动态血压监测与高血压病预后的关系

目的 :探讨动态血压 (ABP)及偶测血压 (CBP)与高血压预后的关系。方法 :2 2 0例原发性高血压患者入选时分别测量基础状态下ABP及CBP、并根据白昼舒张压水平分为高、中、低 3个亚组 (HL、ML、LL) ,然后长期随访观察与高血压病相关的心脑血管“事件”。结果 :平均随访 38个月 ,发生各类“事件”者 2 6例 ,单因素分析表明 :“事件”组各项ABP参数明显高于“非事件”组 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,而 2组CBP间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。LL、ML、HL 3个亚组中“事件”发生率分别为 2例 10 0人年、3 4例 10 0人年及 6 3例 10 0人年。多因素分析显示 :SBP节律、夜间SBP水平及总胆固醇 (CT)水平为高血压患者“事件”发生的独立危险因素 ,分别为RR =3 0 8、RR =1.2 6、RR =1.4 9(P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1)。结论 :ABP在判断高血压预后方面较CBP更具有临床意义 ,较高的ABP水平提示不良的预后 ,SBP节律、夜间SBP水平是预测高血压患者心脑血管“事件”及肾脏受损的独立危险因素     

血压正常高值者动态血压负荷及血压变异性与肿瘤坏死因子α的相关性

目的探讨血压正常高值者动态血压负荷及血压变异性与肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-a)的关系。方法选择理想血压者100例,血压正常高值者105例,高血压患者110例,进行24 h动态血压监测,分别计算三组动态血压负荷及血压变异性,并测定TNF-a水平。结果血压正常高值组TNF-a水平、24 h、白昼及夜间动态血压负荷高于理想血压组,低于高血压组(P<0.01)。血压正常高值组24 h、白昼及夜间血压变异性高于理想血压组,24 h及白昼收缩压变异性、24 h及夜间舒张压变异性低于高血压组(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析及多元逐步线性回归分析显示,血压正常高值组TNF-α与24 h收缩压负荷、24 h舒张压负荷、24 h收缩压变异性、白昼收缩压负荷、夜间舒张压负荷、夜间收缩压变异性呈正相关(P<0.05),24 h收缩压负荷及变异性、夜间收缩压负荷及变异性是TNF-α的影响因素(P<0.01)。结论血压正常高值者动态血压负荷及血压变异性与TNF-α相关,高血压早期炎症与血压升高有关。     

坎地沙坦时间治疗学对非杓型高血压的影响

目的观察坎地沙坦不同给药时间对非杓型高血压患者血压水平及血压昼夜节律的影响。方法选择经24h动态血压监测属于非杓型高血压的需要药物治疗的1级高血压患者106例,随机（电脑随机数字表法）分为A组（早晨7：00服药）和B组（晚上7：00服药）。两组均选用坎地沙坦4mg,用药8周后观察用药前后24h动态血压参数,比较两组血压昼夜节律的变化。结果两组治疗前后血压比较,24h收缩压、24h舒张压、白昼收缩压、白昼舒张压、夜问收缩压、夜间舒张压均有明显下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组治疗后24h舒张压、白昼收缩压、白昼舒张压、夜间舒张压比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。B组治疗后24h收缩压、夜间收缩压比A组改善明显,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论早晨或夜间服用坎地沙坦均能有效降低非杓型高血压的血压水平及改善血压昼夜节律,但夜间服药组在控制夜间收缩压和纠正血压昼夜节律方面更有优势。     

原发性高血压患者心肌、动脉结构改变与动态血压参数关系的研究

目的 探讨高血压患者心肌、颈动脉结构改变与动态血压参数的相关性。方法 检测78例原发性高血压（EH）病人的左室心肌重量指数（LVMI），相对室壁厚度（RWT），颈动脉内膜-中层厚度（IMT），并进行24h无创性动态血压监测（ABPM）。结果 左室肥厚组与左室正常构型组比较，颈动脉内膜-中层增厚组与非颈动脉内膜冲层增厚组比较：24h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压、白昼平均收缩压、白昼甲均舒张压、白昼收缩压和舒张压负荷值，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张、夜间收缩压和舒张压负荷、24h收缩压和舒张压变异系数、血压昼夜节律异常，差异显著（P〈0．01）。结论 高血压患者靶器官损伤与血压昼夜节律及血压变异的幅度相关。     

老老年高血压患者动态血压参数与缺血性脑卒中的相关性

目的探讨老老年高血压患者动态血压参数与缺血性脑卒中的关系。方法纳入131例老老年高血压患者,按有无缺血性脑卒中将患者分为缺血性脑卒中组和非卒中组,所有患者均行动态血压监测及血生物化学检查。结果两组患者的年龄、性别及舒张压均无统计学差异;缺血性脑卒中组收缩压(166.82±24.00 mmHg比154.81±23.71 mmHg)、脉压(81.29±17.44 mmHg比72.41±17.32 mmHg)及单纯收缩期高血压较非卒中组显著升高(P<0.01)。缺血性脑卒中组白昼平均收缩压和白昼平均舒张压较非卒中组升高(137.57±19.66 mmHg比132.00±15.09 mmHg、71.92±12.47 mmHg比68.29±10.82 mmHg,P<0.05),夜间平均收缩压和夜间平均舒张压差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者血压节律差异有统计学意义。结论收缩压、脉压、血压节律异常是老老年高血压患者缺血性脑卒中的危险因素。     

高血压患者血压节律与靶器官损害的相关性研究

目的 探讨高血压患者血压节律变化与心、脑、肾等靶器官损害的相关性。方法 应用无创性血压监测仪对84例高血压患者进行24小时动态血压监测,对比血压节律正常(勺型组)和异常(非勺型组)患者心、脑、肾靶器官损害程度。结果 非勺型组24小时平均收缩压和舒张压、白昼平均舒张压、夜间平均收缩压和舒张压、收缩压及舒张压负荷值较勺型组升高(P<0.01);左心室重量和重量指数显著增加(P<0.05,0.01),24小时平均动脉压与左心室重量指数呈显著相关性r=0.55,P<0.01;尿微量白蛋白阳性率明显增高(P<0.05);脑梗死发生率明显增加(P<0.05);组间在偶测平均收缩压和舒张压、白昼平均收缩压均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论 血压昼夜节律异常较节律正常的高血压患者有更显著的靶器官损害。     

依那普利联合氨氯地平治疗老年高血压的临床疗效

目的探讨依那普利联合氨氯地平治疗老年高血压的临床疗效。方法选取2015年12月—2016年12月在宜宾市翠屏区东城社区卫生服务中心接受治疗的老年高血压患者126例,依据随机数字表法将患者分为对照组和观察组,各63例。对照组给予氨氯地平治疗,观察组给予依那普利联合氨氯地平治疗,两组患者均连续治疗2个月。比较两组患者临床疗效及治疗前后舒张压、收缩压、24 h动态舒张压、24 h动态收缩压、白昼动态舒张压、白昼动态收缩压、夜间动态舒张压、夜间动态收缩压,不良反应发生情况。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后观察组患者舒张压、收缩压、24 h动态舒张压、24 h动态收缩压、白昼动态舒张压、白昼动态收缩压、夜间动态舒张压、夜间动态收缩压低于对照组(P0.05);治疗后两组患者舒张压、收缩压、24 h动态舒张压、24 h动态收缩压、白昼动态舒张压、白昼动态收缩压、夜间动态舒张压、夜间动态收缩压低于治疗前(P0.05)。两组患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论依那普利联合氨氯地平治疗老年高血压的临床疗效显著,且不增加不良反应。     

高血压合并急性脑梗死患者的动态血压特征

目的研究高血压合并急性脑梗死患者的动态血压特征。方法选取2011年10月～2013年6月在河北联合大学附属医院住院的高血压患者262例,按照是否合并急性脑梗死或无症状脑梗死,分为急性脑梗死组(n=86),无症状脑梗死组(n=82),非脑梗死组(n=94),比较三组24h平均收缩压、白昼平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压、白昼舒张压、夜间舒张压、白昼收缩压负荷、夜间收缩压负荷、白昼舒张压负荷、夜间舒张压负荷情况。结果与非脑梗死组比较,急性脑梗死组患者的24h平均收缩压、白昼平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压均增高,差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。无症状脑梗死组与非脑梗死组及急性脑梗死组患者24h平均收缩压、白昼平均收缩压、夜间平均收缩压比较,无显著统计学差异(P均0.05)。与非脑梗死组比较,无症状脑梗死组和急性脑梗死组患者的24h平均舒张压、白昼平均舒张压、夜间平均舒张压均无显著统计学差异(P0.05)。与非脑梗死组患者比较,急性脑梗死组、无症状脑梗死组患者的白昼收缩压负荷、夜间收缩压负荷、白昼舒张压负荷、夜间舒张压负荷均显著增高,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)结论临床治疗中,对于无症状性脑梗死患者降压时以降低血压负荷为主,而出现急性脑梗死并发症时应降低收缩压兼顾降低血压负荷。     

老年高血压患者动态血压与脉搏波传导速度的相关性

目的探讨老年高血压患者血压昼夜节律、血压负荷、脉压、血压变异系数等与肱-腘动脉脉搏波传导速度(ba PWV)之间的关系。方法按JNC7指南高血压的诊断标准,选择老年高血压患者342例,行动态血压监测和ba PWV测定,取左侧(Lba PWV)、右侧(Rba PWV)测定的高值来分析,以ba PWV 1 400 cm/s为界值,将入选病人分为ba PWV≥1 400 cm/s组、ba PWV1 400 cm/s组两组,对比分析两组间的24 h平均收缩压、24h平均舒张压、24 h平均脉压、白昼平均收缩压、白昼平均舒张压、白昼平均脉压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、夜间平均脉压、白昼收缩压负荷(%)、白昼舒张压负荷(%)、夜间收缩压负荷(%)、夜间舒张压负荷(%)、白昼收缩压变异系数、白昼舒张压变异系数、夜间收缩压变异系数、夜间舒张压变异系数、夜间收缩压下降率(%)、夜间舒张压下降率(%)等参数之间的差异。结果 ba PWV≥1 400 cm/s组与ba PWV1 400 cm/s组比较,ba PWV≥1 400 cm/s组的24 h平均收缩压、24 h平均舒张压、24平均脉压、白昼平均收缩压、白昼平均舒张压、白昼平均脉压、夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压、夜间平均脉压、白昼收缩压负荷(%)、白昼舒张压负荷(%)、夜间收缩压负荷(%)、夜间舒张压负荷(%)均明显高于ba PWV1 400 cm/s组(P0.05~P0.001);ba PWV≥1 400 cm/s组的白昼收缩压变异系数、白昼舒张压变异系数、夜间收缩压变异系数、夜间舒张压变异系数、夜间收缩压下降率(%)、夜间舒张压下降率(%)均明显低于对照组(P0.05~P0.001)。结论老年高血压患者的任一时段的平均血压、平均脉压、血压负荷(%)与ba PWV的增高明显呈正相关。夜间血压下降率、血压变异系数与ba PWV呈负相关。     

高原红细胞增多症对藏族高血压患者心率变异、血压节律的影响

目的探讨高原红细胞增多症(HAPC)对藏族原发性高血压(EH)患者心率变异和血压节律的影响。方法回顾性分析2012年1月至2016年12月青海省人民医院藏族EH合并HAPC患者90例(HAPC+EH组)、单纯HAPC患者84例(HAPC组)和单纯EH患者94例(EH组)的临床资料、24 h动态心电和血压监测数据,比较各组昼夜心率变异、昼夜平均血压值与血压节律的差异。结果 HAPC+EH组与HAPC组的24 h每5分钟节段平均正常RR间期标准差(SDANN)均较EH组明显升高(均为P 0. 05),提示HAPC患者昼夜交感神经兴奋性升高;HAPC+EH组与HAPC组24 h和夜间相邻RR间期之差的均方根(r MSSD)这两项指标均较EH组明显降低(均为P 0. 05),提示HAPC患者夜间迷走神经活性降低。EH组的24 h平均收缩压和平均舒张压均高于HAPC+EH组和HAPC组(均为P 0. 05),而HAPC+EH组的夜间收缩压、舒张压下降幅度最小(均为P 0. 05)。"非杓型"高血压节律发生率在EH组、HAPC组和HAPC+EH组依次升高(38. 3%、59. 5%和67. 8%),两组HAPC患者的"非杓型"高血压节律发生率均明显高于EH组(均为P 0. 05)。结论 HAPC可能增加藏族EH患者昼夜交感神经兴奋性,同时降低夜间迷走神经兴奋性,使夜间血压下降幅度减小,增加"非杓型"高血压节律的发生率。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Variabilité des concentrations plasmatiques de l’angiotensinogène et risque d’hypertension artérielle chez le rat transgénique

Aim

Genetic polymorphisms of the human angiotensinogen gene are frequent and may induce up to 30% increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations with a blood pressure increase of up to 5 mmHg. Their role for the pathogenesis of human arterial hypertension remains unclear. High plasma angiotensinogen levels could increase the sensitivity to other blood pressure stressors.

Methods

Male transgenic rats with a 9-fold increase of plasma angiotensinogen concentrations and male non-transgenic rats aged 10 weeks were treated or not with NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester for 3 weeks in their drinking water (n = 3/group). Systolic blood pressure and body weight were measured at baseline and at the end of the study when left ventricular weight and ventricular expression of angiotensin I-converting enzyme and procollagen Iα1 were determined (polymerase chain reaction).

Results

At baseline, transgenic rats had +18 mmHg higher bood pressure and –8% lower body weight compared to non-transgenic rats (P < 0.05) without significant changes for the vehicle groups throughout the study (P > 0.05). NG-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester increased blood pressure, left ventricular weight and left ventricular weight indexed for body weight by +41%, +17.6% and +18.6% (P < 0.05) in transgenic and +25%, +5.3% and +6.7% (P > 0.05) in non-transgenic rats compared to untreated animals, respectively. Cardiac gene expression showed no differences between groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Increased plasma angiotensinogen levels may sensitize to additional blood pressure stressors. Our preliminary results point towards an independent role of angiotensinogen in the pathogenesis of human hypertension and associated end-organ damage.     

Morphological and immunocytochemical heterogeneity of cultured pinealocytes from one-week-and two-month-old rats: Planimetric and densitometric investigations

Abstract: In vitro preparations of rat pinealocytes are widely used for biochemical analyses of signal transduction processes. This paper deals with morphological and immunocytochemical features of such preparations. Special attention was paid to the problems of whether pinealocytes represent a heterogeneous cell population and how such heterogeneity may develop during ontogeny. The investigations were performed with cells which were obtained from the pineal organ of one-week-and two-month-old rats, attached to synthetic peptide-coated coverslips or tissue culture chamber slides, and maintained under in vitro conditions overnight. The attached cells were then fixed with paraformaldehyde. These preparations yielded monolayers of spherical cells of different sizes; most cells were isolated, but some of them were aggregated and formed small clusters. On the average, the cells from the one-week-old animals were smaller than the cells from the two-month-old animals. Immunocytochemical demonstration of S-antigen, a pinealocyte-specific marker, showed that the majority of the cells from two-month-old animals were intensely or moderately labelled. Pinealocytes from one-week-old animals were less S-antigen immunoreactive. Only very few cells (less than 1% displayed glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactivity. Planimetric investigations of the cell size and semiquantitative densitometric investigations of the intensity of the S-antigen immunoreaction revealed that (i) pinealocytes kept in vitro form a heterogeneous cell population, and that (ii) this heterogeneity increases during postnatal development from one-week-old to two-month-old animals. Two groups of pinealocytes can be distinguished based on their developmental fate: pinealocytes of one group grow dramatically, but show only a moderate increase in S-antigen immunoreactivity, and pinealocytes of the other group retain their size, but display a distinct increment in S-antigen immunoreacti vitv.     

Effects of pinealectomy and melatonin administration on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in rats with both ovaries intact or after unilateral ovariectomy

Abstract: In earlier studies from other laboratories it was shown that melatonin decreased ovarian weight in rats and inhibited compensatory hypertrophy of the remaining ovary after unilateral ovariectomy. This study was designed to examine the influence of melatonin on certain indices of ovarian hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy in adult female rats with both ovaries preserved and with either an intact pineal gland or with the pineal gland removed (pinealectomy, PX) or, finally, in sham-PX animals. Similar studies were conducted on rats after unilateral ovariectomy, referring the examined parameters to the remaining intact ovary. The studies included mitotic activity of granulosa layer cells and corpus luteum cells, ovarian weight, ovarian cross-sectional area, cross-sectional area of the granulosa layer of all the Graafian follicles and the cross-sectional areas of the corpora lutea, visible on the ovarian cross-section. On the basis of results, we conclude that: 1) the effect of PX on the processes of ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy may vary; analogously, exogenous melatonin administration may influence ovarian hyperplasia and hypertrophy in different ways; 2) PX and exogenous melatonin may, under certain conditions, exert similar biological effects, even synergistic effects; 3) melatonin inhibits ovarian growth processes, while the effects of PX are variable; 4) the results indicate that in experiments performed on rats, with the use of two control groups, i.e., intact and sham-PX, melatonin effects on these two groups may differ.