血清CEA、NSE、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1联合检测对肺癌的诊断价值

目的研究血清肿瘤标志物癌胚抗原（CEA）、神经元特异性烯纯化酶（NSE）、鳞状细胞癌相关抗原（SCC-Ag）及细胞角蛋白（CYFRA21-1）对肺癌诊断的价值。方法用酶联免疫吸附实验法（ELISA）检测对97例肺癌患者、90例良性肺疾病患者及85例健康对照组进行血清CEA、NSE、SCC-Ag及CYFRA21-1水平,并计算上述指标单项及联合检测在肺癌诊断中的敏感度和特异度。结果肺癌患者的血清CEA、NSE、SCC-Ag及CYFRA21-1水平均明显高于良性肺部组和健康对照组（P〈0.05）;4项标记物在不同病理类型肺癌中总体比较均有差异,其中CEA阳性率以腺癌最高（55.26%）,SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1阳性率以鳞癌最高（分别为70.43%,72.38%）,NSE阳性率以小细胞肺癌最高（67.92%）。血4项标志物联合检测肺癌阳性率（92.78%）高于单项检测结果。结论血清CEA、NSE、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1联合检测不仅有助于区分肺癌的病理分型,还能明显提高肺癌诊断的敏感性和检出率。     

血清肿瘤标记物对肺部结节的诊断价值

目的本文通过回顾性分析肺癌患者治疗前血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE水平,旨在评估肿瘤标记物对肺部结节(≤3cm)的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析行肺叶切除术或肺楔形切除术,术后病理证实患者肿瘤直径≤3cm的临床资料。对纳入研究的患者血清肿瘤标记物水平进行ROC曲线分析,计算曲线下面积、P值、灵敏度和特异性指标、约登指数及相应界值。结果血清CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE对于肺部恶性结节的诊断均具有重要意义,P0.05。其中,CEA对于诊断肺腺癌结节的灵敏度为0.241,特异性为0.890;CYFRA21-1对于肺鳞癌结节灵敏度为0.350,特异性为0.854;而NSE对于肺小细胞肺癌结节的诊断灵敏度为0.667,特异性为0.724。结论血清CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE对于肺部恶性结节的诊断均具有重要意义。CEA、CYFRA21-1及NSE分别对肺腺癌、肺鳞癌及小细胞肺癌结节更具诊断意义。     

四种肿瘤标志物联合检测在肺癌诊断、治疗检测及判断预后的价值

目的探讨血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角质蛋白(CYFRA21-1)和神经烯醇化酶(NSE)、糖类抗原125(CA125)对肺癌诊断、治疗检测及预后评估的价值。方法采取血清标本46例,其中腺癌14例、鳞癌23例、小细胞癌9例,肺部良性病变32例。结果 CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE和CA125在肺癌组的敏感性分别为47.83%、47.83%、52.17%和56.52%。其中CEA对腺癌的敏感性为78.57%,CYFRA21-1对鳞癌的敏感性为60.86%,NSE对小细胞癌的敏感性为88.89%,均明显高于肺部良性病变对照组。将4项联合检测,高于4项单检时的敏感性。肺癌组化疗有效者四项水平明显下降,病情稳定和进展四者水平无变化。结论 CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE分别对腺癌、鳞癌及小细胞癌的诊断有一定的意义。将CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE和CA125 4项联检可提高肺癌的诊断率,亦可作为肺癌的疗效检测和预后评估方面有价值的指标。     

血清CYFRA21—1在非小细胞肺癌诊断中的价值

本研究用酶免方法检测了66人血清CYFRA21—1水平,其中肺腺癌20例,肺鳞癌24例,小细胞肺癌(SCLC)10例,以12例肺良性疾病(BPD)为对照;同时检测了6例患者手术前后血清CYFRA21-1水平。结果:鳞癌组和腺癌组血清CYFRA21—1水平均明显高于SCLC组和BPD组;鳞癌组则明显高于腺癌组。不同病期非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)血中CYFRA21—1水平也明显不同,Ⅲ、Ⅳ期明显高于Ⅰ、Ⅱ期。6例患者血清CYFRA21—1水平术后均有明显下降。结果表明:血清CYFRA21—1水平对NSCLC特别是肺鳞癌有较高的特异性,在NSCLC特别是肺鳞癌的诊断和鉴别诊断有重要意义;治疗前后血清CYFRA21—1水平的变化有助于疗效的判断。     

不同类型肺癌患者化疗前后血清CEA、NSE及CYFRA21-1的表达及意义

目的探讨不同类型肺癌患者化疗前后癌胚抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、细胞角质蛋白19可溶性片段(CYFRA21-1)的变化及临床意义。方法选取肺癌患者86例,检测其化疗前后血清CEA、NSE及CYFRA21-1的表达水平,分析各指标水平与近期疗效的关系。结果 CEA在腺癌中阳性表达率和表达水平显著高于鳞癌和小细胞肺癌(SCLC),NSE在SCLC中阳性表达率和表达水平显著高于鳞癌和腺癌,CYFRA21-1在SCLC中阳性表达率和表达水平显著低于鳞癌和腺癌(P<0.05)。所有患者化疗后各指标表达水平均较化疗前显著下降(P<0.05)。临床疗效显示,完全缓解(CR)23例,部分缓解(PR)47例,疾病稳定(SD)10例,疾病进展(PD)6例;所有组织分型患者中,化疗后有效组(PR+CR)的肿瘤标志物表达水平均低于无效组(SD+PD)(P<0.05);不同组织分型中,腺癌有效组化疗后CEA、NSE水平显著降低,鳞癌有效组化疗后CEA、CYFRA21-1水平显著降低(P<0.05),SCLC有效组化疗后NSE、CYFRA21-1水平显著降低(P<0.05)。结论 CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1在不同类型肺癌患者血清中的表达各异,化疗后各指标表达水平均下降,且与近期疗效具有相关性,可作为临床评估疗效的参考指标。     

肺癌患者血清肿瘤标记物检测的临床意义及预后评估

目的评估血清癌胚抗原(CEA)、细胞角蛋白19片段(CYFRA21-1)和特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)水平在肺癌诊断中的价值,探讨三项肿瘤标记物血清水平与患者临床特征、化疗疗效和预后的关系。方法采用化学发光法检测227例肺癌患者和60例肺良性疾病患者血清中CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE含量,同时收集患者完整的临床资料,随访患者无进展生存时间(PFS),使用SPSS17.0软件对所得数据进行统计分析。结果 1肺癌组血清CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE水平明显高于肺良性疾病组(P0.01);CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE的ROC曲线下面积分别是0.8、0.6、0.8,均大于0.5。腺癌、鳞癌、小细胞肺癌分别以CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE检测灵敏度最高(P0.01)。三项肿瘤标记物联合检测较单项检测诊断灵敏度显著提高。2与I+II期患者比较,IV期肺癌患者CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE水平明显升高(P0.05);胸外转移组三项肿瘤标记物均显著高于无转移组(P0.05)。3疾病进展(PD)组患者的治疗前血清CYFRA21-1、NSE水平明显高于疾病控制(DC)组(P0.05)。4治疗前血清CYFRA21-1、NSE水平正常的患者PFS明显长于升高者(P0.05)。结论血清CEA、CYFRA21-1和NSE检测有助于肺癌的诊断,联合检测更优,且对鉴别肺癌与肺部良性疾病、有无转移的评价及肺癌不同病理类型和分期有一定的参考价值;同时,治疗前CYFRA21-1和NSE血清水平可以评估肺癌的预后,观察治疗效果。     

Ⅲb期NSCLC同步放化疗前后血清肿瘤标志物的水平变化与疗效评估

目的探讨同步放化疗对Ⅲb期NSCLC者血清肿瘤标志物的影响与疗效评估。方法选取2014年1月-2016年1月初次就诊于合肥市第二人民医院肿瘤放疗科科68例Ⅲb期NSCLC患者作为治疗组(肺癌组),予以同步放化疗方案治疗,治疗2个周期后1个月复查肿瘤标志物并评价疗效,体检健康者血清肿瘤标志物水平作为对照组(健康组)。结果肺癌组患者治疗前血清中CEA、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1和TK1水平高于健康组(P≤0.05),而NSE的水平两组之间比较,差异无统计学意义;肺癌组同步放化疗后患者血清中CEA、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1和TK1水平低于治疗前(P≤0.05);CEA在腺癌中的水平明显高于鳞癌,SCCAg、CYFRA21-1、TK1在鳞癌中的水平明显高于腺癌(P≤0.05),NSE在鳞癌和腺癌中水平比较,差异无统计学意义;同步放化疗后无CR患者,PR患者共15例,血清中CEA、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1和TK1水平较治疗前明显降低(P≤0.05),PD患者共25例,血清中CEA、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1和TK1水平较治疗前明显升高(P≤0.05),SD患者血清中CEA、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1和TK1水平较治疗前差异无统计学意义。结论Ⅲb期NSCLC同步放化疗后,血清中CEA、SCC-Ag、CYFRA21-1和TK1水平可作为评价疗效的指标,具有一定的临床价值。     

CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1在肺癌诊断中的价值研究

目的:探讨与肺癌相关的常见肿瘤标志物CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE在原发性肺癌诊断中的意义。方法:测定50例肺癌患者和20例肺部良性肺疾病的血清CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE水平,结合其临床资料．分析其临床诊断价值。结果:CEA、CYFRA21-1、NSE分别在肺腺癌、肺鳞癌及小细胞肺癌具有较高的敏感性．且与肿瘤分期有一定的相关性。结论:三者联合检测可提高肺癌的盗床诊断率。     

血清CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1、NSE与血浆D-D联合检测对肺癌诊断的临床意义

目的探讨癌胚抗原(CEA)、鳞状细胞癌抗原(SCCA)、细胞角蛋白19片段21-1(CYFRA21-1)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)及D-二聚体(D-D)联合检测对肺癌诊断的临床意义。方法分别检测170例肺癌患者、44例肺部良性肿瘤患者及90例同期体检健康者血清CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1、NSE及血浆D-D含量并计算上述指标诊断肺癌的灵敏度与特异度。结果肺癌组血清CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1、NSE及血浆D-D水平均高于肺部良性肿瘤组及健康对照组(P均0.05);肺癌患者血清CEA、NSE及血浆D-D水平在Ⅲ/Ⅳ期均明显高于Ⅰ/Ⅱ期(P0.05);腺癌中CEA灵敏度最高(68.4%,65/95),小细胞肺癌中NSE灵敏度最高(71.4%,20/28),鳞癌中CYFRA21-1灵敏度最高(66.0%,31/47);血清CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1、NSE及血浆D-D单项检测对肺癌诊断的灵敏度分别为50.6%、37.6%、51.8%、52.4%、62.4%,特异度分别为91.8%、85.1%、87.3%、82.1%、89.6%,5项联合检测的灵敏度上升至85.3%,但特异度下降至76.1%。结论血清CEA、SCCA、CYFRA21-1、NSE与血浆D-D联合检测对肺癌辅助诊断有重要的临床意义,且优于单项检测。     

4种肿瘤标记物联合血清铁蛋白早期诊断老年肺癌

目的探讨分析血清铁蛋白(SF)联合4种肿瘤标记物早期诊断老年肺癌的临床价值。方法选择185例老年早期肺癌患者作为肺癌组(其中鳞癌87例、腺癌79例、小细胞肺癌19例),60例老年良性肺病患者作为良性肺病组,健康老年人50例作为健康对照组,检测三组受试者血清SF、糖类抗原(CA)125、胚胎抗原(CEA)、神经元特异性烯醇化酶(NSE)、血清细胞角蛋白片段(CYFRA)21-1水平,比较三组受试者各指标表达情况及各指标对老年早期肺癌诊断的敏感度和特异度,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析各指标对早期肺癌的诊断价值。结果肺癌组患者血清SF、CA125、CEA、NSE及CYFRA21-1水平均显著高于良性肺病组及健康对照组(P0.05);而良性肺病组与健康对照组血清SF、CA125、CEA、NSE及CYFRA21-1水平比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。血清SF、NSE水平以小细胞肺癌患者最高(P0.05),CA125、CEA水平以腺癌患者最高(P0.05),CYFRA21-1水平以鳞癌患者最高(P0.05)。与各指标单一诊断比较,五种指标联合检测灵敏度显著升高(P0.05),而特异度无明显变化(P0.05)。SF、CA125、CEA、NSE、CYFRA21-1诊断早期老年肺癌ROC曲线下面积分别为0.808、0.762、0.761、0.712、0.781,5项指标联合诊断早期老年肺癌ROC曲线下面积为0.915。结论血清SF联合4种肿瘤标记物能够有效提高早期老年肺癌患者的诊断检出灵敏度,有效提高患者诊断价值,从而有助于患者临床预后的改善。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Language of CTO interventions – Focus on hardware

The knowledge of variety of chronic total occlusion (CTO) hardware and the ability to use them represents the key to success of any CTO interventions. However, the multiplicity of CTO hardware and their physical character and the terminology used by experts create confusion in the mind of an average interventional cardiologist, particularly a beginner in this field. This knowledge is available but is scattered. We aim to classify and compare the currently used devices based on their properties focusing on how physical character of each device can be utilized in a specific situation, thus clarifying and simplifying the technical discourse.     

High prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy in antiretroviral-treated and untreated people with HIV in Tanzania

Objectives To describe the prevalence of distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP), a complication of both advanced HIV disease and of antiretroviral therapy (ART), amongst Tanzanians with HIV, on and off ART (including stavudine) with CD4 counts above and below 200 cells/μl. Methods We recruited participants attending ART clinic into four groups: >6 months ART exposure and (i) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or (ii) CD4 > 200 cells/μl (ART/CD4 < 200 and ART/CD4 > 200, respectively); ART‐naïve and (iii) CD4 < 200 cells/μl or iv)CD4 > 200 cells/μl (noART/CD4 < 200 and noART/CD4 > 200, respectively). Primary outcome was DSP, as defined by presence of at least one symptom and one sign. Results Of 326 evaluable participants, 81 (32 men, median age 38 years, median CD4 142 cells/μl) were enrolled in the ART/CD4 < 200 group, 78 (17 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 345 cells/μl) in ART/CD4 > 200, 81 (30 men, median age 37 years, median CD4 128 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 < 200 and 86 (22 men, median age 33 years, median CD4 446 cells/μl) in noART/CD4 > 200. Numbness was the most commonly reported symptom. DSP prevalence ranged from 43.2% in ART/CD4 < 200 to 20.9% in noART/CD4 > 200. DSP was more common among men (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–3.3) and older participants (aOR 2.7, 95% CI 1.1–6.2 for age 40 + vs. <30 years). Conclusion Distal sensory polyneuropathy is common amongst those attending this clinic, even those with no ART exposure and a CD4 count above 200 cells/μl. Stavudine and didanosine expose HIV‐infected patients to an additional avoidable risk of DSP. Access to non‐neurotoxic ART regimes as well as earlier HIV diagnosis and initiation of ART is needed.