Usefulness of ST-segment elevation in the inferior leads in predicting ventricular septal rupture in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction

The ventricular septum receives its blood supply from the septal perforators of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery and the right coronary artery. However, when the LAD artery extends to the inferior wall, beyond the apex (so-called wrapped LAD), the ventricular septum near the apex receives blood supply only from the LAD artery. As a consequence, ventricular septal rupture (VSR) would seem more likely in myocardial infarction with occlusion of this type of LAD artery. To test this hypothesis, we compared electrocardiographic findings in 21 patients who had anterior acute myocardial infarction that was complicated by VSR with those in 275 patients who had acute myocardial infarction that was not complicated by VSR. We observed ST-segment elevation in all inferior leads (II, III, and aVF) in addition to anterior leads in 42.9% of patients (9 of 21) who had VSR but in only 3.6% of those (10 of 275) who did not have VSR. Abnormal Q waves appeared in all 3 inferior leads in 44.4% of patients (8 of 18) who had VSR but in only 4.0% of those (10 of 250) who did not have VSR. Thus, the incidence of ST-segment elevation and abnormal Q waves in the inferior leads was significantly (p <0.001) greater in the VSR group. In addition, multivariate analysis of patient characteristics, including advanced age, female gender, and coronary morphology, showed VSR to be significantly correlated with ST-segment elevation (odds ratio 16.93, 95% confidence interval 4.13 to 69.30) and abnormal Q waves (odds ratio 13.64, 95% confidence interval 3.16 to 58.79) in the 3 inferior leads. In conclusion, these electrocardiographic findings can be useful predictors of complication by VSR.     

Trends in incidence and mortality rates of ventricular septal rupture during acute myocardial infarction

Since the introduction of reperfusion in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), rates of ventricular septal rupture (VSR) and associated mortality have decreased, but it is not known if incidence and mortality have continued to decrease. We describe trends in incidence and mortality rates of patients with postinfarction VSR during the previous 2 decades and identify risk factors that predict the development and mortality of this rare but catastrophic complication. We analyzed occurrence and mortality rates in patients with first AMI with (n = 408) and without VSR (n = 148,473) who were hospitalized from 1990 to 2007 using the New Jersey Myocardial Infarction Data Acquisition System (MIDAS) database. The annual rate of VSR in AMI was 0.25% to 0.31%. Compared to patients with AMI without VSR, patients with VSR were older, more likely to be women, had increased rate of chronic renal disease, congestive heart failure, and cardiogenic shock, and were less likely to be hypertensive or diabetic (all p values < 0.0001). During the 18-year study period, we found no change in hospital and 1-year mortalities, which were 41% and 60% in 1990 to 1992 and 44% and 56% in 2005 to 2007, respectively. The survival benefit associated with VSR surgical repair was seen only in hospital (hazard ratio 0.66, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 0.95) but not at 30 days or 1 year. In conclusion, despite improvement in medical treatment and revascularization techniques, the rate of VSR complicating AMI has not changed during the previous 2 decades, and the mortality associated with VSR has remained high and relatively constant.     

Hemodynamic complications of ventricular septal rupture after acute myocardial infarction.

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare but serious complication following acute myocardial infarction (MI). Patients may present with a new murmur associated with a thrill. Right heart catheterization will demonstrate elevated right atrial and pulmonary artery pressures as well as an oxygen step-up at the right ventricular level. Patients with a right ventricular infarction or cardiogenic shock and a ventricular septal rupture have high in-hospital mortality rates. Prompt diagnosis followed by surgical repair is essential for patients with VSR following MI.     

Ventricular septal rupture and cardiogenic shock complicating STEMI during COVID-19 pandemic: An old foe re-emerges

The COVID 19 pandemic resulted in a total reduction in the number of hospitalizations for acute coronary syndromes. A consequence of the delay in coronary revascularization has been the resurgence of structural complications of myocardial infarctions. Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) complicating late presenting acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is associated with high mortality despite advances in both surgical repair and perioperative management. Current data suggests a declining mortality with delay in VSR repair; however, these patients may develop cardiogenic shock while waiting for surgery. Available options are limited for patients with VSR who develop right ventricular failure and cardiogenic shock. The survival rate is very low in patients with cardiogenic shock undergoing surgical or percutaneous VSR repair. In this study we present two late presenting ST elevation MI patients who were complicated by rapidly declining hemodynamics and impending organ failure. Both patients were bridged with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) to cardiac transplant.     

心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔的临床特征及近期预后分析

目的 初步探讨急性心肌梗死(AMI)并发室间隔穿孔(VSR)的临床特点、高危因素及近期预后情况.方法选择我院2001年1月至2012年6月期间AMI后VSR的患者73例,分析其临床特征、治疗方案及近期(1月内)死亡率.结果 73例AMI后VSR患者,前壁心肌梗死明显多于下壁、后壁,穿孔部位亦以室间隔心尖部常见.在梗死后1个月内有34例(46.6%)患者存活,39例(53.4%)死亡.与近期存活组相比,近期死亡组的女性比例、VSR直径、左室舒张末期内径、左室射血分数、是否置入IABP差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).Logistic回归分析显示,左室射血分数低及未使用IABP辅助与近期死亡相关.结论 AMI合并VSR近期死亡率高.左室射血分数低、VSR直径大、左室舒张末期内径大、女性、未置入IABP辅助为近期死亡的高危因素,左室射血分数低及未使用IABP辅助为独立危险因素.对于AMI后VSR有近期死亡高危因素的患者,在积极药物治疗及使用循环辅助装置基础上尽早外科手术治疗可能改善近期预后.     

Risk of myocardial infarction associated with Gln/Arg 192 polymorphism in the human paraoxonase gene and diabetes mellitus. The REGICOR Investigators.

AIMS: There is increasing evidence that paraoxonase, an HDL-linked enzyme, exerts its effect by removing lipid-peroxidation products. We have conducted a case-control study in Gerona, Spain, to find out whether paraoxonase1 polymorphism at codon 192 (Q and R alleles) is associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease, and how diabetes mellitus, associated with high oxidative risk, influences such an association. METHODS AND RESULTS: One hundred and fifty six consecutive myocardial infarction patients and 310 age- and sex-matched control subjects were studied. There were no differences in the distribution of genotype and allele frequencies between patients and controls. The odds ratios for diabetes and dyslipaemia in control and patients stratified by genotype group were compared. Whereas dyslipaemic status was significantly related to myocardial infarction in QQ homozygotes and R carriers, diabetes mellitus was significantly associated with myocardial infarction only in R-carrier subjects. In logistic regression analysis, diabetic R carriers demonstrated a more than two and a half-fold increase in myocardial infarction risk compared with non-diabetic R carriers (OR: 2.65, P<0.05). CONCLUSION: These data indicate that the R allele of the paraoxonase1-192 polymorphism is not an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction in our population. However, the interaction between this polymorphism and diabetes mellitus leads to increased myocardial infarction risk in diabetic patients with the R allele.     

主动脉内球囊反搏改善急性心肌梗死后室间隔穿孔患者的临床疗效

目的:探讨主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)救治急性心肌梗死(AMI)后并发室间隔穿孔(VSR)的临床结局。方法:回顾性分析确诊AMI合并VSR的30例患者经IABP辅助治疗后临床结局资料。比较患者经IABP治疗前、后一般基线资料、血液动力学、心功能改善情况和院内死亡率。结果:IABP能显著改善患者血液动力学和心功能,室间隔穿孔直径1.5 cm是不良预后的危险因素。在IABP辅助下,室间隔穿孔直径1.5 cm患者存活17例(56.7%),放弃1例,死亡4例;室间隔穿孔直径1.5 cm患者存活2例(6.7%),放弃1例,死亡5例。结论:IABP救治AMI后并发VSR能显著改善血液动力学和心功能,降低死亡率和不良预后,但对室间隔穿孔直径1.5cm的患者机械支持效果有限,如何提高此类患者生存率需要进一步研究。     

心肌梗死后室间隔破裂处理现状的评价

急性心肌梗死后（acute myocardial infarction，AMI）发生室间隔破裂（ventricular septal rupture，VSR）是一种少见的急危重症。本文通过VSR的临床表现，超声心动图、冠脉和左心室造影诊断，采取药物、机械辅助循环、外科手术和经皮介入治疗，分别比较各种治疗方法的早晚期存活率和病死率，以及远期疗效。患者的血流动力学状态是决定选择治疗时机和方式的重要依据，急诊手术可挽救部分患者生命，在药物和辅助循环下患者病情趋于稳定可以延缓关闭VSR的时间，其病死率、成功率和远期预后均好于发生VSR早期的手术效果。AMI后尽早的血运重建有重要意义，可使VSR发生率降低，心功能改善，病死率降低。     

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔患者的临床特点及预后因素分析

目的总结分析急性心肌梗死(AMI)合并室间隔穿孔(VSR)患者的临床特点。方法纳入首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院1999年1月至2018年10月共收治AMI 16038例,其中合并VSR患者44例,对这44例AMI合并VSR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果44例AMI合并VSR患者中男性24例(54.5%),女性20例(45.5%),平均年龄(71.0±6.5)岁;前壁心肌梗死患者(包括累及前壁的心肌梗死)35例(79.5%),非前壁心肌梗死9例(20.5%)。手术治疗9例,其中7例为室间隔缺损介入封堵术,2例外科手术(1例为室间隔修补术+冠状动脉旁路移植术+室壁瘤切除术,1例为室间隔修补术+冠状动脉旁路移植术+瓣膜修补术)。术后心功能改善情况均较显著,除2例封堵术患者院内死亡外,其余手术患者生存期均大于1年。结论VSR是AMI少见但严重的并发症,手术治疗的近期预后明显优于非手术治疗,介入封堵治疗在改善症状及预后等方面发挥出日益重要的作用。     

急性心肌梗死合并室间隔穿孔临床分析

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial infarction,AMI）后发生室间隔穿孔（ventricular septal rupture, VSR）患者的临床特点、治疗方法及其预后情况.方法 对2000年11月至2013年4月就诊于大连医科大学附属第一医院的23例确诊为AMI合并VSR患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 此期间共收治AMI患者5 300例,其中合并VSR 23例,发生率为0.43％.其中男性15例（65.2％）,年龄（71±10）岁.合并原发性高血压14例,前壁心肌梗死15例,左心室射血分数34.2％±20.1％.诊断VSR的平均时间为3.6 d.5例患者择期手术治疗.COX回归模型发现女性（P=0.009）、心率（P=0.002）是影响患者生存期的主要因素.结论 AMI合并VSR在临床中并不多见,内科保守治疗效果较差,内科保守治疗维持血流动力学稳定后行手术治疗可提高生存率.     

Chronic Pretreatment of Metformin is Associated with the Reduction of the No‐Reflow Phenomenon in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus After Primary Angioplasty for Acute Myocardial Infarction

Introduction: Metformin is one of the most commonly prescribed antihyperglycemic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, little is known about the effect of metformin on no‐reflow in diabetic patients. Aim: In this study, we investigated retrospectively whether chronic pretreatment with metformin was associated with no‐reflow in diabetic patients who underwent primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Results: A total of 154 consecutive diabetic patients who underwent primary angioplasty for a first ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction were studied. No‐reflow was defined as a final TIMI flow of ≤2 or final TIMI flow of 3 with a myocardial blush grade of <2. The no‐reflow phenomenon was found in 53 of 154 patients. There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics between the patients with and without metformin pretreatment. However, the 65 patients receiving chronic metformin treatment before admission had lower incidence of the no‐reflow than those without it (4.2 and 14.6%, P < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that absence of metformin pretreatment was a significant predictor of the no‐reflow along with high‐burden thrombus, ejection fraction on admission and anterior AMI. Conclusion: These results suggested that chronic pretreatment with metformin may be associated with the reduction of the no‐reflow phenomenon in patients with diabetes mellitus after primary angioplasty for AMI.     

174例急性心肌梗死后心脏破裂患者的临床特点分析

摘要 目的：分析急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心脏破裂（CR）患者院内死亡的危险因素。方法：回顾性收集174例AMI后CR [包括游离壁破裂(FWR)和室间隔穿孔(VSR)]患者的临床资料，将其分为死亡组（108例）和存活组（66例），比较2组基线资料特征，采用Logistic回归分析导致院内死亡的危险因素，同时比较不同破裂部位手术及死亡情况。结果：死亡组前壁心肌梗死及手术患者比例低于存活组（P=0.041或P＜0.001），SOFA评分高于存活组（P＜0.001）。VSR组的前壁心肌梗死、前降支及右冠状动脉、连续性肾脏替代治疗（CRRT）、主动脉内球囊反搏（IABP）、手术比例及存活率高于FWR组；呼吸机辅助、回旋支低于FWR组（P均＜0.05）。死亡组白细胞计数、心肌肌钙蛋白I（cTnI）、乳酸水平高于存活组，采用呼吸机辅助、CRRT及静脉-动脉体外膜肺（VA-ECMO）治疗的患者数多于存活组，而IABP支持时间低于存活组（P均＜0.05）。Logistic回归分析提示白细胞计数升高及高SOFA评分是院内死亡的独立危险因素（OR=1.142、1.572，95%CI：1.058~1.234、1.204~2.052，P均=0.001），而手术是院内死亡的独立保护因素（OR=0.008，95%CI：0.001~0.091，P＜0.001）。VSR接受手术的比例高于FWR组（P＜0.001），且存活率更高（P=0.001）。结论：白细胞计数及SOFA评分可能与患者院内死亡相关，手术治疗可改善VSR患者预后，VSR存活率高于FWR。     

Acute myocardial infarction complicated with ventricular septal rupture and intracranial hemorrhage

Ventricular septal rupture (VSR) is a rare but fatal complication of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with an associated mortality that ranges from 41% to 80%. The treatment consists of supplemental oxygenation, afterload reduction, intraaortic balloon pump, and surgical repair. In selected patients, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and/or percutaneous closure of the defect can be considered if anatomically appropriate. Echocardiography evaluates the morphology and location of the defect, anatomical concerns for percutaneous closure, and accompanying pathologies. We present a 48‐year‐old man with inferior myocardial infarction and basal VSR who was not a candidate for percutaneous closure. Surgery was planned, but he died from extensive subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage.     

Postmortem evaluation of morphologic changes in the infarcted myocardium that predict ventricular septal rupture in acute anteroseptal infarction.

Although thinning of the ventricular wall due to infarct expansion (septal aneurysm) may contribute to ventricular septal rupture (VSR), spatial factors predisposing to this mechanical complication have not been fully demonstrated. To identify the morphologic predictors of VSR, a retrospective postmortem study was performed on 17 hearts with acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction, comprising 7 with VSR and 10 without rupture. Infarct size and the extent of wall thinning were quantified. Wall thinning was defined as a decrease of less than 50% of thickness of the noninfarcted wall. The total infarct size did not differ among the groups. In the free wall (FW), the infarct was smaller in hearts with VSR than in those with a ruptured FW (p<0.05) or no rupture (p<0.01). The septal involvement was more extensive in patients with VSR than in those with FW rupture (p<0.05). Septal thinning was more extensive in hearts with VSR than in those with FW rupture (p<0.05) or non-rupture (p<0.05). A combination of a small infarct of the FW and a large septal infarct may contribute to the formation of septal aneurysm, which is believed to predispose to VSR. The presence of a small infarct of the anterior septum may be another setting for postinfarction septal rupture.     

急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的临床特征及冠状动脉造影特点分析

目的分析急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的临床特征及冠状动脉造影特点,为该并发症的防治提供证据。方法对46例急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂患者的临床特征、冠状动脉造影特点、保守或外科手术疗效与生存率等数据资料进行回顾性分析,采用SPSS11．0软件统计。结果急性心肌梗死并发室间隔破裂的发病率约为1．88％;好发因素有：高龄（61～70岁）,未行再灌注治疗,无既往心绞痛／心肌梗死史,伴随高血压及高血脂等;易于发生室间隔破裂的最常见梗死部位为同时累及前壁和下壁的大面积梗死;大多数患者中性粒细胞比例、C反应蛋白及红细胞沉降率升高。胸片肺水肿者约30％,约半数患者入院时血流动力学不稳定（心功能Killip分级Ⅲ-Ⅳ级）。累及前壁梗死者其破裂部位多为前间隔远段,下壁＋后壁／右心室梗死者破裂部位多为后间隔基底段。冠状动脉造影提示室间隔破裂者多为前降支单支或三支病变,侧支循环少见。罪犯血管以前降支最为多见,其中又以前降支中段居多。保守治疗的住院死亡率高达65％,外科手术治疗的住院死亡率仅3．85％。结论尽早、成功的再灌注治疗是预防其发生的关键,心脏超声是敏感且简便易行的确诊手段,外科手术治疗明显提高生存率,早期外科手术（梗死后1个月左右）可行。     

T wave positivity in resting electrocardiogram predicts preserved systolic thickening in chronic anterior Q wave myocardial infarction: an echocardiographic study.

AIM: After ST elevation myocardial infarction, ST segment and T wave changes generally resolve, but in some patients T waves keep their negative components for a long time. The aim of this study is to evaluate the pathophysiological implications of persistent negative T waves and restored positive T waves in the chronic stage of Q wave myocardial infarction. METHODS: We studied 30 patients with a previous anterior wall ST elevation myocardial infarction (more than one year follow-up) and presenting Q waves in at least three consecutive precordial leads in the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram at rest. Patients were divided into two groups according to the T wave pattern in leads with Q waves: positive T group consisting of patients in whom all T wave components showed an upright configuration; and a negative T group consisting of patients in whom T waves were are least partly inverted. We used echocardiography to measure systolic thickening of the interventricular septum within the infarction area. Systolic thickening was considered significant when end-systolic thickness was greater than end-diastolic thickness by > 25% in proportion and > 1 mm in absolute value. RESULTS: Significant systolic thickening was demonstrated in 14 (74%) of the 19 positive T patients and in one (9%) of the 11 negative T patients (odds ratio 8.1; 95% CI, 1.2 to 53.5; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: In the chronic stage of a myocardial infarction, restored T wave positivity predicts preserved systolic thickening, suggesting the presence of viable and normally contracting myocytes within the infarction area. Further studies are needed to establish the prognostic value of T wave characteristics in patients with a past history of myocardial infarction.     

Systemic hypertension, left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial infarction in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease.

Left ventricular function was evaluated prospectively during 1 year in a controlled clinical study of 73 patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. The control group comprised 68 patients matched for age and sex and with no evidence of airways obstruction. Left ventricular hypertrophy was found in 52% and systemic hypertension in 58% of patients in the study group compared with 6% and 15% respectively in the controls. Left ventricular hypertrophy was diagnosed in 70% of patients with chronic bronchitis and in 19% of those with chronic emphysema. Systemic hypertension was observed in 45% of the bronchitic type patients and in 81% of those with emphysema. The incidence of myocardial infarction in the study group was not lower than in the controls. The high frequency of left ventricular hypertrophy in patients with chronic obstructive lung disease can probably be related to a similar high frequency of systemic hypertension. Hypertension per se does not explain left ventricular hypertrophy in all patients with chronic bronchitis, but hypoxemia and acidosis seem to be of pathogenetic importance in these cases.     

Is diabetes a coronary risk equivalent? Systematic review and meta‐analysis

Aims To determine whether patients with diabetes without prior myocardial infarction (MI) have the same risk of total coronary heart disease (CHD) events as non‐diabetic patients with previous myocardial infarction. Methods Using medline , embase , Cochrane and MeSH in this systematic review and meta‐analysis, extensive searching was carried out by cross‐referencing from original articles and reviews. The study consisted of cohort or observational studies with hard clinical endpoints, including total CHD events (fatal or non‐fatal myocardial infarction), stratified for patients with diabetes but no previous myocardial infarction, and patients without diabetes but with previous myocardial infarction. Studies with less than 100 subjects, follow‐up of less than 4 years and/or without provisions for calculating CHD event rates were excluded. The review of articles and data extraction was performed by two independent authors, with any disagreements resolved by consensus. Results Thirteen studies were included involving 45 108 patients. The duration of follow‐up was 5–25 years (mean 13.4 years) and the age range was 25–84 years. Patients with diabetes without prior myocardial infarction have a 43% lower risk of developing total CHD events compared with patients without diabetes with previous myocardial infarction (summary odds ratio 0.56, 95% confidence interval 0.53–0.60). Conclusion This meta‐analysis did not support the hypothesis that diabetes is a ‘coronary heart disease equivalent’. Public health decisions to initiate cardio‐protective drugs in patients with diabetes for primary CHD prevention should therefore be based on appropriate patients’ CHD risk estimates rather than a ‘blanket’ approach of treatment.     

陈旧性心肌梗死患者腹部手术围手术期处理

目的总结陈旧性心肌梗死患者腹部手术围手术期处理体会。方法对35例行腹部手术的陈旧性心肌梗死患者围手术期处理进行回顾性分析，胆囊切除9例，胆囊切除＋胆管探查T管引流8例，肝部分切除1例；胃癌根治7例，直结肠癌根治7例，胃穿孔修补1例，十二指肠漏旷置1例，胰十二指肠切除1例。结果合并高血压22例（62．8％），心律失常14例（40％），糖尿病11例（31．4％），脑血栓6例（17．1％），完全右束支传导阻滞4例（11．4％），慢性支气管炎并肺气肿2例（5．7％），风湿性心瓣膜病并心力衰竭1例（2．9％）。术中出现血压剧烈波动10例，低血压5例。术后出现心律失常3例，心肌缺血4例，心力衰竭2例。治愈34例，再发心肌梗死死亡1例。结论陈旧性心肌梗死患者实施腹部手术时充分的术前准备非常必要，术中要防止低血压，术后要防止心肌缺血和心功能衰竭。     

Surgical treatment of ventricular septal rupture and mitral regurgitation complicating acute myocardial infarction: Report of a case and review of the literature

Coexisting ventricular septal rupture (VSR) and severe mitral regurgitation following myocardial infarction is rare; only ten cases have been documented in the English literature. Present refinements in myocardial preservation and surgical techniques have markedly improved the results of surgery in this group of desperately ill patients. Early repair of both lesions is advocated and exemplified by a case report.