经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术联合部分脾栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血疗效观察

背景:食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血是肝硬化门静脉高压常见且严重的并发症,再出血的预防是该病的治疗重点。目的:评价经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分脾栓塞术(PSE)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的疗效和安全性。方法:前瞻性选择10例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血患者行PTVE联合PSE术,术前、术后行门静脉系统多普勒超声和血常规检查,记录超声血流变化和外周血细胞变化情况。术后随访1~2年,观察再出血和并发症发生情况。结果:PTVE联合PSE术后,患者门静脉主干较术前明显变细,门静脉主干和脾静脉血流速度减慢,术后3个月外周血白细胞和血小板计数仍高于术前,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后1年内2例患者发生再出血,再出血率为20.0%,其中1例复查见门静脉主干血栓形成,发生率为10.0%。该例患者术后胃底静脉曲张基本消失,予内镜下食管曲张静脉套扎治疗后未再复发。结论:PTVE联合PSE术能有效降低门静脉系统压力,是治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血安全、有效的介入治疗方法。     

经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化断流术后食管胃底静脉曲张破裂再出血34例分析

目的探讨经皮经肝食管胃底曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)在肝硬化断流术后并发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂再出血治疗中的应用,评价其治疗效果及优势。方法收集2007年1月-2013年6月响水县人民医院消化内科收治的34例肝硬化断流术后食管胃底静脉曲张破裂再出血患者的临床资料,所有患者均行PTVE,术后定期复查胃镜,观察患者术后疗效、并发症以及再出血情况。结果 34例行PTVE治疗的患者急性期止血良好,有效率97%(33/34);术后2周曲张静脉均消失或明显减轻者29例(85.3%),随访2年食管胃底静脉曲张好转及消失者30例(88.2%);随访的2年内共6例(17.6%)出现上消化道出血。所有病例均未出现明显严重并发症。结论 PTVE治疗肝硬化断流术后静脉曲张再出血患者疗效显著,创伤小,并发症少,可防止新的侧支循环血管形成,是治疗肝硬化断流术后食管胃底静脉曲张破裂再出血的有效方法。     

经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞治疗断流术后食管胃底静脉破裂出血的疗效

目的 研究以组织胶为主要栓塞材料,采用经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)治疗和预防门奇静脉断流术后食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床疗效.方法 2006年11月至2008年9月,对22例曾行断流术再发食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者行PTVE组织胶栓塞(n=10)或内镜下硬化剂(EIS,n=12)治疗,随访两组患者治疗后再出血率、死亡率、治疗前后静脉曲张和肝功能以及PTVE治疗组患者在曲张侧支静脉栓塞前后门静脉压力的变化.结果 ①在平均12.5个月的随访期内,PTVE治疗组患者再出血率和死亡率分别为1/10和0;EIS治疗组随访13.4个月,患者再出血率和死亡率分别为7/12和3/12,两组问差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).②PTVE和EIS治疗均可显著减轻食管和胃底静脉曲张程度.③对有门静脉血栓患者,PTVE联合门静脉球囊成形术,可以改善肝脏门静脉血供.④PTVE和EIS治疗均未加重肝功能损伤.结论 对门奇静脉断流术后食管胃底静脉破裂出血的患者,采用以组织胶为主要栓塞材料的PTVE治疗的疗效优于EIS治疗.     

经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血近期疗效观察

目的 观察经皮经肝曲张静脉栓塞术(PTVE)治疗肝硬化合并食管胃底静脉曲张出血近期疗效.方法 对20例既往有食管胃底静脉曲张出血病史的门静脉高压症患者行以组织胶(α-氰基丙烯酸,TH胶)为主要栓塞材料的PTVE治疗,观察治疗后再出血率、死亡率、食管胃底静脉曲张程度和肝功能的改变,以及侧枝静脉栓塞前后脾静脉压力.结果 (1)在平均8.3个月的随诊期内,患者再出血率为15%,无死亡病例.(2)食管胃底静脉曲张程度明显减轻,肝功能和外周血小板计数无明显改变.(3)PTVE治疗前,未经脾切除和门奇静脉断流术治疗者脾静脉压力显著高于接受过手术治疗者,PTVE治疗后2组患者的脾静脉压力均有显著性升高.结论 PTVE可能对肝硬化合并严重门静脉高压症,甚至并发活动性食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的患者,具有良好的治疗和预防作用.     

经皮经肝TH胶灌注栓塞术与内镜下注射TH胶术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张的对照研究

目的比较α-氰基丙烯酸正辛酯(TH胶)作为栓塞材料行经皮肝穿刺门静脉胃冠状静脉栓塞术(percutaneous transhepatic varices embolization,PTVE)和内镜下食管胃底静脉注射TH胶术的远期疗效及可行性。方法将150例门脉高压食管静脉曲张破裂出血患者随机分为2组,分别行经皮肝TH胶灌注胃冠状静脉栓塞术联合部分脾脏栓塞术和内镜下食管胃底静脉注射TH胶术。结果所有患者均手术成功,止血率达100%。随访3年,行PTVE的患者食管胃底静脉曲张再出血率为25.00%,而内镜下食管胃底静脉注射TH胶术的患者的再出血率为53.24%。结论 PTVE手术安全,创伤小,止血率高,再出血率低,是治疗门脉高压并食道胃底静脉曲张的理想方法。     

内镜下套扎联合经皮经肝TH胶栓塞治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张的临床应用

目的评价内镜下套扎(EVL)联合经皮经肝曲张静脉TH胶栓塞术(PTVE)治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的远期疗效。方法 44例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者,先行食管曲张静脉的内镜下套扎治疗,1周后再行TH胶PTVE,栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其来源血管。联合治疗术后定期复查胃镜,观察曲张静脉消失情况,随访治疗后曲张静脉复发率及再出血率。结果 44例食管胃底静脉曲张患者,32例食管曲张静脉基本消失,消失率72.7%;8例胃底静脉曲张基本消失,消失率100%;12例食管静脉曲张程度明显减轻,总有效率100%。随访6~39个月,平均25.6个月,5例食管静脉曲张复发,复发率11.4%;3例再出血,再出血率6.8%。结论内镜下套扎治疗能机械性地消除食管曲张静脉,经皮经肝TH胶栓塞能栓塞食管胃底曲张静脉区域及其供血血管,二者联合能达到协同作用,具有更好的远期疗效。     

栓塞介入治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床观察

我院自1998年至2003年，采用经皮经肝食管胃曲张静脉栓塞术（PTVE）联合部分性脾栓塞（PSE）进行治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血50例，现将观察结果报道如下。[第一段]     

组织黏合剂联合套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血403例

目的研究内镜下胃底静脉曲张组织黏合剂栓塞术联合食管静脉曲张套扎术治疗食管胃底静脉曲张出血的临床应用价值。方法回顾性分析2004年7月至2015年7月滨州医学院烟台附属医院(原牟平人民医院)收治403例上消化道出血患者临床资料,患者入院后急诊胃镜检查发现Ⅱ°以上食管静脉曲张合并胃底静脉曲张出血,先采用碘化油-组织黏合剂-碘化油"三明治"法行胃底静脉曲张栓塞治疗,再行食管静脉曲张套扎术。观察其即刻止血率、近期再出血率、术后并发症及死亡率。结果 403例患者平均栓塞注射2.4次(984/403),套扎11.6(6~18)环,即刻止血成功率100%,近期再出血率3.7%(15/403)。术后并发胸骨后疼痛21例,咽痛5例,低热7例,胃食管反流3例,并发症发生率8.9%(36/403)。死亡3例,2例死于失血性休克,1例死于肝性脑病。结论内镜下组织黏合剂栓塞术联合套扎术治疗胃底静脉曲张出血合并食管静脉曲张出血疗效显著,成功率高,降低了病死率及再出血率。     

经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术的临床疗效观察

目的观察经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术（PTVE）的临床疗效。方法经皮经肝胃冠状静脉栓塞术治疗肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张患者58例,26例联合部分脾栓塞术（PSE）;42例进行了一年随访。结果门静脉穿刺插管成功率96.55%。急诊PTVE止血15例,止血率100%。随访期8例患者再次出血。3例大出血;5例少量出血。12月随访时,食管、胃底静脉曲张减轻、消失35例（35/42）。结论PTVE创伤小,止血效果肯定,可作为肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血的首选治疗方法。     

PTVE联合PSE、内镜下硬化治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血效果分析

目的评价经皮肝穿刺胃冠状静脉栓塞术(PTVE)联合部分性脾动脉栓塞(PSE)、内镜下硬化治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血的临床效果。方法 83例肝硬化食管胃底静脉曲张出血患者随机分为联合组(42例)和内镜组(41例),联合组采取PTVE联合PSE、内镜下硬化治疗,内镜组行单纯内镜下硬化治疗,比较两组止血时间、止血成功率、再出血率以及静脉曲张和肝功能分级改善情况、不良反应发生情况等。结果联合组患者止血时间明显短于内镜组(P=0.007),而联合组止血成功率为100%,明显高于内镜组80.49%(P=0.001);联合组行EIS治疗次数为(1.3±0.4)次,明显低于内镜组的(5.7±1.6)次(P=0.000);联合组术后门脉压力较术前显著降低,而内镜组则略有升高(P=0.000);6、12个月时联合组再出血率分别为4.76%、7.14%,均明显低于内镜组19.51%、24.39%(P均0.05);联合组术后12个月中重度食管静脉曲张率为19.05%,明显低于内镜组48.78%(P=0.004);联合组术后12个月肝功能Child-Pugh分级改善1级或1级以上者17例,改善率40.48%,内镜组8例,改善率21.95%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P=0.037);两组患者均未出现明显的不良反应情况。结论 PTVE联合PSE、内镜下硬化是治疗食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血安全、有效的方法。     

Atheromatous embolization

Atheromatous embolization is a multisystem disease complicating advanced atherosclerosis. It occurs most often as a complication of angiography, an endovascular procedure or cardiovascular surgery. Atheromatous embolization can present in a subtle manner where it is often under-recognized, or with catastrophic results including myocardial infarction, strake or acute renal failure. It may mimic other disease processes and often goes underdiagnosed and undertreated. A high clinical suspicion is the key to diagnosis. Atheromatous embolization results in significant morbidity and mortality; therefore, early recognition followed by aggressive management may help to prevent end-organ damage and improve overall clinical outcomes. Management strategies should include risk factor modification, prevention of further insults by discontinuing or avoiding predisposing factors, supportive treatment and interventional or surgical approaches to remove the atheroembolic source. Atheromatous embolization is expected to increase as our population ages and the epidemics of diabetes mellitus and obesity increase.     

Comparison of total splenic artery embolization and partial splenic embolization for hypersplenism

AIM: To evaluate whether total splenic artery embolization (TSAE) for patients with hypersplenism delivers better long-term outcomes than partial splenic embolization (PSE).METHODS: Sixty-one patients with hypersplenism eligible for TSAE (n = 27, group A) or PSE (n = 34, group B) were enrolled into the trial, which included clinical and computed tomography follow-up. Data on technical success, length of hospital stay, white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts, splenic volume and complications were collected at 2 wk, 6 mo, and 1, 2, 3, 4 years postoperatively.RESULTS: Both TSAE and PSE were technically successful in all patients. Complications were significantly fewer (P = 0.001), and hospital stay significantly shorter (P = 0.007), in group A than in group B. Post-procedure WBC and PLT counts in group A were significantly higher than those in group B from 6 mo to 4 years (P = 0.001), and post-procedure residual splenic volume in group A was significantly less than that observed in group B at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years post-procedure (P = 0.001). No significant differences were observed in red blood cell counts and liver function parameters between the two groups following the procedure.CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that TSAE for patients with hypersplenism not only delivers a better long-term outcome, but is also associated with lower complication rates and a shorter hospital stay than PSE.     

Partial splenic embolization.

Partial splenic embolization (PSE) is a non-surgical procedure developed to treat hypersplenism as a result of hepatic disease and thus avoid the disadvantages of splenectomy. A femoral artery approach is used for selective catheterization of the splenic artery. Generally, the catheter tip is placed as distally as possible in an intrasplenic artery. After an injection of antibiotics and steroids, embolization is achieved by injecting 2-mm gelatin sponge cubes suspended in a saline solution containing antibiotics. PSE can benefit patients with thrombocytopenia, esophagogastric varices, portal hypertensive gastropathy, encephalopathy, liver dysfunction, splenic aneurysm, and splenic trauma. The contraindications of PSE include secondary splenomegaly and hypersplenism in patients with terminal-stage underlying disease; pyrexia or severe infections are associated with a high risk of splenic abscess after PSE. Complications of PSE include daily intermittent fever, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, abdominal fullness, appetite loss, and postembolization syndrome. Decreased portal-vein flow and a rapid increase in the platelet count after excessive embolization may cause portal-vein or splenic-vein thrombosis.     

Bronchial artery embolization therapy

Bronchial artery embolization, which was first described in 1973, has now become an accepted method of therapy for massive hemoptysis. Successful use of this technique requires a knowledge of the bronchial anatomy, an understanding of the patient population for whom this technique is best suited, a familiarity with the technical aspects of the procedure, and an awareness of the complications associated with this technique. Angiographic evaluation and bronchial artery embolization may be used to stabilize the patient prior to surgical therapy or may represent definitive therapy.     

Pulmonary talc embolization.

A young woman with a history of drug abuse rapidly developed cor pulmonale, restrictive pulmonary defect, low diffusion capacity, and a suggestion of left ventricular dysfunction. She died from complications after a lung biopsy. Microscopic examination showed talc granulomas and arteritis. Some form of closed biopsy is probably safer, and trial of corticosteroid therapy seems warranted for this diagnosis. Talc ia a dangerous ingredient for any oral preparation that is likely to be used parenterally.     

栓塞体积比在评价弹簧圈栓塞颅内动脉瘤疗效中的作用

目的探讨栓塞体积比(VER)在评价电解可脱性弹簧圈(GDC)栓塞颅内动脉瘤疗效中的作用。方法对在国内7家医院应用GDC栓塞、治疗期≥3年、直径>2 mm的囊状动脉瘤患者,进行临床和影像学随访,共434例(446个动脉瘤)。根据填入动脉瘤内的弹簧圈体积与动脉瘤体积,计算动脉瘤VER。分析VER值与动脉瘤大小、瘤颈、栓塞结果、复发及再出血的关系。结果①小动脉瘤(<5 mm)、中型动脉瘤(5~10 mm)、大动脉瘤(11~25 mm)、巨大动脉瘤(>25 mm)的VER分别为(29±7)%、(24±7)%、(18±9)%和(8±7)%,不同大小动脉瘤患者之间的VER值差异有统计学意义(F=39.70,P<0.01);动脉瘤大小与VER值呈负相关(r=-0.50,P<0.01)。窄、宽颈动脉瘤的VER值分别为(24±8)%、(20±9)%,差异有统计学意义(P=0.001)。②446个动脉瘤的VER为(24±8)%。动脉瘤完全栓塞、颈残留、体部残留患者的VER分别为(28±7)%、(23±7)%及(13±5)%,三者比较差异有统计学意义(F=150.71,P<0.01),且栓塞程度与VER值呈正相关(r=0.57,P<0.01)。③术后临床随访>3年,15个动脉瘤再出血,再出血者动脉瘤VER值为(16±9)%,无再出血者为(24±8)%,P<0.01。④对357个动脉瘤进行DSA随访,中位随访期为16个月;动脉瘤保持稳定298个(83.5%),VER为(25±8)%,复发59个(16.5%),VER为(20±7)%,P<0.01。⑤VER是动脉瘤术后再出血和复发的主要影响因素(OR:0.00,95%CI:0.00~0.08;OR:0.001,95%CI:0.00~0.03)。结论VER是评价动脉瘤栓塞程度的客观指标,对于栓塞术后动脉瘤的复发和再出血具有一定的预测意义。