氢气对脑缺血再灌注大鼠海马一氧化氮及其合酶的影响

目的探讨氢气治疗对急性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠海马NO和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响。方法选择SD大鼠72只,随机分为3组:假手术组、模型组和治疗组(腹腔注射2%氢气饱和生理盐水),每组24只,每组又分为6、24h2个时间点。采用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉缺血再灌注模型。免疫组织化学方法测定海马NOS的表达;硝酸还原酶法测定海马组织匀浆中NO含量;NOS检测试剂盒检测海马组织提取液中NOS的活性。结果模型组治疗6h海马NOS阳性细胞、NO含量及NOS活性明显高于假手术组,而治疗组上述指标较模型组明显下降(P<0.05);模型组治疗24h海马NOS阳性细胞、NO含量及NOS活性明显高于假手术组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但治疗组与模型组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论氢气治疗可减少缺血后海马组织中NO含量及NOS活性,对海马缺血再灌注损伤起到一定的保护作用。     

藻蓝蛋白在脑缺血再灌注损伤过程中的抗氧化作用

目的研究脑缺血再灌注神经细胞一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的表达以及藻蓝蛋白的抗氧化作用机制。方法随机将52只Wistar大鼠分为假手术组(4只)、对照组(24只)和治疗组(24只);后两组再分为脑缺血1 h再灌注6、12 h,13、、7及14天组,每组4只。应用线栓法制作大鼠大脑中动脉阻塞再灌注(MCAO/R)模型[1],藻蓝蛋白进行干预,采用免疫组织化学方法分别观察神经元型NOS(nNOS)、内皮型NOS(eNOS)、诱导型NOS(iNOS)的表达以及藻蓝蛋白的干预作用。结果假手术组脑组织中nNOSi、NOS和eNOS有微弱表达,脑缺血再灌注后6 h,皮质区和纹状体区nNOSi、NOS和eNOS逐渐表达增强,于24 h达高峰,之后逐渐减弱,至7~14 d仍高于假手术组。治疗组NOS变化趋势与对照组相似,与对照组同一时间点比较,nNOS和iNOS表达明显低,eNOS表达明显增强。结论脑缺血再灌注损伤后,藻蓝蛋白可能通过降低脑组织中nNOS和iNOS表达,上调eNOS的表达,而发挥其抗氧化作用。     

五鹤续断对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤各脑区一氧化氮含量及一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的探讨五鹤续断醇提液对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤中各脑区一氧化氮(NO)浓度及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性的影响。方法用线栓法建立大鼠脑缺血再灌注动物模型,用比色法测定再灌注后不同时间点脑组织中NO含量和NOS活性。结果模型组大脑皮质和海马中NO含量和NOS活性明显增高,五鹤续断醇提液可降低大脑皮质和海马中NO含量和NOS活性,各时点NO含量与NOS活性成显著正相关。结论五鹤续断醇提液对大鼠局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤有明显保护作用,其机制可能与降低NO和NOS表达水平有关。     

复方灯盏花滴丸对海马神经元一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶的影响

目的研究复方灯盏花滴丸(FDD)对谷氨酸致大鼠原代海马神经元的NO和一氧化氮合酶的影响。方法取SD大鼠32只,每8只分别用生理盐水、尼莫地平、FDD高、低剂量灌胃,85h后,取每只大鼠股动脉血,制成5%的含药血清。另取新生24h SD乳鼠大脑原代培养海马神经元并鉴定后,随机分为对照组、尼莫地平组、FDD高、低剂量组和模型组,前4组分别加入上述配制对应的药物血清,模型组不加含药血清。以谷氨酸制成损伤模型。采用MTT法测定细胞存活率,酶法检测细胞释放NO量,细胞内总一氧化氮合酶(tNOS)和诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)活性。结果与对照组比较,模型组细胞存活率下降,NO、tNOS和iNOS活性增加(P0.01),与模型组比较,FDD高、低剂量组均能明显增加细胞存活率、减少NO释放、降低tNOS活性和iNOS活性(P0.05,P0.01)。结论 FDD对谷氨酸致原代培养大鼠海马神经元损伤有保护作用,其作用机制可能与降低一氧化氮合酶的活性、尤其iNOS活性及减少NO释放有关。     

全氟化碳对心肌缺血再灌注损伤后大鼠NO、NOS的影响

目的探讨全氟化碳(PFC)对心肌缺血再灌注损伤(IRI)后大鼠一氧化氮(NO)和一氧化氮合酶(NOS)的影响。方法将75只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为5组,假手术组、缺血再灌注(RI)组、PFC低剂量组、PFC中剂量组、PEC高剂量组各15只。结扎大鼠冠脉左前降支,使心肌缺血30 min、再灌注120 min,制成心肌IRI模型。应用硝酸还原酶法检测心肌组织中的NO水平,化学比色法检测总NOS(tNOS)、内皮型NOS(eNOS)、诱导型NOS(iN-OS)活性。结果与假手术组比较,各组心肌组织中的NO水平及tNOS、eNOS活性降低(P均<0.05);与RI组比较,PFC中、高剂量组各指标升高(P均<0.05)。各组iNOS活性比较无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 PFC可减少心肌IRI后大鼠心肌组织中的NO水平,提高其eNOS活性,改善心肌IRI。     

脓毒症时各型一氧化氮合酶在大鼠心脏中的表达及其可能机制

目的研究脓毒症时各型一氧化氮合酶(NOS)在心脏中的损伤作用及其机制。方法成年雄性Wistar大鼠腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)制备脓毒症模型。应用多导生理仪监测大鼠心功能变化;用分光光度计法测定大鼠心肌组织NOS的活性;用RT-PCR和Western blot对大鼠心肌组织各型NOS的表达进行半定量分析。结果给予LPS后6h大鼠心肌收缩和舒张功能受损下降,心肌中iNOS的活性明显升高,eNOS和nNOS(合称cNOS)活性减弱;RT-PCR和Western blot结果显示,给予LPS后cNOS的表达减少,给予LPS后iNOS表达量明显增加。结论脓毒症时,iNOS、nNOS和eNOS的表达和活性发生改变;心肌细胞上iNOS表达及活性升高,这些变化可能在心功能降低中发挥作用。     

一氧化氮在缺血性脑损伤中的作用

在缺血性脑损伤中 ,NO的作用是双重的 ,依赖于NO的起源。源于iNOS和nNOS过度表达所形成的NO有神经毒性 ,源于eNOS产生的NO有神经保护作用。nNOS的过度表达与缺血早期神经元损伤有关 ,iNOS的表达与缺血后期神经元损伤有关。这些研究提示 ,特异性高选择性nNOS和iNOS抑制剂在脑缺血不同阶段的保护作用和维护源于eNOS产生NO的必要性     

步长丹红注射液对局灶脑缺血后一氧化氮合酶影响的实验研究

目的研究步长丹红注射液对大鼠局灶脑缺血后一氧化氮合酶的影响。方法将SD大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组、局灶脑缺血组与局灶脑缺血步长丹红注射液治疗组,建立大鼠自体血栓局灶脑缺血模型,各组分别于1、3、5d取大鼠脑组织,测定NOS的活性。结果治疗组大鼠脑组织总NOS和iNOS活性在各时间点(1、3、5d)均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。结论步长丹红注射液可通过抑制总NOS和iNOS活性,减少NO释放,对大鼠局灶脑缺血后脑细胞起到保护作用。     

人参皂苷Rg1对局灶性脑缺血大鼠iNOS和eNOS表达的影响

目的探讨人参皂苷Rg1对脑缺血大鼠诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)和内皮细胞型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)表达的影响及其作用机制。方法将60只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、单纯缺血组、人参皂苷Rg1 10、20、40 mg.kg-1处理组(Rg1低、中、高剂量组)、尼莫地平1 mg.kg-1阳性药物处理组(control组),每组10只。采用右侧大脑中动脉阻断法制备局灶性脑缺血模型,于动物清醒后进行神经功能评分;采用免疫组化技术检测大脑皮层缺血2 h后iNOS、eNOS的表达。结果假手术组大脑皮层区偶见iNOS及少量eNOS阳性细胞;单纯缺血组可见大量iNOS阳性细胞及少量eNOS阳性细胞;与单纯缺血组比较,人参皂苷Rg1各组iNOS阳性细胞数显著降低,eNOS阳性细胞数显著增多。结论人参皂苷Rg1对大鼠局灶性脑缺血具有保护作用,其可能通过下调脑组织iN-OS、上调eNOS的表达发挥作用。     

清肠栓对溃疡性结肠炎大鼠一氧化氮和一氧化氮合酶活性的影响

目的：观察不同剂量清肠栓治疗溃疡性结肠（UC）的作用及其对一氧化氮（NO）和一氧化氮合酶（NOS）活性的影响。方法：将动物随机分成高、中、低剂量清肠栓组、SASP组、模型组、空白组,除空白组外其余5组动物分别用三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）建立大鼠溃疡性结肠炎模型,连续用药2周后取结肠组织,采用改良的G法、分光光度法分别测定其NO含量和NOS活性。结果：模型组大鼠NO、NOS含量较空白组明显降低,其他各组均有不同程度的增高,尤其以清肠栓高剂量组的增高为明显。结论：TNBS急性损伤使结肠组织的NO、NOS活性发生改变,可能是UC发生的重要机制。中药复方清扬栓具有调控NO及NOS活性的作用,是有效治疗UC的可能机制之一。     

Long-Acting Calcium Channel Blocker,Azelnidipine, Increases Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase in the Brain and Inhibits Sympathetic Nerve Activity

Nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous system inhibits sympathetic nerve activity, thereby decreasing blood pressure. It is unknown, however, whether orally administered antihypertensive treatment alters NO synthase (NOS) expression, particularly in the brain, and how changes in NOS expression affects sympathetic nerve activity. Azelnidipine, a recently developed long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, does not cause baroreflex-induced tachycardia. The aim of the present study was to determine whether antihypertensive treatment with azelnidipine alters endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), or inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in the brain, and how changes in NOS affect sympathetic nerve activity. Azelnidipine (20 mg/kg/day) or hydralazine (20 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 30 days in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by the tail cuff method. Urinary norepinephrine excretion was measured as a marker of sympathetic nerve activity. Western blot analysis was performed to examine eNOS, nNOS, or iNOS expression levels in the brain (cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and the brain stem), heart, and aorta. The extent of blood pressure reduction was similar between the two groups. Heart rate increased in the hydralazine-treated group but did not change in the azelnidipine-treated group. Urinary norepinephrine excretion was significantly increased only in the hydralazine-treated group. Treatment with azelnidipine significantly increased eNOS expression levels in the brain, heart, and aorta, but did not alter nNOS or iNOS expression levels. Treatment with hydralazine did not change any of the NOS expression levels. These results suggest that antihypertensive treatment with azelnidipine attenuates reflex-induced sympathetic activation and enhances eNOS expression levels in the brain as well as in the heart and aorta.     

Endothelial,but not the inducible,nitric oxide synthase is detectable in normal and portal hypertensive rats

Abstract: Background: Chronic portal hypertension is accompanied by a nitric oxide (NO) dependent vasodilation. Three isoforms of NO producing synthases (NOS) are characterized: neuronal NOS (nNOS), endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). Sources of increased NO levels in chronic hypertension is disputed. Methods: To determine eNOS and iNOS expression in different organs of portal hypertensive and control rats, we divided Sprague-Dawley rats in 6 groups: (1) Partial portal vein ligated rats, (2) Bile duct ligated rats, (3) Carbon tetrachloride treated rats, (4) Sham operated rats, (5) Untreated control rats, and (6) LPS treated rats. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunoblotting (IB) using antibodies against eNOS or iNOS were carried out on samples from thymus, aorta, heart, lung, oesophagus, liver, spleen, kidney, pancreas, small and large intestine. Results: IHC revealed an even eNOS expression in all groups. Expression of iNOS was restricted to macrophages in organs of LPS treated and the thymus of rats. IB mirrored these results. Conclusion: In chronic portal hypertension, the main source for NO production depends on eNOS activity.     

The nitric oxide system response to hypoxia/reoxygenation in the aged cerebral cortex

Aged individuals are more susceptible to hypoxic insults, but little is known about the response of the nitric oxide (NO) system to hypoxia in the senescent brain. We have analysed the effect of aging on the hypobaric hypoxia/reoxygenation NO synthase (NOS) expression and activity in the cerebral cortex. In aged animals, the absence of significant changes in NOx and activity indicates a weaker response of the systems involving NO production in this pathological situation. The nNOS protein levels remained invariable and similar in both age groups after hypoxia, although in aged animals the mRNA did not change and was consistently lower than in adults. Both eNOS mRNA and protein increased shortly after hypoxia. However, although eNOS protein levels were quite similar in both age groups, the increase appeared later and was less persistent in aged animals. Real-time RT-PCR revealed a similar basal inducible NOS (iNOS) mRNA expression that responded late in reoxygenation, mainly in aged rats. However, neither iNOS protein nor activity was detected in any age group. Altogether our results indicate that aging attenuates the response of the NO system to a hypoxic injury, particularly at eNOS level, the activity of which is crucial for maintaining vascular homeostasis.     

替罗非班对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后无复流及一氧化氮合酶活性和一氧化氮含量的影响

目的研究替罗非班对大鼠心肌缺血再灌注后无复流及一氧化氮合酶(NOS)活性、一氧化氮(NO)含量的影响,探讨替罗非班改善心肌缺血再灌注后无复流的作用机制。方法雄性Wistar大鼠,随机分为假手术组、对照组和替罗非班组。建立急性心肌缺血再灌注无复流模型,用硫黄素S活体染色,观察大鼠心肌无复流范围;伊文斯蓝、氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC)染色评估大鼠心肌缺血及梗死范围;紫外分光光度计测定缺血再灌注120min时缺血区心肌内皮型一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)、诱导型一氧化氮合酶(iNOS)、总一氧化氮合酶(tNOS)活性及NO含量。结果缺血再灌注后120min,替罗非班组大鼠与对照组大鼠心肌缺血范围相似[(43.13±5.69)%比(39.98±3.75)%,P>0.05],但无复流范围及梗死范围明显小于对照组[(34.36±6.04)%比(52.09±6.89)%,P<0.01;(80.41±8.48)%比(90.13±5.72)%,P<0.05);对照组大鼠心肌的eNOS活性低于假手术组,iNOS、tNOS活性及NO含量高于假手术组(P<0.01);替罗非班组大鼠心肌的iNOS活性及NO含量高于假手术组(P<0.05,P<0.01),eNOS、tNOS活性与假手术组差异无统计学意义。与对照组比较,替罗非班组大鼠心肌的eNOS活性高于对照组(P<0.05),iNOS活性及NO含量低于对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01),tNOS活性较对照组有降低的趋势,但差异无统计学意义。结论大鼠心肌缺血90min再灌注120min可发生无复流现象;替罗非班可缩小无复流及梗死范围,其机制可能与保护内皮功能有关。     

Discrepant effects of inducible nitric oxide synthase modulation on systemic and splanchnic endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity and expression in cirrhotic rats

BACKGROUND: Arterial vasodilatation, which is a major factor in the pathogenesis of the hyperkinetic circulatory state and portal hypertension in cirrhosis, is due to arterial nitric oxide (NO) overproduction secondary to endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) upregulation. However, in cirrhosis, the respective roles of eNOS and iNOS isoforms in NO overproduction are still unknown and the effect of iNOS modulation on eNOS activity and expression has not been evaluated in the systemic or splanchnic vessels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of modulating aortic and superior mesenteric arteries (SMA) iNOS on arterial eNOS activity and expression in rats with cirrhosis. METHODS: eNOS and iNOS protein expression and eNOS activity (assessed by its phosphorylation at serine 1177) were measured in the aortas and SMA in untreated and treated cirrhotic rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), N-iminoethyl-L-lysine (L-NIL), a selective iNOS inhibitor, and LPS plus L-NIL. RESULTS: LPS administration significantly increased eNOS and iNOS protein expression and eNOS activity in the aortas of both sham-operated and cirrhotic rats. However, in SMA, LPS administration induced a decrease in eNOS protein expression and activity and an increase in iNOS protein expression. CONCLUSION: The results of this study may explain the worsening of the hyperdynamic state in cirrhosis during septic shock by direct LPS-induced eNOS activation in large systemic vessels, and its inhibition in concomitant small splanchnic vasculature by iNOS synthesized NO.     

Norfloxacin reduces aortic NO synthases and proinflammatory cytokine up-regulation in cirrhotic rats: role of Akt signaling

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Arterial vasodilation plays a role in the pathogenesis of the complications of cirrhosis. This vasodilation is caused by the overproduction of arterial nitric oxide (NO). Bacterial translocation may be involved in NO synthase (NOS) up-regulation by activating both endothelial NOS (eNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS). The prevention of intestinal gram-negative translocation by norfloxacin administration corrects systemic circulatory changes by decreasing NO production in cirrhosis. However, the signaling mechanisms for NO overproduction from bacterial translocation are unknown. In this study, we investigated the signal transduction pathway of bacterial translocation-induced aortic NOS up-regulation in cirrhotic rats. METHODS: Proinflammatory cytokine levels, Akt and NOS activities, eNOS phosphorylation, and NOS expressions were assessed in aorta from norfloxacin-treated and untreated cirrhotic rats. Norfloxacin was administered to reduce intestinal bacterial translocation. RESULTS: Aortic eNOS and iNOS protein expressions, Akt activity, and eNOS phosphorylation by Akt at serine 1177 were up-regulated in cirrhotic rats. Norfloxacin administration significantly decreased the incidence of gram-negative translocation and proinflammatory cytokine (tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-6) levels; norfloxacin also decreased aortic Akt activity, eNOS phosphorylation, and NOS expressions and activities. The decrease in aortic Akt activity and NOS expressions also was obtained after colistin or anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha antibody administration to cirrhotic rats. CONCLUSIONS: This study identifies a signaling pathway in which bacterial translocation induces aortic NOS up-regulation and thus NO overproduction in cirrhotic rats. These results strongly suggest that bacterial translocation and proinflammatory cytokines play a role in systemic NO overproduction in cirrhosis by the Akt pathway.     

Long-acting calcium channel blocker, azelnidipine, increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the brain and inhibits sympathetic nerve activity

Nitric oxide (NO) in the central nervous system inhibits sympathetic nerve activity, thereby decreasing blood pressure. It is unknown, however, whether orally administered antihypertensive treatment alters NO synthase (NOS) expression, particularly in the brain, and how changes in NOS expression affects sympathetic nerve activity. Azelnidipine, a recently developed long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker, does not cause baroreflex-induced tachycardia. The aim of the present study was to determine whether antihypertensive treatment with azelnidipine alters endothelial NOS (eNOS), neuronal NOS (nNOS), or inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in the brain, and how changes in NOS affect sympathetic nerve activity. Azelnidipine (20 mg/kg/day) or hydralazine (20 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 30 days in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Blood pressure and heart rate were measured by the tail cuff method. Urinary norepinephrine excretion was measured as a marker of sympathetic nerve activity. Western blot analysis was performed to examine eNOS, nNOS, or iNOS expression levels in the brain (cortex, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and the brain stem), heart, and aorta. The extent of blood pressure reduction was similar between the two groups. Heart rate increased in the hydralazine-treated group but did not change in the azelnidipine-treated group. Urinary norepinephrine excretion was significantly increased only in the hydralazine-treated group. Treatment with azelnidipine significantly increased eNOS expression levels in the brain, heart, and aorta, but did not alter nNOS or iNOS expression levels. Treatment with hydralazine did not change any of the NOS expression levels. These results suggest that antihypertensive treatment with azelnidipine attenuates reflex-induced sympathetic activation and enhances eNOS expression levels in the brain as well as in the heart and aorta.     

Chronic administration of aminoguanidine reduces vascular nitric oxide production and attenuates liver damage in bile duct-ligated rats.

BACKGROUND: Nitric oxide (NO) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver cirrhosis. This study investigated the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in cirrhosis induced by bile duct-ligation (BDL) with NOS inhibitors. METHOD: Three days after operation, rats were randomized to receive aminoguanidine (AG, 25 mg/kg/day) or L-N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 10 mg/kg/day) for 21 days. RESULTS: Vascular NO production, which was increased in BDL cirrhotic rats, was reduced by 75% with AG but not L-NAME chronic administration. AG treatment attenuated liver damage, while L-NAME aggravated it. AG significantly suppressed inducible NOS (iNOS) expression in aorta of BDL rats at both mRNA and protein level, but much less efficient in reducing it in liver. In contrast, endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression was not markedly affected. Calcium-independent NOS activity, which was dramatically increased in aorta of BDL rats, was abolished by AG treatment. In liver, however, both calcium-dependent and -independent NOS activity were increased by AG treatment. CONCLUSION: Chronic administration of AG could reduce systemic NO levels as well as suppress iNOS expression and activity in aorta of BDL rats. It also improved liver function, possibly because of its ability to increase hepatic NOS activity, and to correct the systemic hemodynamic disorders by decreasing vascular NO production.