Roux-en-Y drainage of a pancreatic fistula for disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome after acute necrotizing pancreatitis

Background

After acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP), a pancreatic fistula may occur from disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) where a segment of the pancreas is no longer in continuity with the main pancreatic duct.

Aim

To study the outcome of patients treated using Roux-Y pancreatic fistula tract-jejunostomy for DPDS after ANP.

Methods

Between 2002 and 2011, patients treated for DPDS in the setting of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or magnetic resonance cholangiopanreatography (MRCP) documented main pancreatic duct disruption with Roux-Y pancreatic fistula tract-jejunostomy.

Results

In all, seven patients with DPDS were treated. The median age was 62 years (range 49–78) and five were men. The cause of ANP was gallstones (2), alcohol (1), ERCP (1) and idiopathic (3). Pancreatic necrosectomy was done in six patients. Time from onset of pancreatitis to fistula drainage was 270 days (164–365). Pancreatic fistulae arose from DPDS in the head/neck (4) and body/tail (3). Patients had a median fistula output of 140 ml (100–200) per day before surgery. The median operative time was 142 min (75–367) and estimated blood loss was 150 ml (25 to 500). Patients began an oral diet on post-operative day 4 (3–6) and were hospitalized for a median of 7 days (5–12). The median follow-up was 264 days (29–740). Subsequently, one patient required a distal pancreatectomy. After surgery, three patients required oral hypoglycaemics. No patient developed pancreatic exocrine insufficiency.

Conclusion

Internal surgical drainage using Roux-en-Y pancreatic fistula tract-jejunostomy is a safe and definitive treatment for patients with DPDS.     

善得定治疗急性胰腺炎的体会

作者对比观察了善得定对急性胰腺炎的治疗作用，其剂量为0.1-0.15mg，每4－6h一次，皮一注射。在85例水肿型胰腺炎中，15例应用善得定治疗。结果显示，善得定治疗组转手术率显著低于非善得定组（P＜0．05），未合并感染的12例坏死性胰腺炎均采取非手术治疗，其中3例应用善得定治疗，其合并症全部消失，明显优于对照组。合并感染的67例坏死性胰腺炎均予以手术治疗，病情严重的14例，用善得定治疗，结果显示可减少并发症及其严重度。     

Drug induced acute pancreatitis: Does it exist?

As the incidence of acute pancreatitis continues to rise, establishing the etiology in order to prevent recurrence is important. Although the etiology of acute pancreatitis is not difficult in the majority of patients, almost a quarter of patients are initially labeled as having idiopathic acute pancreatitis. When confronted with a patient with acute pancreatitis and no clear etiology defined as an absence alcoholism, gallstones(ultrasound and/or MRI), a normal triglyceride level, and absence of tumor, it often appears reasonable to consider a drug as the cause of acute pancreatitis. Over 100 drugs have been implicated by case reports as causing acute pancreatitis. While some of these case reports are well written, many case reports represent poorly written experiences of the clinician simply implicating a drug without a careful evaluation. Over-reliance on case reports while ignoring randomized clinical trials and large pharmacoepidemiologic surveys has led to confusion about drug induced acute pancreatitis. This review will explain that drug induced acute pancreatitis does occur, but it is rare, and over diagnosis leads to misconceptions about the disease resulting in inappropriate patient care, increased litigation and a failure to address the true entity: idiopathic acute pancreatitis.     

重症急性胰腺炎当前应关注的问题

<正>在重症急性胰腺炎治疗发展史上,不同时期会有不同问题被关注,这并不是疾病本质有什么变化,而是专科医师对其认识在逐步加深,正如一个覆盖着纱巾的少女,在纱巾被揭开的过程中她的容貌渐渐展现在人们的面前,其实,这并非是美丽少女有什么变化,只是纱巾被揭开的程度不同而已。在两百年以前的Senn及Moynihan时代,治疗急性胰腺炎     

急性胰腺炎患者血浆D-二聚体变化与病情相关性研究

目的 了解急性胰腺炎(AP)患者早期血浆D-二聚体变化与病情严重程度的关系.方法 通过临床症状、血清酶学、影像学和病理学诊断的61例AP患者分为重症AP(30例)和轻症AP(31例)两组,另选择30例健康正常人作为对照组,测定血浆D-二聚体.记录患者入院后各项实验室指标、48 h Ranson和24 h APACHEⅡ评分,了解D-二聚体含量与各项实验室指标、评分是否存在相关性.结果 (1)轻症AP和重症AP组血浆D-二聚体分别为(0.21±0.21)mg/L和(0.69±0.32)mg/L,与正常对照组(0.08±0.13)mg/L比较均显著升高(P值分别为0.029、0.000);重症AP组血浆D-二聚体水平高于轻症AP组(P=0.000).(2)AP患者血浆D-二聚体水平与48 h Ranson评分、24 hAPACHEⅡ评分均呈显著正相关(P值均为0.000).(3)AP患者血浆D-二聚体含量与白细胞计数、血糖、血肌酐、PT、APTT均呈显著正相关(P＜0.05);与红细胞压积、血白蛋白和血钙水平均呈显著负相关(P＜0.05).结论 AP患者血浆D-二聚体升高,D-二聚体含量和胰腺炎病情严重程度明显相关.     

Acute Myeloid Leukemia Developing with Acute Pancreatitis Mimicking Autoimmune Pancreatitis

A 33-year-old man was admitted to our hospital for fever and abdominal pain. A blood analysis revealed pancytopenia and increased serum pancreatic enzymes with disseminated intravascular coagulation. A detailed examination revealed acute pancreatitis, with diffuse swelling of the pancreas and diffuse beaded dilatation of the main pancreatic duct, which mimicked autoimmune pancreatitis complicated by acute myeloid leukemia. Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy led to the remission of leukemia and pancreatitis. We hypothesized that the etiology of acute pancreatitis was invasion of leukemia cells. Acute pancreatitis is rare as a symptom of leukemia; however, we should consider the possibility of leukemia during the differential diagnosis of acute pancreatitis.     

Splanchnic vein thrombosis in severe acute pancreatitis: a 2-year, single-institution experience

ObjectivesThis study aimed to determine current practice in the management and outcome of splanchnic vein thrombosis complicating acute pancreatitis (AP).MethodsAn audit of prospectively collected data for all patients presenting with AP was conducted. Patients with splanchnic vein thrombosis were grouped according to vessel involvement and whether or not systemic anticoagulation was administered.ResultsOf 127 consecutive patients admitted with AP, 20 had splanchnic venous thrombosis; in all cases the thrombosis was associated with a severe attack of AP. Involvement of the splenic vein (SV), portal vein (PV) and superior mesenteric vein (SMV) was observed in 14, 10 and three patients, respectively. Involvement of more than one vessel was observed in six patients (SV and PV in four patients; SMV and SV in one patient; all three veins in one patient). Thromboses were colocalized with collections in 19 patients. Only four patients received systemic anticoagulation. Resolution of thrombosis was observed in six patients over a median of 77 days. No significant differences were observed in recanalization rates following anticoagulation (P= 0.076). No complications associated with systemic anticoagulation occurred. One patient developed liver failure associated with progressive PV thrombosis and one patient died.ConclusionsSplanchnic vein thrombosis is a relatively common observation in severe AP and is associated with pancreatic necrosis and peripancreatic collections. Recanalization is observed in almost a third of patients, irrespective of whether or not they receive systemic anticoagulation.     

Is there a role for serum endothelin in predicting the severity of acute pancreatitis?

BACKGROUND: Acute pancreatitis remains a common presentation to acute surgical units and carries significant morbidity and mortality. The progression of the disease to necrotizing pancreatitis and multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is associated with a very poor clinical outcome, and persistendy high mortality. Increases in serum endothelin (ET) have been seen in animal models of acute pancreatitis and this study aims to investigate whether there is a change in serum ET-1 in patients with acute pancreatitis and whether any such change is linked to disease severity. METHODS: All patients admitted with acute pancreatitis were prospectively recruited from die emergency admissions at the Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital. Serum ET levels were determined on admission, at 24 hours and 5 days post admission. Healthy adult controls were recruited from dermatology outpatients. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients joined the trial after giving informed consent. There were 3 men and 18 women with a median age of 65 years (range 26-87 years). Serum ET levels were significantly higher in acute pancreatitis patients than in normal controls (P <0. 05). An association was seen between persistendy raised serum ET levels and progression to MODS. CONCLUSIONS: The study does demonstrate a correlation between the circulating levels of ET and acute pancreatitis in humans, although it does not elicit its involvement in the pathogenesis of the disease. The observation that a persistendy high level of circulating ET-1 is associated with progression to MODS may indicate a role for ET in the monitoring of acute pancreatitis patients for recovery or progression to MODS.     

GC-MS based metabolomics strategy to distinguish three types of acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a progressive systemic inflammatory response with high morbidity and high mortality, which is mainly caused by alcohol, bulimia, gallstones and hyperlipidemia. The early diagnosis of different types of AP and further explore potential pathophysiological mechanism of each type of AP is beneficial for optimized treatment strategies and better patient's care. In this study, a metabolomics approach based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and random forests algorithm was established to distinguish biliary acute pancreatitis (BAP), Hyperlipidemia acute pancreatitis (HLAP), and alcoholic acute pancreatitis (AAP), from healthy controls. The classification accuracies for BAP, HLAP, and AAP patients compared with healthy control, were 0.886, 0.906 and 0.857, respectively, by using 5-fold cross-validation method. And some special metabolites for each type of AP were discovered, such as l-Lactic acid, (R)-3-Hydroxybutyric acid, Phosphoric acid, Glycine, Erythronic acid, l-Phenylalanine, d-Galactose, l-Tyrosine, Arachidonic acid, Glycerol 1-hexadecanoate. Furthermore, associations between these metabolites with the metabolism of amino acids, fatty acids were identified. Our studies have illuminated the biomarkers and physiological mechanism of disease in a clinical setting, which suggested that metabolomics is a valuable tool for identifying the molecular mechanisms that are involved in the etiology of BAP, AAP, HLAP and thus novel therapeutic targets.     

The clinical outcome of elderly patients with acute pancreatitis is not different in spite of the different etiologies and severity

The aim of this study was to investigate the overall clinical characteristics of elderly patients with acute pancreatitis. We retrospectively evaluated 227 consecutively enrolled patients who were admitted with acute pancreatitis. The clinical features, the radiological and laboratory data and the clinical outcome were analyzed according to the age groups (≥65 years vs. <65 years). Among the 227 enrolled patients with acute pancreatitis, there were 85 elderly patients and 142 non-elderly. The mean age of the elderly patients was 72.3 ± 5.5 years and that of the non-elderly was 44.7 ± 11.7 (p < 0.001). For the elderly patients, biliary pancreatitis was the most common cause (56.5%), but alcoholic pancreatitis was most common in the non-elderly patients (45.8%). Although the computed tomography (CT) severity index was significantly higher for the non-elderly patients (p < 0.001), the acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE II) score was significantly higher for the elderly than that for the non-elderly (p < 0.001). However, the duration of the hospital stay (10.3 ± 9.6 days vs. 11.9 ± 10.1 days, p = 0.619) and mortality (3.5% vs. 0.7%, p = 0.148) were not different between the age-groups. In our study, chronological age had no significant influence on the clinical outcome in spite of the different etiologies and severity of acute pancreatitis.     

经内镜治疗急性胰腺炎临床探讨

目的探讨内镜治疗急性胰腺炎（ＡＰ）的临床效果。方法采用经内镜鼻胆（胰）管引流（ＥＮＢ（Ｐ）Ｄ）及经内镜乳头括约肌切开术（ＥＳＴ）等内镜技术治疗ＡＰ５６例,其中重症急性胰腺炎（ＳＡＰ）３６例。结果治愈５３例,死亡２例,因胰腺出血致导管堵塞改行手术１例。结论内镜治疗以微小创伤达到满意外科引流效果,能够有效地降低胆胰管内压,缓解胰腺病变,起到治疗作用,不失为ＡＰ治疗手段和方法上的一个补充,具有一定的临床使用价值。     

Infectious causes of acute pancreatitis: A systematic review

BackgroundInfectious etiologies of acute pancreatitis (AP) are rare and include viruses, bacteria, mycobacteria, parasites, and fungi. We aimed to conduct a comprehensive review on infectious etiologies of AP analyzing the frequency, clinical features, and outcomes of individuals presenting with this condition.MethodsEligible articles reporting on AP attributed to infectious etiologies were included. A comprehensive literature search of PubMed from time of inception and until September 6,2019 was performed using all relevant MeSH (medical subject heading) keywords. Articles were assessed for eligibility and independently reviewed by two reviewers for clinical features of AP, local complications, and mortality. Methodological quality of included studies was evaluated using the Murad tool.ResultsA total of 212 articles were included, of which 168 (79.2%) were at high risk of bias. 320 cases of AP were identified. Viruses were the leading etiology of infection attributed AP (65.3%) followed by helminths (19.1%), and bacteria (12.5%). Protozoa, mycobacteria, and fungi accounted for the remaining 3.1% of cases. Mean age was 40.5 ± 18.4 years and M:F ratio was 1.94:1. Mortality occurred in 50 patients. Mortality rate was higher in the virus attributed AP patients than AP from other infectious etiologies (21.8% vs. 7.0%, p < 0.0005).InterpretationLiterature quality on infection attributed AP is limited. Virus attributed AP appears to carry a higher mortality than other etiologies of infection attributed AP.     

Cholecystokinin in acute alcoholic and biliary pancreatitis

Summary Background. Recent studies have shown that cholecystokinin (CCK) agonist, cerulein can induce acute pancreatitis in animals. The role of CCK in the induction of acute pancreatitis in humans is unclear. We investigated plasma CCK levels in alcoholic and biliary pancreatitis on admission and during the episode of acute pancreatitis. Methods. Plasma CCK concentrations were determined by a specific and sensitive radioimmunoassay using CCK antiserum (Euro-Diagnostica, Malm?, Sweden) in 35 patients with acute alcoholic pancreatitis, in 27 patients with acute biliary pancreatitis, in 34 patients with nonpancreatic acute abdominal pain, and in 43 healthy subjects. The mean time from the first symptoms to the plasma sample was 31 (±3.7) h in alcoholic pancreatitis patients and 25 (±5.1) h in biliary pancreatitis patients. We also determined CCK levels in 20 patients during the episode of acute pancreatitis. Normal fasting level of CCK is ≤1.12 pmol/L according to manufacturer. Results. Basal plasma CCK concentrations were significantly lower both in alcoholic pancreatitis (mean ± SEM, 0.04±0.03 pmol/L, p<0.0001) and biliary pancreatitis patients (0.17±0.13 pmol/L, p<0.0001) than in nonpancreatic acute abdominal pain patients (1.23±0.32 pmol/L) or healthy subjects (1.18±0.20 pmol/L). Plasma CCK levels also remained low until the patient was well-recovering and had started oral diet. Conclusion. Basal plasma CCK concentrations are significantly decreased in acute alcoholic and biliary pancreatitis after the first day from the beginning of the symptoms until the patient was well-recovering.     

Whether acute pancreatitis can be caused by hyponatremia？

Background A pulmonary-infected patient had severe hyponatremia that lasted two days during hospitalization.We could not find any history such as gluttony,liver and gall disease.The examination of liver function reported that the hepatic enzymology is normal.In ICU,we quickly found hemodiastase reached at extremely high level.The berry CT indicated that the head of pancreas swelling and the boundary was obscure and effusive.The patient was diagnosed as acute pancreatitis.This case raises a question to us：Does severe hyponatremia cause acute pancreatitis？ It has not been reported.Methods We established acute animal model of hyponatremia that did not include any other electrolyte chaos.After the animal model of hyponatraemia completed,serum amylase levels and pathological examination were analyzed.Results The hyponatremia models,out of 16 rats,only four rats＇ serum sodium were less than 120 mmol /L.In these four rats,besides serum sodium,the remaining electrolytes were normal and serum lipids were in normal range,only one rat＇s serum amylase increased significantly more than four times of the normal control group and its pathological findings hinted pancreatic edema.Conclusions The experimental model successfully duplicated the clinical and pathologic features of pancreatitis induced by hyponatraemia.Through this case report,we hope that attention can be paid to changes in serum amylase when hyponatremia appeared.     

Acute Pancreatitis in Patients with Ulcerative Colitis

Twenty-two patients (13 men and 9 women; median age, 34 years; range, 15–64 years) with ulcerative colitis (UC) were evaluated to determine the incidence of acute pancreatitis with UC at the First Department of Internal Medicine, Mie University School of Medicine, during 1989–2001. Among these, three patients (14%) were diagnosed as having had episodes of acute pancreatitis during the mean follow-up period of 6 years. One patient presented with acute pancreatitis and UC simultaneously. Two patients had drug-induced pancreatitis (one due to azathioprine and the other due to 5-ASA). In conclusion, acute pancreatitis is not a frequent, but an occasional extraintestinal manifestation of UC.     

Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: 6-year experience

Background. Continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) could be reasonable for attenuation of systemic complications in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). The aim of the study was implementation and feasibility assessment of the CVVH in the treatment protocol of SAP. Patients and methods. CVVH was applied to 111 SAP patients during 2000–2005. APACHE II, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), serum lipase, C-reactive protein (CRP), complication rate and main outcomes were analysed comparing two periods. Results. Overall, 39 patients corresponded to Balthazar grade E SAP and 72 patients to necrotizing SAP (NSAP), with an average APACHE II score of 7 and 8.5, respectively, on admission. CVVH was started within 48 h in 82% of patients. Duration of CVVH was significantly augmented in NSAP patients during the routine period, comprising 92 h (p=0.006). The clinical presentation of SIRS and MODS was similar in both periods, with more initial pulmonary dysfunctions in NSAP (p=0.048). Peripancreatic infection decreased in the routine period; surgical interventions were performed in 34.8% vs 72.4% of patients. Hospital stay comprised on average 15.9 days for grade E SAP and 29.4 days for NSAP in the routine period, with overall mortality of 10.26% and 30.5%, respectively. Discussion. Application of CVVH in the treatment protocol of SAP is obscure due to relative invasiveness, a poorly understood mechanism of action and scarce clinical experience. We conclude that early pre-emptive application of CVVH is safe and feasible in the treatment of SAP. Duration of the procedure seems to be essential. Randomized clinical trials are justified. Our results are in favour of clinical application of CVVH in the treatment of SAP.     

Surgical management of acute pancreatitis in Italy: lessons from a prospective multicentre study

ObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the surgical treatment of acute pancreatitis in Italy and to assess compliance with international guidelines.MethodsA series of 1173 patients in 56 hospitals were prospectively enrolled and their data analysed.ResultsTwenty-nine patients with severe pancreatitis underwent surgical intervention. Necrosectomy was performed in 26 patients, associated with postoperative lavage in 70% of cases. A feeding jejunostomy was added in 37% of cases. Mortality was 21%. Of the patients with mild pancreatitis, 714 patients with a biliary aetiology were evaluated. Prophylactic treatment of relapses was carried out in 212 patients (36%) by cholecystectomy and in 161 using a laparoscopic approach. Preoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was associated with cholecystectomy in 83 patients (39%). Forty-seven patients (22%) were treated at a second admission, with a median delay of 31 days from the onset of pancreatitis. Eighteen patients with severe pancreatitis underwent cholecystectomy 37.9 days after the first admission. There were no deaths.DiscussionThe results indicate poor compliance with published guidelines. In severe pancreatitis, early surgical intervention is frequently performed and enteral feeding is seldom used. Only a small number of patients with mild biliary pancreatitis undergo definitive treatment (i.e. cholecystectomy) within 4 weeks of the onset of pancreatitis.     

JPN Guidelines for the management of acute pancreatitis: cutting-edge information

The JPN Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis are organized under the subject headings: epidemiology, diagnosis, management strategy, severity assessment and transfer criteria, management of gallstone pancreatitis, nonsurgical management, and surgical management. The Guidelines contain cutting-edge information on each of these subjects, as well as a section on the Japanese medical insurance system which provides information that should prove useful to physicians in other countries. The quality of the evidence was evaluated by the evidence-based classification method used at the Cochrane Library. The levels of recommendation of the individual management methods contained in the Guidelines were determined on the basis of the evaluation of evidence by the consensus of the members of the Working Group (see below). The Japanese Society for Abdominal Emergency Medicine, the Japan Pancreas Society, and the Research Group for Intractable Diseases and Refractory Pancreatic Diseases (which is sponsored by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare) were commissioned to produce the JPN Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis. A Working Group of 20 physicians specializing in pancreatic diseases and emergency medicine investigated and analyzed 14821 cases retrieved by means of a Medline (1960–2004) search and discussed the available literature on acute pancreatitis (limited to human pancreatitis). The Working Group held many general discussions in order to reach a consensus on the content of the Guidelines. After producing a draft, the Publishing Committee of the JPN Guidelines for the Management of Acute Pancreatitis posted it on a website and asked for comments and criticisms. Subsequently, a final version of the Guidelines was published in Japanese in 2003. The Publishing Committee is now making the Guidelines available to a much wider readership by bringing out an English version.     

重型胰腺炎80例的外科治疗和预后

作者分析80例重型胰腺炎病人的临床资料。病死19例(23.8％)。病死率在手术时机≤5d和>5d组分别为40％和11.1％(P<0.01),在坏死组织清除组和规则性胰切除组为17.7％和44.4％(P<0.05),在给营养支持组和未给营养支持组为15.5％和40.7％(P<0.05)。结果提示:本病的手术时机最好推迟到发病5d后,术式宜行坏死组织清除术,尽早给营养支持有益于改善预后。