802/125 060)有排烟设施,12.2%(15 258/125 060)无排烟设施.抽取人121数在500人以上的病区自然村52个,采集饮用水水样183份,2份水样水氟>1.0ms/L,最高水氟值1.04 mg/L,水氟均值0.39 mg/L.儿童氟斑牙总检出率为36.06%,检出率>30%有36个自然村,占69.2%(36/52),儿童氟斑牙检出率<30%有16个自然村,占30.8%(16/52).儿童氟斑牙指数>0.6的有23个自然村,中度氟斑牙检出率为1.3%(94/7238),但未发现重度氟斑牙儿童.测定8～12岁儿童即时尿样1408份,尿氟最高值6.88 mg/L,最低值0.10 mg/L,几何均数1.10 mg/L.结论 洛阳市燃煤型氟中毒病区村数较过去减少,儿童氟斑牙病情大幅度下降,部分群众仍然厨房卧室相通,无排烟设施,须教育群众改变生活方式、改炉改灶减轻煤烟氟污染.     

Role of genetics in prognostication in myeloma

As in other hematological malignancies, cytogenetics is becoming a major prognostic parameter in myeloma. Myeloma differs from other hemopathies particularly in technical aspects related to low proliferation and partial infiltrates. Thus, fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) is probably the best method for cytogenetic assessment in myeloma, but it requires the identification of the malignant cells (morphologically, immunologically or through sorting). Several chromosomal abnormalities have been identified. Among them, the t(4;14) and t(14;16) translocations and the del(17p) are the most important for outcome prediction, all of them predicting a short overall survival. However, even in these genetically defined subgroups, an outcome heterogeneity is observed, suggesting the role of other factors (genetic or otherwise) in disease evolution.     

螺旋藻阻断实验性大鼠肝纤维化机制的研究

研究螺旋藻阻断实验性大鼠肝纤维化的机制。实验分正常对照组、四氯化碳组、螺旋藻组 (均n =8)。后两组分别用 4 0 %四氯化碳橄榄油溶液制备大鼠肝纤维化模型 ,螺旋藻组给予含螺旋藻精粉的指状饲料条 ,共12w。测定血清层粘连蛋白 (LN) ,Ⅲ型前胶原 (PC -Ⅲ ) ,Ⅳ型胶原 (Ⅳ -C) ,透明质酸 (HA) ,肿瘤坏死因子 (TNF -α) ,血小板源生长因子 (PDGF) ,肝组织羟脯氨酸 (HYP)含量。螺旋藻组肝纤维化程度明显轻于四氯化碳组 ,螺旋藻组LN、Ⅳ -C低于四氯化碳组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,螺旋藻组PC -Ⅲ、HA ,TNF -α ,PDGF明显低于四氯化碳组 (P <0 0 1) ,肝HYP含量亦显著低于四氯化碳组 (P <0 0 5 )。螺旋藻对实验性大鼠肝纤维化有阻断作用。其机制可能是通过抑制炎性介质的形成而发挥作用     

2008年全国血吸虫病疫情监测

目的分析2008年全国血吸虫病疫情监测数据,了解监测点疫情变化趋势,为及时调整血吸虫病防治策略提供依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》要求,收集2008年全国80个血吸虫病监测点螺情、病情和相关因素的调查数据,分析监测结果。结果2008年全国血吸虫病监测点居民血检阳性率和感染率分别为9.86%和0.67%,家畜感染率为1.62%,较2007年均有明显下降,但监测点家畜圈养仅占6.07%。共查出感染性钉螺面积177.70 hm^2,新发现钉螺面积7.64 hm^2,活螺平均密度为0.32只/0.1 m^2,钉螺感染率为0.15%。结论2008年全国血吸虫病监测点人畜病情及螺情均较2007年有所下降;家畜依然是血吸虫病的主要传染源,需进一步加强家畜管理,同时应关注螺情监测和钉螺控制。     

2008年乌鲁木齐市居民死因监测分析

目的监测乌鲁木齐市各种疾病的死亡率,预测疾病的流行趋势。方法用上海疾病预防控制中心编制的死因统计软件（Access软件）输入个案信息,建立当年死亡病案数据库,以Excel软件进行数据分析。结果2008年乌鲁木齐市所有参与死因监测的医疗机构共上报死亡病例3374例,其中慢性病死亡2826例,占所有死亡病例的83.76%,意外伤害死亡129例,占所有死亡病例的3.82%,感染性疾病与母婴疾病163例,占所有死亡病例的4.83%,死因诊断不明225例,占所有死亡病例的6.67%。慢性病中,循环系统、肿瘤、呼吸系统、消化系统和内分泌系统死亡人数占慢性病死亡人数的95.54%。结论2008年乌鲁木齐市居民死亡原因以慢性病和意外伤害为主,今后慢性病防制将是继传染病之后的疾病防制重点。     

Role of hepatocytes in direct clearance of lipopolysaccharide in rats

The liver is the clearance organ for lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The aim of this study was to investigate the biliary excretion of LPS using fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled LPS. After FITC-LPS was injected intravenously into rats, the cellular localization of fluorescence in the liver was examined and the biliary excretion of fluorescence was measured. The effects of gadolinium chloride, a blocker of Kupffer cells, and colchicine, an inhibitor of microtubules, on the biliary excretion of fluorescence was investigated, and bile was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that fluorescence was taken up by hepatocytes 5 minutes after injection of FITC-LPS into the portal vein. When FITC-LPS was injected into the portal vein, fluorescence was rapidly secreted into bile, peaking at 20 minutes, and 25.1% of the injected dose appeared in bile within 60 minutes. When the same dose of FITC-LPS was injected into the tail vein, 15.8% appeared in bile within 60 minutes. Chromatography showed that FITC-LPS was excreted into bile in an unchanged form over a period of 20 minutes after injection. Colchicine significantly reduced the biliary excretion of fluorescence, but gadolinium chloride had no effect. LPS was directly and effectively processed by hepatocytes and secreted into the bile canalicular system via a microtubule-dependent vesicular pathway.     

Detection of Coronaviruses in Bats of Various Species in Italy

Bats are natural reservoirs for many mammalian coronaviruses, which have received renewed interest after the discovery of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) CoV in humans. This study describes the identification and molecular characterization of alphacoronaviruses and betacoronaviruses in bats in Italy, from 2010 to 2012. Sixty-nine faecal samples and 126 carcasses were tested using pan-coronavirus RT-PCR. Coronavirus RNAs were detected in seven faecal samples and nine carcasses. A phylogenetic analysis of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase sequence fragments aided in identifying two alphacoronaviruses from Kuhl’s pipistrelle (Pipistrellus kuhlii), three clade 2b betacoronaviruses from lesser horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus hipposideros), and 10 clade 2c betacoronaviruses from Kuhl’s pipistrelle, common noctule (Nyctalus noctula), and Savi’s pipistrelle (Hypsugo savii). This study fills a substantive gap in the knowledge on bat-CoV ecology in Italy, and extends the current knowledge on clade 2c betacoronaviruses with new sequences obtained from bats that have not been previously described as hosts of these viruses.     

2015年全国血吸虫病监测分析

目的 分析2015年全国血吸虫病疫情监测数据,为进一步控制和消除血吸虫病、开展风险监测等提供科学依据。方法 按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案 （2014年版）》的要求,在全国所有的血吸虫病流行县（市、区）和三峡库区潜在流行县（市、区）共设立457个国家级监测点,按照不同流行类型对当地常住居民、流动人群、家畜的血吸虫感染情况,以及钉螺分布和感染情况等进行监测,并对监测数据进行汇总、整理和分析。 结果 2015年全国457年监测县（市、区）共开展本地常住居民血吸虫血清学筛查共133 350人,发现血检阳性者4 468人,其中4 457名血检阳性者接受了血吸虫病原学检查,发现病原学阳性者71人,主要为中、老年组的渔船民和农民;监测点常住居民总的血吸虫感染率为0.05%。共开展流动人群血清学筛查85 047人,发现血检血吸虫阳性者977人;其中966名血检阳性者接受了血吸虫病原学检查,发现病原学阳性者16人;监测点流动人群总的血吸虫感染率为0.02%;浙江、湖南、湖北省和安徽省在监测点流动人群中发现了输入性血吸虫感染者。2015年所有监测点均无急性血吸虫病病例报告。监测点共检查家畜13 406头,查出血吸虫感染家畜（牛）5头,监测点家畜总的血吸虫感染率为0.04%。监测点共调查各类环境面积22 295.13 hm2,查出有螺环境面积7 426.63 hm2;其中新发现钉螺面积3.47 hm2,分布于江苏省和上海市;在除湖北省和广东省以外的监测点发现了钉螺复现环境82.22 hm2;所有监测点均未发现感染性钉螺。结论 全国血吸虫病监测点常住居民总的血吸虫感染率继续保持稳中有降的态势;流动人群中存在输入性血吸虫感染者。牛仍是主要的血吸虫感染家畜。虽未发现血吸虫感染性钉螺,但钉螺分布仍面广量大,且仍有新发现和复现有螺环境。各地应按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案（2014年版）》的统一要求,进一步完善监测体系,提高监测工作的科学性、敏感性和有效性。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝炎发病中抵抗素对肝细胞的致炎作用

目的 探讨抵抗素在非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)发病中对肝细胞的致炎作用及其分子机制. 方法制作NASH大鼠模型,分别应用荧光实时定量PCR和免疫组织化学染色的方法检测NASH大鼠肝组织抵抗素的表达.体外培养AML～12小鼠肝细胞株,用重组抵抗素或细菌脂多糖处理后48 h,检测细胞培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α,白细胞介素6含量的变化,用免疫荧光染色观察肝细胞核因子κB的核转位.采用Student-Newman-Keuls法进行组间比较.结果 NASH大鼠肝组织表现出明显脂肪变性、小叶内炎症和窦周纤维化,随造模时间的延长,抵抗素mRNA和蛋白表达逐渐增强,在造模12周及16周,抵抗索mRNA的表达分别为对照组的2.5倍和4.0倍,抵抗素蛋白的表达主要集中在肝组织中央静脉周围.用重组抵抗素处理AML-12细胞48 h后,细胞培养上清液中肿瘤坏死因子α,白细胞介素6的浓度分别为(1.856±0.049)pg/ml和(9.463±1.216)pg/ml,与脂多糖处理组[(1.791±0.046)pg/ml和(8.738±1.101)pg/ml]比较,差异无统计学意义,但二者均显著高于正常对照组[(1.310±0.038)pg/ml和(3.260±0.213)pg/ml],P＜0.01;用重组抵抗素或脂多糖处理AML-12细胞3 h观察到细胞核因子κB p65的核转位.结论 抵抗素是NASH发病中重要的致炎因子之一,其可以通过核因子κB途径诱导肝细胞产生肿瘤坏死因子α、白细胞介素6等炎性细胞因子,导致肝组织的炎症反应.     

成都市人源沙门菌基因组特征分析

目的 基于全基因组测序技术,探究成都市人源沙门菌的基因组特征, 为监测与预防沙门菌感染提供资料。方法 收集35株成都市人源沙门菌(分离自腹泻患者粪便)进行全基因组测序。根据测序数据,进行血清型预测、耐药基因及可移动遗传元件预测、毒力因子注释及分布分析。结果 35株沙门菌分离株经全基因组测序,共预测到5种血清型,包括15株I 4,[5],12:i:-沙门菌(13株为ST34、2株为新ST型)、12株鼠伤寒沙门菌(ST19)、5株肠炎沙门菌(ST11)、2株德比沙门菌(ST40)与1株火鸡沙门菌(ST463)。35株沙门菌分离株共预测到10类42种不同的耐药基因,其中氨基糖苷类aac(6')-Iaa携带率为100%(35/35)。I 4,[5],12:i:-沙门菌的耐药基因、质粒及插入序列数目及种类多于其他血清型菌株。I 4,[5],12:i:-、鼠伤寒沙门菌和肠炎沙门菌的毒力因子数目大于其他血清型菌株。部分鼠伤寒沙门菌有更高的毒力质粒、质粒编码菌毛和血清抗性毒力因子分布。结论 成都市人源沙门菌不同血清型菌株之间耐药基因、可移动遗传元件、毒力因子分布差异明显,值得在转录组、蛋白组进一步探究其耐药与毒力机制。     

卡维地洛治疗儿童心血管系统疾病的研究进展

卡维地洛（carvedilol）是一种新型的非选择性肾上腺素能受体阻滞剂,具有β受体和α受体双重阻滞、调节细胞因子、抗氧化、抗心脏重构和抗心律失常等多方面的作用,无内在拟交感活性,避免了反射性交感神经兴奋所引起的周围血管收缩及外周阻力增加,通过减轻心肌炎症,延缓并逆转心室重构,改善血流动力学,改善预后。目前关于卡维地洛治疗或干预儿童病毒性心肌炎、扩张型心肌病、心律失常已逐渐受到重视。现对卡维地洛治疗儿童心血管系统疾病研究进展做一综述。