抗血小板治疗预防无卒中或TIA病史的非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的卒中

背景:心房颤动(AF)会增加卒中的危险性,业已证实抗血小板治疗可有效地预防其他情况下的卒中。 目的:评估抗血小板治疗在慢性非瓣膜性AF患者的卒中预防中的效果和安全性。 检索策略:检索了Cochrane卒中组试验资料库、Medline数据库(1999年7月)和Antithrombotic Trialists Collaboration数据库以及相关论文的参考文献。 选择标准:所有比较无卒中或TIA病史的非瓣膜性AF患者的抗血小板治疗与安慰剂效果的随机试验。     

老年房颤者联用抗凝和抗血小板药物与主要出血事件间关系

房颤（AF）在老年人群中较为常见，而华法林已被证实为预防老年AF者继发卒中的最有效抗血栓形成药物。尽管联用抗血栓药和抗血小板药物对预防卒中可能有益。但目前尚缺乏肯定与否定结论。且有关联用抗血小板药物和华法林的相关出血风险亦结论不一。本文意就老年AF者联用抗血小板药物和华法林与其主要出血事件间关系进行了初评。     

华法林在心房颤动抗凝治疗中的应用

心房颤动(AF)是最常见的持续性心律失常,其主要可能致命的危险就是血栓形成。华法林抗凝治疗可显著减少2/3卒中风险,对瓣膜病和非瓣膜病AF均有效,但存在监测较麻烦、治疗窗窄、有潜在出血危险等不利之处。本文比较了华法林临床应用与其他口服凝血酶抑制剂和Xa因子拮抗剂及抗血小板药物治疗的现状。     

华法林在心房颤动抗凝治疗中的应用

心房颤动(AF)是最常见的持续性心律失常,其主要可能致命的危险就是血栓形成.华法林抗凝治疗可显著减少2/3卒中风险,对瓣膜病和非瓣膜病AF均有效,但存在监测较麻烦、治疗窗窄、有潜在出血危险等不利之处.本文比较了华法林临床应用与其他口服凝血酶抑制剂和Xa因子拮抗剂及抗血小板药物治疗的现状.     

ACS合并心房颤动患者的抗栓治疗研究进展

正冠心病和心房颤动(AF)在现实临床中常常共存。由于AF血栓和冠状动脉内血栓形成机制不同,需采用不同的抗栓治疗方法。抗血小板治疗是冠心病二级预防及经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后支架血栓预防的关键,而合适剂量的华法林在预防AF相关卒中和体循环栓塞方面地位举足轻重。若同时存在以上2种临床情况,临床决策常处于两难境地。在这类患者中如何平衡出血与血栓风险成为现实的课题。     

平均血小板体积在心血管病诊疗中的临床意义

2015年世界卫生组织数据库提供的世界各地区年龄标化死亡率数据显示,心血管病(CVD)依然是世界人群死亡的最常见原因,其中40%男性与49%女性死于此类疾病,即每年有4百万以上欧洲人群死于CVD。在过去十年中,尽管欧洲的冠心病与卒中相关死亡率有所下降,但冠心病仍然是单个最常见的死亡原因。重要的是,发病率数据提示CVD与卒中相关的人群住院率开始增加。心血管介入治疗比例的上升、药物使用的增加及疾病致残人群的治疗需求都加重了我国卫生系统的社会经济负担。血小板全程参与了CVD的发展、斑块破裂和血栓的形成。血小板分泌和释放了介导凝血、炎症和导致动脉粥样硬化的物质。血小板活性与CVD发病密切相关,而平均血小板体积(MPV)是血小板活性的一个标志。采用MPV是否可以快捷又经济的早期对CVD患者进行危险分层、预测CVD病情的严重程度和死亡危险,是近年来学者们研究较多的题目之一。     

房颤并发冠心病的抗栓策略

栓塞和血栓形成是房颤(AF)和冠心病的常见并发症,所以对于AF并发冠心病患者进行抗栓治疗就至关重要。治疗AF需要口服抗凝剂以减少缺血性卒中,而对冠心病患者则需要长期抗血小板治疗以减少冠状动脉事件。对于AF并发冠心病的患者,如何平衡抗凝或（联合）抗血小板的获益与出血风险？已成为临床讨论的焦点。本文结合2010年《ESC心房颤动治疗指南》及当前的询证学依据,详细综述了AF并发冠心病这一类栓塞高危人群的抗栓治疗策略。     

原发性高血压患者平均血小板体积的变化及其与左心室肥厚的关系

目的研究原发性高血压(EH)患者平均血小板体积(MPV)的变化,探讨MPV与EH以及左心室肥厚(LVH)的关系。方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2016年12月住院的EH患者189例,以同期体检的正常血压者132名为对照组。EH患者按左心室是否肥厚分为左心室正常组(NLVH组,n=75)和左心室肥厚组(LVH组,n=114)。双变量相关分析MPV与其他指标的相关性。多因素logistic回归探讨MPV与EH及LVH的关系。结果 EH患者LVH组及NLVH组的MPV高于对照组[(9.2±1.0),(8.8±1.1)比(8.2±0.7)fL,均P0.05],LVH组的MPV高于NLVH组。Pearson相关分析显示,在对照组中,MPV与血小板计数呈负相关(r=-0.348,P0.05),在EH组中,MPV与舒张压、左心室质量指数(LVMI)呈正相关(r=0.225、0.148,P0.05);与血小板计数呈负相关(r=-0.199,P0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,在校正性别、年龄、血小板计数等因素后,MPV是EH的相关因素,与MPV低值组(MPV8.5 fL)相比,MPV高值组(MPV≥8.5 fL)发生EH的OR值(95%CI)为3.500(1.992～6.149)。同时MPV也是影响LVH发生的相关因素,与MPV低值组(MPV8.8 fL)相比,MPV高值组(MPV≥8.8 fL)发生LVH的OR值(95%CI)为2.036(1.104～3.757)。结论 EH患者MPV升高,MPV可能与EH及LVH有关。     

急性卒中患者的血小板参数变化

目的探讨急性卒中患者血小板四项参数的变化。方法采用KX-21型血细胞分析仪检测59例脑梗死4、2例脑出血患者及30例体检人员的血小板数量(PLT),平均血小板体积(MPV),血小板体积分布宽度(PDW)和大血小板比例(P-LCR),并与神经功能损害分级进行相关性分析。结果PLT、MPV、PDW、P-LCR各值脑梗死组与对照组比较:P值分别为>0.05、<0.05、>0.05、P<0.05;脑出血组与对照组比较P>0.05;脑梗死组与脑出血组比较P>0.05。相关分析示脑梗死组、脑出血组血小板四项参数改变与神经功能损害分级无关(P>0.05)。结论在急性卒中患者中反映血小板凝血功能增强的平均血小板体积(MPV)和大血小板比例(P-LCR)二项指标均高于健康体检者,以脑梗死组更为明显,表明血小板凝血功能增强是急性卒中发生、发展的危险因素之一,并为临床治疗提供依据。脑梗死和脑出血血小板四项参数改变与病情轻重无关。     

抗血小板治疗预防有卒中或TIA病史的非风湿性心房颤动患者的卒中

背景:有TIA或小卒中病史的非风湿性心房颤动(AF)患者再发卒中的危险很高。 目的:评估抗血小板治疗对有TIA或小卒中病史的非风湿性AF患者二级预防的效果。 检索策略:检索了Cochrane卒中组试验资料库并与一些研究者进行了联系。 选择标准:比较TIA或小卒中病史的非风湿性AF患者进行抗血小板治疗与安慰剂或开放对照组的随机试验。     

Stroke prediction using mean platelet volume in patients with atrial fibrillation

Platelet size, measured as mean platelet volume (MPV), is associated with platelet reactivity. MPV has been identified as an independent risk factor for future stroke and myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to determine the association of MPV with the development of stoke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). MPV, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were analysed in 200 patients with AF (mean age 69 years; 56% male). The primary endpoint was ischaemic stroke event. The mean MPV was 8.5?±?1.0?fL and the median NT-proBNP was 1916.5 (IQR 810-4427) pg/mL. The median hsCRP was 0.47 (IQR 0.32-2.46)?mg/dL. There were 14 stroke events during a mean of 15.1 months of follow up. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the higher tertile MPV group (≥8.9 fL) had a significantly higher stroke rate compared to the lower tertile MPV group (<8.0 fL) (14.7% vs. 3.1%, log-rank: P?=?0.01). A higher MPV was an independent predictor of stroke risk after adjusting for age, gender, and other CHADS(2) (congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) history) score components (hazard ratio: 5.03, 95% CI 1.05-24.05, P?=?0.043) in Cox proportional hazard analysis. When the MPV cut-off level was set to 8.85 fL using the receiver operating characteristic curve, the sensitivity was 71% and the specificity was 69% for differentiating between the group with stroke and the group without stroke. This value was more useful in patients with a low to intermediate traditional thromboembolic risk (CHADS(2) score <2). Furthermore, AF patients with an MPV over 8.85 fL had high stroke risk without anticoagulation, especially in the low thromboembolic risk group (Log-Rank <0.0001). The results of this study show that MPV was a predictive marker for stroke; its predictive power for stroke was independent of age, gender, and other CHADS(2) score components in patients with AF. These findings suggest that anticoagulation may be needed in patients with a high MPV, even if they have low to intermediate traditional thromboembolic risk (CHADS(2) score <2).     

Stroke prediction using mean platelet volume in patients with atrial fibrillation

Platelet size, measured as mean platelet volume (MPV), is associated with platelet reactivity. MPV has been identified as an independent risk factor for future stroke and myocardial infarction. The aim of this study was to determine the association of MPV with the development of stoke in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). MPV, N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) were analysed in 200 patients with AF (mean age 69 years; 56% male). The primary endpoint was ischaemic stroke event. The mean MPV was 8.5?±?1.0?fL and the median NT-proBNP was 1916.5 (IQR 810–4427) pg/mL. The median hsCRP was 0.47 (IQR 0.32–2.46)?mg/dL. There were 14 stroke events during a mean of 15.1 months of follow up. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the higher tertile MPV group (≥8.9 fL) had a significantly higher stroke rate compared to the lower tertile MPV group (<8.0 fL) (14.7% vs. 3.1%, log-rank: P?=?0.01). A higher MPV was an independent predictor of stroke risk after adjusting for age, gender, and other CHADS₂ (congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) history) score components (hazard ratio: 5.03, 95% CI 1.05–24.05, P?=?0.043) in Cox proportional hazard analysis. When the MPV cut-off level was set to 8.85 fL using the receiver operating characteristic curve, the sensitivity was 71% and the specificity was 69% for differentiating between the group with stroke and the group without stroke. This value was more useful in patients with a low to intermediate traditional thromboembolic risk (CHADS₂ score <2). Furthermore, AF patients with an MPV over 8.85 fL had high stroke risk without anticoagulation, especially in the low thromboembolic risk group (Log-Rank <0.0001). The results of this study show that MPV was a predictive marker for stroke; its predictive power for stroke was independent of age, gender, and other CHADS₂ score components in patients with AF. These findings suggest that anticoagulation may be needed in patients with a high MPV, even if they have low to intermediate traditional thromboembolic risk (CHADS₂ score <2).     

Antithrombotic Therapy for Atrial Fibrillation and Coronary Disease Demystified

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a progressive chronic disease characterized by exacerbations and periods of remission. It is estimated that up to 20% to 30% of those with AF also have coronary artery disease (CAD), and 5% to 15% will require percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). In patients with concomitant AF and CAD, management remains challenging and requires a careful and balanced assessment of the risk of bleeding against the anticipated impact on ischemic outcomes (AF-related stroke and systemic embolism, as well as ischemic coronary events). Oral anticoagulation (OAC) is indicated for the prevention of AF-related stroke and systemic embolism, whereas antiplatelet therapy is indicated for the prevention of coronary events. Each offers a relative efficacy benefit (dual antiplatelet therapy [DAPT] is more effective than OAC alone in reducing cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stent thrombosis, and ischemic coronary events in a population with acute coronary syndromes [ACS]), but with a relative compromise (DAPT is significantly inferior to OAC for the prevention of stroke/systemic embolism in an AF population at increased risk of stroke). The purpose of this review is to explore the current evidence and rationale for antithrombotic treatment strategies in patients with both AF and CAD. Specifically, there is a focus on how to best tailor the therapeutic choices (OAC and antiplatelet therapy) to individual patients based on their underlying coronary presentation.     

Antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most potent common risk factor for ischemic stroke. The number of Americans with nonvalvular AF is expected to increase markedly over the next several decades, making AF-related stroke an important public health concern. Given the individual and societal burden associated with AF-related stroke, efforts to identify and implement efficacious and acceptably safe therapeutic stroke prevention strategies are paramount. This article reviews the existing randomized trial evidence supporting the efficacy of oral vitamin K antagonists (ie, warfarin) or aspirin for preventing thromboembolism in AF, as well as completed and ongoing studies exploring novel antithrombotic agents including the oral direct thrombin inhibitor, ximelagatran, other antiplatelet agents (eg, clopidogrel), factor Xa inhibitors, and other pharmacological agents and additional therapeutic approaches such as mechanical devices and surgical procedures to obliterate the left atrial appendage.     

Anticoagulation management in clinical practice: preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major and widely recognized risk factor for cardioembolic stroke. Prophylactic therapy for the prevention of stroke in patients with AF is often achieved through oral anticoagulation, specifically with warfarin, which has been used for this purpose for more than 50 years. Although warfarin therapy is effective when implemented appropriately, it is often underutilized and requires consistent monitoring to ensure both safety in avoiding bleeding and efficacy in preventing strokes. Because the burden of AF-related stroke continues to rise, healthcare professionals need to understand the strengths and limitations of current and emerging treatment options. This review outlines current practices for managing the risk of stroke with anticoagulation in patients with AF, and discusses how new oral anticoagulants may affect clinical practice.     

Reversible and irreversible binding of fibrinogen to platelets

Abstract

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia and associated with adverse outcomes and increased risk for thromboembolic events. Warfarin is still the most extensively prescribed oral anticoagulant in AF to prevent ischemic complications. We aimed to determine the differences at platelet indices with warfarin usage layered by International Normalized Ratio (INR). A total of 250 patients with permanent non-valvular AF (mean age 70.2?±?9.1; 153 female) were divided into two groups. Group 1 included 125 patients whose INR is between 2.0 and 3.0 (called as “effective”) and Group 2 included 125 patients whose INR is <2.0 (called as “ineffective”). Also 123 age- and sex-matched individuals in sinus rhythm enrolled as control group (Group 3). After physical and echocardiographic examination, complete blood counts and INR were studied. There was no statistically significant difference in age, sex, co-morbidities and medications, also hemoglobin, white blood cell and platelet counts among the groups. The CHA₂DS₂-VASc scores were similar between Groups 1 and 2. The mean platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW) and plateletcrit (PCT) were significantly higher in Group 2 than Groups 1 and 3 and similar between Groups 1 and 3. MPV was positively correlated with PDW and PCT and also inversely correlated with INR value and platelet count. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, MPV, PDW and PCT were independent predictors of ineffectiveness of INR. The results of this study showed that MPV, PDW and PCT are increased in patients with non-valvular AF without effective warfarin treatment. Warfarin usage adjusted by INR is associated with lower values of these platelet indices, even lower as the values of subjects in sinus rhythm. MPV, PDW and PCT are independent predictors of INR ineffectiveness and seem to be useful parameters for monitoring the effectiveness of warfarin treatment.     

Effects of cesarean section on mean platelet volume

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is a risk factor for cardiovascular complications, cerebrovascular disorders, and low-grade inflammatory conditions prone to arterial and venous thromboses. Cesarean delivery is the most important risk factor for pulmonary embolism, stroke, and intracranial venous thrombosis. The hypothesis is that increase in the prevalence of cesarean section and high MPV may be associated with cardiovascular complications such as stroke along with intracranial complications in addition to known systemic and surgical complications. In this study, platelet counts and MPV for postpartum women who delivered by cesarean section and normal vaginal parturition are compared. The subjects were divided in two groups, one was study group consisting of 118 patients giving birth by cesarean section and the other was the control group consisting 94 patients giving birth by normal vaginal parturition. Peripheral venous blood samples in EDTA tubes were collected from all the subjects 1 week before and after the delivery for their prenatal and postpartum periods, respectively. The values were compared between the groups and also before and after the delivery. In the cesarean group, while the MPV level was 8.60 (1.64) fl in the prenatal period, it increased to 9.10 (2.00) fl in the postnatal period (p?<?0.001). Group effect, time effect (independent from group effect), and group*time interaction effect were statistically significant for MPV variable (p?=?0.032, p?<?0.001, and p?=?0.012, respectively). This study concluded that MPV, along with several other factors, may be used as a prognostic, independent, and therapeutic marker in patients who are inclined to thrombotic events after cesarean section.     

经皮左心耳封堵术后器械相关血栓的研究进展

心房颤动（简称“房颤”）是临床上最常见的心律失常，房颤患者脑卒中的风险显著增加。作为口服抗凝药的替代治疗，经皮左心耳封堵术已成为预防房颤脑卒中的重要手段。器械相关血栓是左心耳封堵术后常见的并发症之一，也是目前临床关注的热点问题。本文拟对器械相关血栓的发生率、危险因素、预后及治疗等方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation

For over two decades, valuable insights have been accumulated from epidemiologic studies and randomized trials about the risks for and prevention of AF-related stroke. AF substantially raises the risk of stroke, most likely through an atrio-embolic mechanism. Warfarin and other members of its class of oral anticoagulants targeted at an INR of 2.5 can abrogate the risk of stroke attributable to AF effectively and fairly safely. High-quality management of anticoagulation can be achieved in usual clinical care. These insights have important implications for the care of individual patients and more generally for public health. Future research is needed to specify the risk of stroke and hemorrhage among patients with AF better, particularly among older individuals, to optimize use of antithrombotic agents, and to define the role of recently developed antithrombotic drugs and invasive nondrug approaches.     

Mean platelet volume (MPV) is associated with leukoaraiosis in the apparently healthy elderly

Leukoaraiosis refers to diffuse white matter abnormalities on MR brain scans, which have been suggested to be associated with cerebral microangiopathy and geriatric syndromes such as cognitive impairment, depressive mood and gait disturbance. MPV is a simple indicator of platelet size and has been known to be a marker of platelet activity. MPV is now considered a link between inflammation and thrombosis in multiple cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disorders including hypertension, peripheral artery disease, and stroke. This cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the association between MPV and leukoaraiosis for 223 healthy elderly subjects (142 men, 81 women; mean age 66.0±5.2 years) in a health examination program including brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The overall prevalence rate of leukoaraiosis was 15.3%. The mean MPV was significantly higher in the leukoaraiosis group than control group: 8.4±0.8 and 8.1±1.0, respectively (p=0.036). A higher value of MPV was independently associated with an increased risk of leukoaraiosis. In the multivariate logistic analysis, the odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval (CI)) for leukoaraiosis was 1.61 (1.02-2.53) with 1 fL of MPV increment after adjusting for confounding variables. In conclusion, MPV was found to be independently and positively associated with leukoaraiosis. This finding indicates that MPV values may be a useful additional measure in assessing the risk of leukoaraiosis in the clinical setting.