微创手术再治疗复发性肝胆管结石患者效果分析

目的 随访分析腔镜下微创手术治疗复发性肝胆管结石患者的手术效果。方法 2013年7月~2016年7月我院治疗的复发性肝胆管结石患者81例,40例接受开腹手术治疗,另41例接受腔镜下取石治疗。结果 腔镜组术后胆漏、肠漏、术后大出血、切口感染和胸腔积液发生率分别为0.0%、0.0%、0.0%、4.8%和2.4%,显著低于开腹组的15.0%、7.5%、5.0%、25.0%和15.0%,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;腔镜组术后胆管炎复发率为12.2%,显著低于开腹组的27.5%,胆管狭窄发生率为4.9%,显著低于开腹组的25.0%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组术后结石复发率比较（4.9%对5.0%）,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。结论 腹腔镜手术治疗复发性肝胆管结石是一种微创、有效、安全的方法,值得临床推广应用。     

腹腔镜肝部分切除术治疗肝癌患者血清肿瘤标志物的变化

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝部分切除术后肝癌患者血清肿瘤标志物水平的变化。方法 2014年5月~2016年10月收治的原发性肝癌患者77例,解释开腹手术者30,接受腹腔镜肝切除术者47例。采用ELISA法检测血清甲胎蛋白（AFP）、癌胚抗原（CEA）和糖类抗原199（CA199）。结果 腹腔镜组手术时间为【（89.7±14.6） min】,较开腹组的【（114.6±15.8） min】缩短,术中出血量为【（83.4±14.1） ml】,较开腹组的【（127.4±16.1） ml】减少,首次进食时间为【（2.2±0.5） d】和住院时间为【（6.3±1.3） d】,均较开腹组的【（4.3±1.1） d】和【（10.2±1.5） d】明显缩短（P<0.05）;术后3个月和6个月,两组血清AFP、CEA、CA199水平均较术前显著降低（P<0.01）,但两组间无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 腹腔镜肝部分切除术较开腹肝部分切除术创伤小,术后恢复快,检测患者血清肿瘤标志物可便于对术后疗效的监管。     

肝动脉栓塞化疗联合肝叶切除术治疗原发性肝癌患者临床疗效观察

目的 观察肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）联合肿瘤切除手术治疗原发性肝癌（PLC）患者的临床疗效。方法 2015年10月~2016年10月我院诊治的PLC患者95例,其中47例接受TACE治疗,48例在TACE治疗后1月行手术切除肿瘤治疗,观察并对比两组患者病灶根除和生存率情况。结果 联合组术后病灶清除率、术后1 a生存率、2 a生存率分别为100.0%、83.3%和68.8%,均显著高于TACE组的53.2%、61.7%和46.8%（P<0.05）,术后复发率为16.7%,明显低于对照组的51.1%（P<0.05）;治疗后联合组肝功能指标改善情况显著优于TACE组（P<0.05）;TACE组患者术后出现肺栓塞5例,肿瘤破裂出血2例,肺部感染3例,而联合组出现肺栓塞2例,肝断面胆瘘1例,肿瘤破裂出血1例,肺部感染1例（P<0.05）。结论 在TACE术后再行手术切除肿瘤治疗PLC患者具有一定的临床应用价值。     

左肝蒂阻断行左半肝微创手术治疗肝内胆管结石疗效研究

目的 探讨左肝蒂阻断行左半肝微创手术治疗肝内胆管结石患者的疗效。方法 2012年1月~2016年12月收治的肝内胆管结石患者73例,采用左肝蒂阻断行腔镜下左肝外叶切除术治疗40例,采用传统开腹手术行左肝外叶切除治疗33例,比较两组疗效情况。结果 腔镜组和开腹组手术时间分别为（274.0±57.4） min和 （216.0±33.8） min,术后疼痛缓解时间分别为（3.3±1.2） d和（5.2±1.5） d,术后排气时间分别为（22.9±7.5） h和（47.3±11.7） h,术后住院时间分别为（11.8±2.2）d和（16.3±3.1）d,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）;两组患者手术出血量、并发症和住院总费用比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;治疗后,两组肝功能指标变化无显著相差（P>0.05）。结论 左肝蒂阻断行左半肝微创手术治疗肝内胆管结石患者与常规手术治疗比,具有安全可靠、创伤小、疼痛轻、恢复快、住院时间短等优点。     

腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术患者术后感染相关因素分析

目的 分析影响腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术患者术后感染的相关因素。方法 回顾性分析我院2012年7月~2014年12月收治的286例行腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术患者,将患者按照不同的临床特征进行分类,采用单因素分析同类特征条件下感染发生率的差异,再将单因素分析结果有意义的因素进行多因素Logistic 回归分析,以得出与腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术患者术后感染发生的相关危险因素。结果 在286例患者中,术后发生感染77例（26.9%）;年龄<60岁与年龄≥60患者术后感染率分别为21.5%和34.2% （P<0.05）,肝切除比例<35%与肝切除比例≥35的患者术后感染率分别为22.1%和37.9% （P<0.05）,肝血管瘤位于肝左叶与位于右叶或左右叶均有的患者术后感染率分别为18.6%、29.1%和39.3%（P<0.05）,病灶直径<10 cm与病灶直径>10 cm的患者术后感染率分别为21.9%和43.3%（P<0.05）,无慢性病史与有慢性病史的患者术后感染率分别为23.6%和39.3% （P<0.05）,术前ALT水平<40U/L与术前ALT水平≥40U/L的患者术后感染率分别为24.4%和33.3% （P<0.05）,出血量<300 ml与出血量≥300 ml的患者术后感染率分别为22.1%和41.1% （P<0.05）,无输血与输血的患者术后感染率分别为24.4%和38.5%（P<0.05）,术后无并发症与术后有并发症的患者术后感染率分别为22.4%和55.0% （P<0.05）;将单因素处理有意义的因素进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示肝切除比例、病灶直径、慢性病史、出血量、输血和术后并发症为影响腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术患者术后发生感染的主要危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 腹腔镜肝血管瘤切除术患者可能发生术后感染,需要对具有危险因素的患者特别予以防治。     

结直肠癌肝转移患者动态CT增强扫描影像学表现

目的 探讨结直肠癌患者肝内转移灶CT动态增强表现特征以及肝内分布规律。方法 2011年1月~2016年12月在我院经组织病理学检查确诊的结直肠癌伴肝转移患者94例,常规行三期增强CT检查。结果 在94例结直肠癌患者中,检出肝内转移灶389个,包括环形强化灶224个（57.6%）,结节状强化灶122个（31.4%）,其它类型强化灶43个（11.1%）; 33例右侧结肠癌患者肝内转移灶位于肝右叶者89个（69.5%）,位于肝左叶者39个（30.5%）,右叶分布比例明显高于左叶（P<0.05）;61例左侧结肠癌患者肝内转移灶位于肝右叶者137个（52.5%）,位于肝左叶者124个（47.5%）,两组肝内转移灶分布差异具有统计学差异（P<0.01）。结论 结直肠癌肝转移灶CT动态增强表现有一定的特征,其原发病灶位置与肝内转移瘤分布有一定的规律,了解这些特征有助于提高对结直肠癌肝转移癌的检出率。     

腹腔镜下肝部分切除术治疗原发性肝癌患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血清细胞因子水平的变化*

目的 探讨腹腔镜肝部分切除术治疗原发性肝癌（PLC）患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血清细胞因子水平的变化。方法 2014年2月~2015年2月于我院治疗的PLC患者68例,采用随机数字表法分为腔镜组34例和开腹组34例,分别在不同方式下行肝肿瘤切除术。采用免疫浊度法检测血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测血清血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）、成纤维细胞生长因子（aFGF）和bFGF水平,使用流式细胞仪检测外周血CD3⁺、CD4⁺和CD8⁺T细胞百分比。结果 术前,两组外周血CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺T细胞百分比无显著性差异（P>0.05）,术后7 d,腔镜组CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺T细胞百分比分别为（57.2±5.6） %、（46.9±7.2）%和（28.4±5.3） %,与开腹组比,存在显著性差异【分别为（51.9±3.2） %、（41.2±6.4） %和（33.6±2.3） %,P<0.05】;血清VEGF、aFGF和bFGF水平分别为（18.4±5.1） ng/ml、（5.3±4.2） pg/ml和（6.5±4.3） pg/ml,显著低于开腹组【分别为（31.9±5.7）ng/ml、（8.7±5.2） pg/ml和 （8.4±6.9） pg/ml,P<0.05】;两组肝功能指标和血清免疫球蛋白水平变化无显著性差异（P>0.05）。结论 腹腔镜下肝切除术与开腹肝切除术治疗PLC患者比,可能因为创伤小而对机体的免疫功能影响较小。     

微波消融联合经肝动脉介入栓塞化疗和全身化疗治疗结直肠癌肝转移患者临床疗效比较*

目的 探讨采用微波消融联合经肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）治疗结直肠癌肝转移患者的临床疗效。方法 2012年6月~2015年6月我院收治的90例结直肠癌肝转移患者,45例对照组接受全身化疗治疗,而另45例观察组接受TACE联合微波消融治疗。比较两组患者应答情况及外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化情况。结果 在治疗6个月末,观察组完全缓解（CR）、部分缓解（PR）、疾病稳定（SD）和疾病进展（PD）率分别为28.9%、40.0%、20.0%和11.1%,显著优于对照组的11.1%、28.9%、26.7%和33.3%（x²=7.571,P=0.006）;治疗前,两组患者外周血CD8⁺、CD4⁺和CD3⁺细胞百分比及CD4⁺/CD8⁺细胞比值比较,差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,而在治疗后,观察组外周血CD3⁺和CD4⁺细胞百分比及CD4⁺/CD8⁺细胞比值改善情况显著优于对照组（t=7.256、t=5.916、t=7.701,P<0.01）;随访发现,对照组患者平均生存时间为（16.0±5.2）个月,显著短于观察组的（29.1±8.4）个月（t=8.895,P<0.001）。结论 采用微波消融术联合TACE治疗结直肠癌肝转移患者临床有效,能有效改善患者的免疫功能,延长生存期。     

TACE术后接受恩替卡韦治疗血清HBV DNA阴性的中晚期原发性肝癌患者生存率研究

目的 观察抗病毒治疗对血清HBV DNA阴性的中晚期肝癌患者中远期生存率的影响。方法 82例血清HBV DNA阴性的中晚期肝癌患者,采用随机数字表法分为观察组41例和对照组41例。在对照组,行经肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）治疗,观察组在TACE术基础上联合恩替卡韦进行抗病毒治疗。比较两组客观缓解率、疾病控制率、治疗48周和96周肝功能指标、2 a和3 a疾病无进展生存（PFS）和总生存（OS）时间。结果 术后8周,观察组和对照组客观缓解率分别为53.6%和50.3%,疾病控制率分别为82.9%和85.5% （均P>0.05）;两组治疗前后血清TBIL、ALT、INR、AFP水平差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;观察组3 a DFS和OS分别为61.0%和73.2%,显著高于对照组的36.6%和51.2% （P<0.05）;观察组血清HBV DNA转阳率为2.4%,显著低于对照组的19.5%（P<0.05）。结论 血清HBV DNA阴性的中晚期肝癌患者在TACE术后应用恩替卡韦进行抗病毒治疗可提高生存率,避免HBV DNA转阳,使患者远期获益。     

区段肝蒂肝切除术与B超引导下肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石患者临床价值分析*

目的 研究区段肝蒂肝切除术与B超引导下肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石患者的临床价值。方法 2014年12月~2017年12月我院收治的80例肝胆管结石患者被随机分为观察组和对照组,每组40例,分别接受区段肝蒂肝切除术和B超引导下肝切除术。术后随访7个月。结果 观察组术中出血量为（350.4±105.7）mL,显著少于对照组【（489.6±154.6） mL,P<0.05】,术后肝断面引流量为（280.4±78.2） mL,显著少于对照组【（365.7±116.4） mL,P<0.05】,儿两组手术时间、术中输血量、排气时间和术后住院日比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;术后2周,观察组血清谷草转氨酶为（54.6±15.2） IU/L,显著低于对照组【（80.6±21.1） IU/L,P<0.05】,谷丙转氨酶为（87.2±28.1） IU/L,显著低于对照组【（121.3±30.8） IU/L,P<0.05】,谷氨酰转肽酶为（197.6±65.3） IU/L,显著低于对照组【（269.9±87.6） IU/L,P<0.05】,碱性磷酸酶为（216.9±77.4） IU/L,显著低于对照组【（312.3±95.6） IU/L,P<0.05】;观察组结石残留率为7.5%,显著低于对照组的40.0%（P<0.05）;观察组术后并发症发生率为25.0%,显著低于对照组的55.0%（P<0.05）。结论 与B超引导下肝切除术比,采取区段肝蒂肝切除术治疗肝胆管结石患者具有出血量少、术后并发症少的优势,有利于保护肝功能和术后恢复。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.