华法林在非瓣膜性心房颤动抗凝治疗中的临床应用观察

目的 探讨非瓣膜性心房颤动具有高风险血栓栓塞患者运用华法林抗凝治疗后脑卒中的发生率及高龄患者(≥65岁)运用华法林的安全性.方法 观察我院2005年1月-2007年12月心内科住院治疗的非瓣膜性心房颤动具有高风险血栓栓塞患者204例,按照是否接受华法林抗凝治疗分为两组,治疗组在常规治疗基础上加用华法林抗凝,起始剂量为2.0 mg/d,监测国际标准化比值(INR)在2.0～3.0之间),对照组常规治疗,未用华法林抗凝治疗.比较两组年脑卒中发生率,其次将治疗组按照年龄是否≥65岁分为高龄组和低龄组,比较两组年出血率及脑卒中发生率.结果 接受华法林抗凝治疗组年脑卒中发生率明显低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗组中高龄患者与低龄患者的年出血率明显差异(P>0.05).结论 非瓣腊性心房勯动患者运用华法林抗凝治疗后明显降低脑卒中发生率,且高龄患者运用适当剂量华法林抗凝治疗是安全的.     

华法林对超高龄患者抗凝治疗价值研究

目的分析华法林抗凝治疗在80岁以上患者中临床应用的现状,评价其临床适应证、疗效及风险,探讨在超高龄患者中华法林的合理应用方法。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2010年12月于北京大学第一医院心内科31例华法林抗凝治疗的80岁以上患者的临床资料,总结华法林的起始及维持剂量、国际标准比值(INR)监测及栓塞和出血事件的发生。结果 93.55%患者均属于被动抗栓治疗。70.97%的患者INR达2.0～3.0,70.97%的患者达标剂量<3 mg/d,41.94%的患者维持1.5 mg起始剂量。发生缺血性卒中2例,INR<2.0;出血事件2例,INR>2.5。结论 80岁以上超高龄患者的华法林抗凝治疗,1.5 mg/d的起始剂量安全有效;INR维持在2.0～2.5较为适宜。     

非瓣膜病心房颤动华法林抗凝简易给药和监测方案的临床研究

目的研究提出一个抗凝初期每周只需监测一次INR的简易华法林给药方案,通过临床实践探讨其可行性.方法2003年11月至2004年3月,对32例非瓣膜病心房(房颤)患者按照每周只需监测一次INR的简易华法林给药方案予以抗凝治疗,目标抗凝强度国际标准化比值(INR)1.6～2.5.抗凝期间随访观察华法林剂量和INR以及临床出血或栓塞事件.华法林剂量不作调整情况下INR连续两周在目标强度认为抗凝达到初步稳定状态.结果从开始抗凝至INR达到目标强度所需时间为1～3周,抗凝达到初步稳定状态时间为3～8周.随访期间没有出血并发症,也没有栓塞并发症或TIA发生.抗凝治疗初步稳定时的INR为1.6～2.3,平均(1.9±0.2),华法林每日剂量为1.13～3.75mg平均(2.09±0.66)mg.年龄是决定抗凝初步稳定时华法林每日剂量的主要因素(OR=10.372,P=0.016),年龄越大,所需华法林剂量越小.第8天的NIR值能较好的预测抗凝初步稳定时的华法林每日剂量(y=-1.43x+4.32,r=-0.79,P＜0.001,y每日剂量,X第8天的INR值).结论临床实践证明华法林抗凝初期每周监测一次INR的给药方案应用简便、安全性高,具有一定临床应用价值.     

小剂量华法林在慢性心房颤动抗凝治疗中的作用

目的:观察不同剂量华法林在心房颤动(AF)抗凝治疗中达到国际标准化比值(INR)2．0～3．0的比例,以探讨小剂量华法林对AF患者抗凝治疗的效果。方法:选择慢性AF脑卒中高危患者62例作为观察对象,按年龄分为两组,A组:年龄为40～65岁,25例;B组年龄为66～80岁,37例。所有患者均从口服小剂量华法林(1．25～2．5 mg／d)抗凝开始,监测方法按2003年AHA／ACC华法林治疗指南进行,监测时间至少3个月,同时观察出血等副作用。结果:多数患者(占总病例的74．2％)应用小剂量华法林(1．25～2．5 mg／d)即可达到INR2．0～3．0,且年龄>65岁组有更大的比例收到满意效果。结论:小剂量华法林抗凝治疗既能使人多数患者达到理想的INR,同时出血副作用较相关文献报道有明显减少倾向,尤其是高龄患者。     

非瓣膜病房颤的华法林抗凝治疗研究

目的：应用华法林对非瓣膜病性心房颤动患者进行抗凝治疗,观察其抗栓疗效和安全性。方法：服用华法林．从3．0mg。1次／d开始．根据血浆凝血酶原时间国际标准化比率（INR）调整华法林剂量．低抗凝强度组患者（46例）INR为1．5～2．1．标准抗凝强度组患者（66例）INR为2．2～3．0．两组均持续服药,随访1～4年．观察有无血栓栓塞事件及出血并发症。结果：低抗凝强度组中有1例发生脑栓塞,当时INR为1．5．栓塞年发生率为2．2％;标准抗凝强度组无栓塞并发症．两组比较差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。服用华法林期间．低抗凝强度组1例肉眼血尿,出血年发生率为2．2％;标准抗凝强度组发生皮肤黏膜出血4例．牙龈出血3例,球结膜出血1例．出血年发生率为12％。当时的INR除3例为〉3．其余均在2．6～3．0之间,未发生严重大出血．低抗凝强度组出血发生率显著低于标准抗凝血组（P〈0．05）。结论：房颤患者华法林抗凝目标INR值在1．5-3．0安全有效。     

抗凝治疗华法林剂量和国际标准化比值监测

目的探讨我国患者华法林抗凝治疗的起始剂量、维持剂量以及国际标准化比值(INR)监测、药物剂量调整方法,进一步推动抗凝工作的开展.方法持续性房颤及心脏瓣膜置换术后服用华法林患者96例,男58例,女38例.观察华法林治疗起始剂量、常用维持剂量、INR监测及出血副作用等.结果华法林维持剂量及INR达标时间个体差异较大,与年龄、性别、体重无关.89.6%患者华法林起始剂量为3mg,10.4%起始剂量为2mg;维持剂量波动于1.5～5.0mg,81.3%患者用量2.0～3.5mg/d;9.4%患者最大剂量可达6～7mg/d.INR达到2.0需4～12d;稳定于2.0～3.0需8～26d.调节剂量过程中79.2%患者INR曾一度达到3.0～5.6,只要及时调整用药,患者无严重出血.但部分高危患者,即使INR＜2.0,也有出血的可能,除监测INR外,需严密观察临床情况.结论华法林抗凝意义重大,个体应用差异大,但在严密监测下应用,安全可靠.     

老年非瓣膜病房颤患者华法林抗凝治疗临床应用

目的探讨老年非瓣膜病房颤患者华法林抗凝治疗剂量以及国际标准化比值(INR)监测,进一步推广华法林抗凝治疗临床应用。方法前瞻性观察52例老年非瓣膜病房颤患者华法林抗凝治疗的剂量、药物剂量调整方法、应用注意事项以及INR监测、出血并发症。结果华法林起始剂量为2.5mg,维持剂量为1.25mg~3.25mg,平均2.3±0.5mg,INR达到1.6~2.5水平需时间为5~12天,平均8±2天,INR稳定于1.6~2.5水平需10~28天,平均17±4天。随访1.5±0.9年,有3例出血,无缺血脑卒中及其他部位的血栓栓塞。结论老年非瓣膜病房颤患者,在合理有效INR强度(1.6~2.5)监测下,华法林的应用是安全可靠的,可在临床进一步的推广应用。     

高龄非瓣膜病性房颤患者长期应用华法林抗凝治疗的疗效与安全性

目的观察高龄非瓣膜病性房颤(NVAF)患者长期应用华法林抗凝治疗的疗效及安全性。方法入选NVAF患者按年龄分为3组,高龄老年组55例,年龄≥80岁(INR在1.6~2.5之间);老年组45例,年龄65~79岁(INR在l.6~2.5之间);中年组37例,年龄65岁(INR在2.0~3.0)。入选患者长期服用华法林抗凝治疗,根据INR测定值及其变化趋势来调整华法林剂量,使INR达标,比较3组患者口服华法林5年时的不良反应及华法林的安全用药范围及国际标准化比值(INR)。结果 5年随访期间,三组患者均未发生缺血性卒中,三组患者出血及其他不良反应无统计学差异(P0.05)。随访第5年时,高龄老年组华法林组剂量(2.89±0.52)mg,INR(2.15±0.31),老年华法林组剂量(2.99±0.41)mg,INR(2.21±0.30),差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。中年组华法林剂量(3.39±0.61)mg,INR(2.55±0.60),华法林剂量及INR明显高于高龄老年组和老年组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论严密监测INR下,对于高龄老年NVAF患者应用华法林抗凝治疗,INR控制在1.5~2.5安全有效。     

540例持续性心房颤动患者华法林抗凝治疗安全性的临床观察

为评价华法林用于持续性心房颤动 (简称房颤 )患者抗凝治疗的安全性 ,对 5 4 0例持续性房颤患者进行华法林抗凝治疗 ,观察治疗过程中的出血及其它不良反应。结果 :华法林用量为 2 .5 4± 0 .7(1～ 6 )mg/d ,治疗维持国际标准化率 (INR)在 2～ 3范围时 ,轻度出血率为 3.15 % ,经相关处理并调低INR值 ,所有出血均停止 ;无一例因严重出血而终止抗凝治疗 ;未见其它不良反应。 75岁以上房颤者出血发生率增加。结论 :持续性房颤患者应用华法林抗凝治疗时 ,INR维持在 2～ 3范围可能是安全的 ;轻度出血患者经调低INR值 ,出血可以停止 ,不影响继续抗凝治疗。     

高龄稳定性冠心病合并心房颤动患者不同强度华法林抗凝治疗研究

目的观察不同强度华法林抗凝治疗对高龄稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的疗效和安全性。方法选择高龄稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者91例,随机分为低强度组45例,华法林初始量为1.25mg/d,如国际标准化比值(INR)1.4,3~5d加0.5~1.0mg/d,INR维持1.4~2.0;中强度组46例,INR维持2.0~2.6。平均随访2年,比较2组主要终点(缺血性脑卒中、体循环栓塞)和次要终点(非致命性心肌梗死、全因死亡联合终点)及安全性终点(致命性出血、严重出血和轻度出血)。结果与中强度组比较,低强度组INR明显降低(1.70±0.36 vs 2.35±0.37,P=0.034),华法林用量明显减少[(2.70±0.30)mg/d vs(3.50±0.35)mg/d,P=0.040]。中强度组安全性终点中的总出血事件比例明显高于低强度组(17.4%vs 4.4%,P=0.040)。结论高龄稳定性冠心病合并非瓣膜性心房颤动患者,华法林低强度与中强度抗凝治疗比较,预防缺血性心脑血管事件终点相似,但安全性甚好。     

A patient with rectal ulcer with severe stenosis presenting with perforated peritonitis

We report a patient with rectal ulcer with severe stenosis, who underwent urgent surgical treatment for perforated peritonitis. The 54-year-old man suddenly developed cramping abdominal pain and fever while hospitalized, with signs of peritoneal irritation. An emergency laparotomy was performed, and severe stenosis of the rectum and a perforated lesion on the oral side approximately 10 cm distant from the stenosis were found, with massive abdominal purulent fluid. He was treated by rectosigmoid colon resection with transverse colon loop colostomy. Histopathologically, the stenosis was caused by ulceration extending to all muscular layers of the rectum, with inflammatory changes. Benign rectal stenosis is so rare that differential diagnosis from malignancy may be difficult when there are inflammatory changes in the surrounding tissues. However, it is necessary to keep in mind the likelihood of this disease in differentiation from rectal cancer. Received: December 21, 1998 / Accepted: May 28, 1999     

Evaluation of atrial vulnerability with transoesophageal stimulation in patients with atrioventricular junctional: Comparison with patients with ventricular pre-excitation and with normal subjects

The aim of our work was to evaluate the inducibility of atrialfibrillation in a group of patients with atrioventricular junctionalreentrant tachycardia and to compare it with that of patientswith a Kent-type ventricular pre-excitation (Wolff-Parkinson-Whitesyndrome) and a control group. One hundred and twenty-five subjects were separated into groups.Group 1 comprised 49 Wolff-Parkinson-White patients, with amean age of 26.4, range 10.66 years; group 2, 51 patients withatrioventricular junctional reentrant tachycardia inducibleby transoesophageal atrial stimulation andlor clinically documented,with a mean age of 43.4, range 16–78 years; group 3, 25control subjects with a mean age of2.64, range 13–76 years. Each subject underwent atrial transoesophageal stimulation withthe following protocol: programmed atrial stimulation with 1and 2 stimuli during atrial pacing of 100. min^–1 and 150.min^–1; atrial stimulation for 10 s at a rate of 200–300–400–500–600.min^–1 with intervals of 10 s between stimulations, fivesuccessive ‘ramp-up’ atrial stimulations for 9 swith the rate increasing from 100 to 800. min^–1 with intervalsof 10 s between stimulations. The end point was the completionof the protocol or induction of sustained atrial fibrillation(>1 min). The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Our resultsshowed that in group 1 atrial fibrillation was induced in 27149patients (55.1%); this was sustained in 13149 (26.5%) and non-sustainedin 14149 (28.5%); in group 2, atrial fibrillation was inducedin 22151 patients (43.0%); it was sustained in 7151 (13.7%)and non-sustained in 15151 (29.4%); in group 3, sustained atrialfibrillation was not induced in any subject and in only onesubject was a non-sustained atrial fibrillation (4 s) induced. The chi-square test showed that group 2 vs group 1 were non-significant,while group 2 vs group 3 and group 1 vs group 3 were significant(P<0.003 and P<0.0007, respectively). Therefore group 2 patients showed a greater atrial vulnerabilityin comparison to the control subjects and a similar vulnerabilityto group 1 patients. It is possible that the greater atrialvulnerability in the patients of group 2 was due to the doublenodal pathway.     

肿瘤病人弓形虫感染分析

在肿瘤的发生和发展进程中 ,多伴有免疫功能低下或缺陷 ,从而极易遭受各种感染。弓形虫是机会感染因子 ,当患者免疫功能受损时 ,易于感染 ,还会使隐性感染激活 ,引起低热不退、淋巴结肿和脑神经系统的反应 ,此现象尚未引起临床医师的重视。近年来 ,我们对 4 0 9例肿瘤病人进行了弓形虫感染及弓形虫病的分析观察 ,报告如下 :1　材料与方法1 1　材料　 30 4例病人血清取自江西省肿瘤医院住院或门诊病人 ,随机抽样后低温保存待检 ,10 5例取自其他医院送检样品 ,有急性症状者随到随检 ,以便及时做病原学检测。1 2　弓形虫病诊断方法1 2 1　免疫…     

Infection with Rhodococcus equi in a patient with sarcoidosis treated with corticosteroids

A 51-year-old female farmer was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. During 4 years of observation, slow radiological progression was observed. Cough then developed, necessitating treatment with corticosteroids. After 28 months of continuous treatment with prednisolone in low doses (5-7.5 mg daily), she suffered fever episodes, recurrent haemoptyses, general malaise and loss of weight. A chest roentgenogram showed a left upper lobe infiltrate, which progressed and finally cavitated, and rib destruction. Despite efforts, including a thoracotomy, 22 months passed before a diagnosis could be made. Blood and sputum cultures and cultures from the destroyed rib showed growth of Rhodococcus equi, a common soil organism which can cause infections in foals and other animals. Treatment with rifampicin and erythromycin was successful. R. equi has been reported to cause infection in patients with neoplastic disease and/or immunosuppression, but the disease might be more common than is suggested by the sparse case reports in the literature, owing to lack of familiarity with the organism, which will tend to be overlooked as a contaminant.     

Treating patients with lupus with B-cell depletion

A new era in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus has dawned with the increasing introduction of monoclonal antibodies and other approaches, that target the key molecules involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. At present the ability to block the CD20 molecule on those B cells that carry this marker has proved the most effective way to treat patients resistant to conventional immunosuppressive drugs. However, these studies have all been open label and the results of double blind controlled studies are eagerly awaited.