肝硬化门静脉血栓形成风险监测及抗凝管理

<正>门静脉血栓形成(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)指形成于门静脉主干、肝内门静脉分支、肠系膜静脉或脾静脉的血栓^[1]。PVT是肝硬化患者常见且严重的并发症之一。失代偿期肝硬化患者PVT患病率高于代偿期肝硬化患者(9.36%对5.24%,P=0.04),并发PVT者发生静脉曲张破裂出血(EVB)的比例显著高于无PVT者(47.33%对19.63%,P<0.001)^[2]。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓的中西医诊治进展

<正>门静脉血栓(PVT)是肝硬化的常见并发症，主要与血流缓慢、局部血管损伤和血液高凝状态有关。本文就肝硬化PVT的危险因素、中医证候特点及中西医治疗手段等方面进行综述。1 流行病学门静脉血栓(PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)门静脉左、右分支发生血栓，伴或不伴肠系膜静脉和脾静脉血栓形成^[1]。正常人群中发病率仅为0.7/10万～1/10万^[2],而PVT在肝硬化患者中却非罕见，由于起病隐匿，且认识不足，曾经一度未得到重视，     

肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的研究进展

门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)是指发生于门静脉系统的任何一段,包括门静脉主干、肠系膜上静脉、肠系膜下静脉或脾静脉的血栓。目前,PVT是肝硬化患者脾切除联合断流术后最常见、最严重的并发症,可导致入肝血流异常、门静脉高压症加重,进一步诱发肝功能衰竭,甚至死亡。可见,全面认识PVT有利于早期术前评估风险和监测PVT的发生。该文将对肝硬化脾切除术后PVT形成的研究进展作一综述。     

肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化脾脏切除后门静脉系统血栓形成的原因,并且对各种可能的影响因素进行分析总结。方法回顾性分析本院于2009年2月-2012年2月收治的216例肝硬化脾脏切除术后患者的临床资料,分别对患者的性别、年龄、门静脉和脾静脉的直径、脾脏的大小、肝功能分级、术后并发症、手术前后的门静脉血液流速和压力、手术前后的血小板数量和凝血酶原延长时间等因素进行考察和分析。结果脾切除术后发生门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)36例,未发生PVT 180例。术后发生PVT患者的门静脉和脾静脉的直径、脾脏的大小、术后门静脉血液流速、手术前后门静脉的压力以及术后并发症的情况与发生门静脉血栓有显著性关联,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),但是患者的性别、年龄、肝功能分级、手术前后的血小板数目、术前门静脉血液流速和手术前后的凝血酶原延长时间与门静脉血栓的形成无显著性关联,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论门静脉和脾静脉直径较粗、脾脏较大、手术后门静脉血液流速较慢、手术前后门静脉压力较小以及手术后并发症较多是肝硬化脾切除术后PVT形成的主要危险因素,因此可针对上述指标及时对患者的术后情况进行检测,减少肝硬化脾切除术后PVT的形成,促进患者术后康复。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓形成相关危险因素的研究进展

肝硬化是消化系统常见疾病,门静脉血栓(PVT)可增加肝硬化患者死亡率。研究发现,D-二聚体升高、脾脏厚度增加、高Child-Pugh评分是肝硬化PVT的独立危险因素。此外,门静脉直径增宽、门静脉血流速度减慢、P-选择素水平升高对肝硬化门静脉高压术后PVT的发生具有较高的预测价值。本文就肝硬化PVT形成相关危险因素的研究进展作一综述。     

肝硬化门静脉高压脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的研究进展

门静脉血栓形成(PVT)是指门静脉或其分支、脾静脉和肠系膜上静脉内形成的血栓。PVT是门静脉高压症脾切除术后的一种常见并发症,往往可能会导致肝损伤、上消化道出血、肝昏迷,甚至是缺血性肠坏死。因而,早期发现PVT并进行有效干预,对降低PVT患者的病死率有十分重要的意义。对肝硬化脾切除术后PVT危险因素和治疗进行了综述,指出PVT应及早进行有效干预。     

急性广泛门静脉系统血栓合并肺栓塞1例报告

门静脉血栓形成（portal vein thrombosis,PVT）是由于门静脉血管腔内血栓形成造成门静脉内血流部分或完全受阻的病理生理过程,人群中发病率为0.6%～1%[1],分为急性和慢性血栓[2]。急性门静脉血栓形成是一种临床表现复杂且少见的急腹症,占肠道血管性疾病的5%～15%[3]。而急性广泛门静脉系统血栓形成是指门静脉、脾静脉、肠系膜上静脉、肠系膜下静脉中有2条或2条以上血管急性血栓形成,     

肝硬化患者门静脉血栓形成的临床表现和危险因素

目的研究肝硬化患者门静脉血栓(PVT)形成的临床表现及危险因素。方法收集2008年4月-2015年4月宁夏医科大学总医院收治的肝硬化患者资料541例。其中76例肝硬化合并PVT的患者为研究组,同阶段通过匹配患者的性别、年龄及肝功能Child-Pugh分级,76例肝硬化不合并PVT为对照组。对比分析两组患者的临床资料及相关检查指标。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,并应用非条件Logistic回归模型筛选肝硬化PVT形成的独立危险因素。结果肝硬化PVT患者中,42.1%(32/76)隐匿起病,57.9%(44/76)有明显临床表现。大部分患者肝功能分级为Child-Pugh B和C级。血小板、血糖、中性粒细胞百分比、重度食管胃底静脉曲张、血浆D-二聚体、门静脉宽度、脾脏厚度在两组患者中差异有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。进一步非条件Logistic回归模型分析显示中性粒细胞百分比[比值比(OR)=1.044,P=0.040]、血浆D-二聚体(OR=0.091,P0.001)、门静脉宽度(OR=0.030,P=0.008)、脾脏厚度(OR=0.427,P=0.003)为PVT形成的危险因素。结论肝硬化PVT可隐匿起病,也可伴有不同的临床表现。肝硬化PVT常发生在晚期肝硬化患者中,血浆D-二聚体、门静脉宽度、脾脏厚度、中性粒细胞百分比为肝硬化PVT形成的独立危险因素。     

肝硬化患者门静脉血栓的诊断与治疗

<正>门静脉血栓(PVT)的发现源自19世纪末20世纪初,当时的临床医生发现门静脉血栓形成与肝硬化、门静脉高压(PH)、恶性肿瘤、腹腔感染以及腹部术后遗症等多种疾病相关~[1]。虽然肝脏有门体两套循环系统,以保证器官的血供充盈,防止发生缺血性损伤。但是,当门静脉血流受阻时,仍会产生严重的后果。门静脉和相关内脏支流的非肿瘤血栓是由PH、高凝状态和血管内皮损伤等多种潜在病因导致。在初步诊断时,首先要鉴别的是肝硬化相关PVT(常见)和非肝硬化     

肝硬化非肿瘤性门静脉血栓形成的危险因素

目的:研究肝硬化非肿瘤性门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)形成患者的临床特点,分析PVT形成的相关危险因素.方法:回顾性分析昆明医科大学第二附属医院肝病中心2013-09/2014-12资料完整的肝硬化住院患者171例,其中34例肝硬化合并PVT患者作为门静脉血栓组(PVT组),137例肝硬化无血栓患者作为对照组.记录患者临床指标,进行单因素分析和Logistic回归筛选出PVT的独立危险因素.绘制受试者工作曲线(receiver operating characteristic,ROC),计算曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC),以判断各指标的诊断效能.结果:Logistic回归模型分析显示D-二聚体(D-dimer,DD)(OR=12.021,P=0.001)、门静脉宽度(OR=28.574,P=0.001)、门静脉血流速度(OR=19.568,P=0.002)差异有统计学意义,绘制ROC,门静脉血流速度AUC0.5,不能用于预测.DD、门静脉宽度AUV分别为0.669、0.742,P0.05.结论:门静脉宽度、DD是肝硬化PVT形成的危险因素,门静脉直径越大,DD值越高,PVT形成的风险越高.门静脉宽度1.3 cm或DD25冚g/mL时,预测发生PVT的敏感性及特异度综合较好.肝硬化患者应注意监测门静脉宽度、DD水平.     

青少年高血压的研究进展

随着人们生活和行为方式的改变,高血压发病明显呈年轻化趋势。在青少年时期识别高血压病高危人群有助于早期进行有效干预和治疗,降低未来高血压的发生率及其严重性。现试从青少年高血压的诊断、发病因素、特点、治疗策略等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Morbidity in cardiovascular diseases in immigrants in Sweden

INTRODUCTION: Although immigration to Sweden has increased in the last few decades, the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease in immigrants are unknown. The aim of the present study is to estimate whether place of birth affects the incidence rates of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was designed as a follow-up study on morbidity in cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease between 1 January 1997 and 31 December 1998, including three and a half million persons with age range 35-64 years, of whom 550 000 were born abroad, from the database MigMed consisting of the whole Swedish population. Incidence rates and relative risks were estimated by indirect standardization and a proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The age-adjusted risk of coronary heart disease was higher in most foreign-born groups than in Swedes. For example, in nine of 12 male groups, the relative risks varied between 1.1 and 2.2, and in seven of 12 female groups, the relative risks varied between 1.4 and 2.5. When also adjusting for level of education and employment status, the risks were still high, but on a lower level. CONCLUSIONS: Foreign-born people possess an over-risk of cardiovascular or coronary heart disease(CVD/CHD) compared with Swedish-born persons, also when level of education and employment status are taken into account.     

C·肉毒杀鼠素(冻干剂)应用研究

目的为研究C·肉毒杀鼠索对杀灭达乌尔黄鼠(简称黄鼠)的大面积应用情况和对家畜、家禽的毒害作用,进行了C·肉毒杀鼠素的应用研究.方法大面积投毒采用ES-2药饵撒播机[1],间隔约80m进行条投.羊、鸡采用直接灌胃.结果大面积应用的灭鼠率为83.72%.对羊、鸡最高剂量分别为500万MLD、150万MLD,均未出现中毒现象.结论 C·肉毒杀鼠素是较为理想的草原大面积杀灭黄鼠的理想、首选药物.     

高龄老年高血压的临床研究进展

随着社会老龄化进程的加快,80岁以上高龄老人的绝对数量以及占总人口的比例均在增加,如何提高高龄老年高血压的防治水平备受关注。现试从高龄老年高血压的临床特点、治疗策略等方面的临床研究进展作一综述。     

中国老年性耳聋的研究与干预进展

老年性耳聋已成为影响我国老年人生活质量的最主要的慢性病之一。助听器是目前帮助听力损失的老年人克服交流障碍的主要手段。在我国,数字助听器已逐渐取代模拟助听器并且体现出了更好的效果。但是老年听力损失患者中使用助听器的比例仍然很小。人工耳蜗植入也已被应用在老年患者中。我国针对老年人的听力康复服务还有较长的路要走。     

糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变

目的研究糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道的改变及增加葡萄糖代谢对其的作用。方法取体重150～200g的雄性SpragueDawley大鼠,腹腔注射链脲菌素(STZ)建立糖尿病模型,采用酶解法获得单个心室肌细胞,应用膜片钳全细胞记录技术记录钾电流。结果糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞瞬间外向性钾流(Ito)密度较对照组显著降低[ 60mV时,分别为(15.90±1.19)pA/pF(n=25)和(28.55±0.97)pA/pF(n=12),P<0.001];分别用100nmol/L胰岛素及1.5mmol/L二氯乙酸在体外预处理心室肌细胞4～5h和3～4h使Ito密度恢复至对照组水平[ 60mV时,分别为(29.40±0.38)pA/pF(n=20)和(27.35±0.97)pA/pF(n=12)]。结论糖尿病大鼠心室肌细胞钾通道功能发生改变,增加葡萄糖代谢可逆转这一改变,提示葡萄糖代谢与Ito功能间存在一定关系。     

Sex Differences in Ethanol-induced Dopamine Release in Nucleus Accumbens and in Ethanol Consumption in Rats

In vivo microdialysis was used to examine changes in nucleus accumbens and striatal dopamine, dihydrophenylacetic acid (DO-PAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA) following acute administration of ethanol (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) in male and female Long-Evans rats. Following dialysis, rats were trained to bar-press for oral ethanol reinforcement. In nucleus accumbens, females showed significant increases in extracellular dopamine following 0.25 or 0.5 g/ kg ethanol, but did not show significant increases over baseline at the higher doses. Males showed slight increases in dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. In striatum, both sexes showed increased dopamine at the lower doses and decreased dopamine at 2.0 g/kg. There were slight increases in nucleus accumbens DOPAC and HVA at some doses in both sexes, but no changes in striatal metabolite levels. In addition to showing increased responsiveness to ethanol-induced mesolimbic dopamine stimulation, females consumed more ethanol than males during behavioral testing. The pattern of both greater ethanol-induced nucleus accumbens dopamine release and greater ethanol consumption in females supports the hypothesis that ethanol reward is mediated, at least in part, by the mesolimbic dopamine system.     

Epstein-Barr virus in malignancies in renal transplant recipients in Japan

A role for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the development of malignancies including lymphomas, and carcinoma of the stomach, nasopharynx, thymus and salivary gland is suggested. It is indicated that EBV evokes polyclonal-B-cell-proliferative diseases in immunocompromised hosts, such as transplant patients, which results in monoclonal malignant lymphomas. The suppression of immune functions in these patients is thought to lead to incomplete elimination of the cells expressing EBV latent infection genes. To examine the etiological role of EBV in the development of malignancies following renal transplant in Japan, 42 malignancies in 1744 cases of renal transplant were studied for the presence and type of EBV. The polymerase chain reaction revealed that 5 malignancies were positive for EBV, all type A: 2 of 2 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), 2 of 8 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma of the common type, and 1 of 2 cases of gastric plasmacytoma. In situ hybridization revealed positive signals in the nucleus of tumor cells in 2 cases of NHL and 1 of plasmacytoma. Positive signals were found in the small lymphoid cells but not in the tumor cells in 2 cases of gastric carcinoma. On the basis of these findings, a role for EBV in the development of malignancies in renal transplant patients is unlikely except for lymphoid neoplasias.Abbreviations PCB polymerase chain reaction - EBV Epstein-Barr virus - NHL non-Hodgkin's lymphoma