心房粘液瘤的诊断与外科治疗

心房粘液瘤的诊断与外科治疗济宁市第一人民医院（２７２１１１）冯先富刘风娥张庆河刘炳学杨业云心房粘液瘤属低度恶性心脏原发肿瘤，约占心脏原发肿瘤的５０％。我院于１９８５年９月至１９９６年６月收治心房粘液瘤患者２６例，均经手术治愈，随访４个月至１１年，效果...     

心脏恶性神经鞘瘤1例

在心脏中发现的肿瘤主要以转移性肿瘤为主，而心脏原发性肿瘤较少见，且大多为良性。原发于心脏的恶性神经鞘瘤仅见散在个例报道。最近作者在工作中遇到1例，报道讨论如下。     

肝脏转移瘤切除术对于实体瘤患儿安全和有益

据医业网6月13日报道（原载Cancer2007；109：2089-2092），肝脏转移瘤切除对选择的实体瘤患儿安全和有益。美国Memorial Sloan-Kettering癌症中心的Michael P．La Quaglia博士及其同事描述了进行肝转移瘤切除术的15例患儿，原发性肿瘤包括7例成神经细胞瘤、3例肾母细胞瘤、2例骨肉瘤、[第一段]     

197例嗜铬细胞瘤临床分析

目的提高嗜铬细胞瘤的诊治水平。方法回顾性分析郑州大学第一附属医院1986～2005年所有病理诊断为嗜铬细胞瘤的197例患者的临床资料。结果197例患者均经手术治疗。良性嗜铬细胞瘤184例,恶性13例;肾上腺原发肿瘤171例,异位嗜铬细胞瘤24例,多发内分泌腺瘤（MEN）Ⅱ（嗜铬细胞瘤伴甲状腺髓样癌）2例。结论完善检查手段可提高嗜铬细胞瘤的检出率,确诊需病理检查,手术是根本的治疗方法。     

扩散张量成像及扩散张量纤维束成像在颅脑肿瘤诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨磁共振扩散张量成像(DTI)及纤维束成像(DTT)在星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤与转移瘤肿瘤实质区的应用价值,通过对表观扩散系数(ADC)及各向异性分数(FA)的测量分析,观察脑白质与纤维束的关系,为临床提供有价值的信息。方法对32例经病理证实的脑肿瘤患者,其中不同级别星形细胞瘤12例、良性脑膜瘤10例、转移瘤10例,分别测量肿瘤实质区与对应区正常脑组织的平均ADC值和FA值,分析其ADC值和FA值的差异并观察3种脑肿瘤对白质纤维束的影响。结果星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤或转移瘤患者组内肿瘤实质区与对侧正常脑组织FA值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤、转移瘤患者肿瘤实质区的FA值分别为0.07±0.03、0.14±0.05、0.16±0.07,P<0.05。星形细胞瘤及转移瘤患者肿瘤实质区ADC值较对侧正常脑组织高(P<0.05);脑膜瘤患者肿瘤实质区ADC值与对侧正常部位无显著性差异(P>0.05);星形细胞瘤、脑膜瘤和转移瘤患者肿瘤实质区ADC值差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在DTT图中星形细胞瘤和转移瘤多数表现为纤维束部分中断、受压、偏移或变形移位;脑膜瘤纤维束呈现为稀疏,移位。结论测量肿瘤实质区ADC值及FA值可用于鉴别脑内和脑外的肿瘤,如星形细胞瘤与脑膜瘤的鉴别或转移瘤与脑膜瘤的鉴别,其中ADC值有显著的鉴别意义;DTT可清晰显示正常白质纤维束和肿瘤的解剖关系,有利于术前方案的制定。     

以脑梗死为首发症状的左房黏液瘤一例

心脏黏液瘤是最常见的心脏原发良性肿瘤,可发生于心脏各心房、室腔,最常见于左心房,约占75%,90%的左房黏液瘤附着于心房间隔卵圆窝处。绝大多数为单发肿瘤,但也可多发,常有家族遗传倾向。该病可见于任何年龄的患者,女性与男性比为3∶1。10%～25%心房黏液瘤的首发症状为脑梗死。我院就诊过1例脑梗死患者,经心脏彩超证实为左房黏液瘤引起,现报道如下。     

人类端粒酶逆转录酶mRNA和蛋白在嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及其意义

目的研究人类端粒酶逆转录酶（hTERT）在嗜铬细胞瘤中的表达及其作为预测生物学行为标志物的价值。方法采用原位杂交方法测定hTERT mRNA在45例嗜铬细胞瘤和副神经节瘤和9例正常肾上腺髓质中的表达；免疫组织化学方法检测hTERT蛋白的表达水平。结果hTERT mRNA在5例恶性（5／7）和5例可疑恶性（5／7）肿瘤中表达，表达均高于良性肿瘤（3／31），差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；hTERT蛋白的表达在良性（3／31）和可疑恶性（6／7）以及恶性（5／7）差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；9例正常肾上腺髓质细胞中未发现hTERT mRNA和蛋白的表达；肿瘤组织hTERT蛋白和mRNA的表达存在正相关性（r=0．951，P〈0．01）；hTERT蛋白和mRNA的表达与临床因素，如性别、肿瘤大小和血压无关联。结论hTERT mRNA和蛋白检测对良、恶性嗜铬细胞瘤和副神经节瘤的鉴别诊断有重要临床意义。     

间甲肾上腺素类物质对诊断嗜铬细胞瘤的意义

嗜铬细胞瘤是以儿茶酚胺大量分泌为特征的肿瘤。研究发现与儿茶酚胺相比，检测间甲肾上腺素类物质(MNs)诊断嗜铬细胞瘤有更高的敏感性和特异性，是最佳生化指标。对于影像学检查无法发现的疑难病例，不同部位血MNs测定有助于其定位诊断。MNS包括间甲肾上腺素(MN)和去甲变。肾上腺素(NMN)。嗜铬细胞瘤患儿的MN平均水平高于成人，而NMN的平均水平较成人低；同时男孩MNs水平要高于女孩。对于家族性视网膜小脑及脊髓血管瘤病或多发性内分泌腺瘤合并嗜铬细胞瘤的病例，MNs诊断的敏感性低于散发病例，特异性则高于散发病例。     

肾上腺外副神经节瘤诊断治疗现状

1908年Alezai’s和Peyron首先报道了一组副神经节瘤病，1912年，Pick建议将肾上腺内嗜铬细胞瘤命名嗜铬细胞瘤，而肾上腺外嗜铬性肿瘤称副神经节瘤。传统认为副神经节瘤仅占全部嗜铬细胞瘤的10％-15％，近年来国内报道有上升的趋势，多数报道在20％左右。     

78例心脏原发肿瘤手术治疗的临床经验

目的总结78例心脏原发肿瘤患者手术治疗的临床经验。方法1985年1月至2007年3月,78例心脏原发肿瘤患者在我院接受诊断和手术治疗。心脏原发肿瘤分为3类:黏液瘤、良性非黏液性肿瘤及恶性肿瘤。对生存者进行随访,平均随访(7±5)年。结果本组心脏原发肿瘤共78例。70例为良性肿瘤:黏液瘤65例(83.33%),良性非黏液性肿瘤5例(6.41%);恶性肿瘤8例(10.26%)。心脏良性肿瘤组住院死亡率为1.49%(1例,良性非黏液性肿瘤组),恶性肿瘤组无住院死亡。结论手术是心脏原发肿瘤的首选治疗方法,心脏良性肿瘤可以通过手术治疗达到治愈,手术可以缓解恶性肿瘤的临床症状。     

心脏粘液瘤的外科治疗

目的:总结心脏粘液瘤的外科治疗经验。方法:自1994年11月到2005年10月,25例心脏粘液瘤病人在低温体外循环下接受粘液瘤摘除术,其中左房粘液瘤18例,右房粘液瘤5例,右室粘液瘤1例,左室粘液瘤1例;2例同时行三尖瓣成形术,1例同时行二尖瓣成形术。结果:全组无围手术期死亡,1例72岁患者术后5 d因肺炎呼衰自动出院,24例痊愈出院;随访4月到10年,平均5.4年,无1例术后复发和远处种植转移。结论:超声心动图是诊断心脏粘液瘤的最有效方法,心脏粘液瘤手术疗效好,一经确诊应立即手术。     

巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换手术治疗体会

目的 :提高巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病瓣膜置换术手术效果。方法 :回顾性分析 79例巨大风湿性心脏患者 ,心胸比 >0 7。根据心脏大小分为四型 :Ⅰ型为左右心房扩大及右心室扩大 11例 ;Ⅱ型全心扩大 ,左心室舒张末期直径 (LEVDd) 4 5～ 6 9mm 14例 ;Ⅲ型双心房扩大及右心室扩大 ,小左心室 ,LEVDd <4 4mm 19例 ;Ⅳ型左心房扩大或 加右心扩大及大左心室 (LVEDd≥ 70mm) 35例。术前心功能Ⅲ级 5 4例 ,Ⅳ级 2 5例。二尖瓣置换术 (MVR) +三尖瓣成形术 (TVP) 32例 ,MVR +主动脉瓣置换术 (AVR)+TVP 4 7例。结果 :早期死亡率为 5 1%。发生低心排 39例 ,心律失常 4 1例。术后随访 3个月～ 4年 ,长期生存 75例 ,心功能Ⅰ级 2 1例 ,Ⅱ级 32例 ,Ⅲ级 19例 ,Ⅳ级 3例。晚期死亡 3例。Ⅲ型术后早期低心排发生率高 (P <0 0 2 )。Ⅳ型术后心律失常发生率高 (P <0 0 0 1)。大左室远期效果较差。结论 :巨大风湿性心脏瓣膜病并非都是危重病人 ,但是小左室 (Ⅲ型 )和大左室 (Ⅳ型 )手术风险大 ,应加强术中心肌保护和置换适宜的人工瓣。术后加强正性肌力药物使用。当发生瓣膜性心肌病者 ,是否换瓣手术值得商榷。     

心脏肿瘤外科治疗45例临床分析及右胸切口手术经验总结

目的：探讨心脏肿瘤临床特点, 总结外科治疗经验。方法：回顾分析2008年1月至2017年6月我科45例心脏肿瘤手术患者（3例为复发患者）的临床资料,比较右胸前外侧切口与胸骨正中切口手术的疗效。结果：本组病例中男性19例（42.2%）,年龄52±18岁,术前9例（20%）合并心功能不全。左房占位33例,右房占位9例,左室、右室和多发占位各1例。胸骨正中切口34例,右胸前外侧切口微创手术11例。全组无围术期死亡,右侧微创切口与正中切口组相比,手术时间、术后恢复和术后并发症发生率均无显著差异。全组良性肿瘤42例（93.3%）,其中粘液瘤33例;恶性肿瘤3例（6.7%）。随访无死亡、无复发。结论：心脏肿瘤良性疾病多见,手术效果优良,完整切除是预防复发的重要因素。经右胸微创切口切除心脏肿瘤技术可行,疗效确切,可作为常规胸骨正中切口手术方法的补充。     

巨大心脏瓣膜病的外科治疗

目的 探讨巨大心脏(心胸比≥0.70)瓣膜病的临床分型与手术效果的关系。方法 在低温体外循环下进行人工机械瓣膜替换,经右心房、房间隔径路行二尖瓣替换(MVR),主动脉根部横切口进行主动脉瓣替换(AVR)。本组男18例、女42例,年龄15-64岁,平均39.42±12.71岁。其中风湿性心脏病57例,先天性心脏病3例,二尖瓣病变44例(合并主动脉瓣病变15例),Ebstein畸形1例。其中对25例合并中度以上三尖瓣关闭不全的病例进行同期三尖瓣成形术,对9例巨大左心房进行左心房折叠术,有10例部分或全部保留二尖瓣装置。结果 病历统计发现,巨大心脏各型中以左心房型发生率较高(71.7%),其次为左心室型(21.7%),全心型(5%)和右心型(1.7%)。其中手术效果以左心房型最好。手术死亡3例(5%),术后并发严重低心排血量5例,严重心律失常4例。结论 根据瓣膜病变性质以及各房、室腔扩大的程度进行分型,能较全面反映患者瓣膜病变类型,临床特征,术后早期及晚期效果,同时对手术方法的设计及围术期处理具有重要指导意义。     

Aristotle's "triventricular" heart and the relevant early history of the cardiovascular system

Aristotle said that the human heart has three ventricles--right, left, and middle--a concept that has often been viewed as an astonishing error. But was it? Aristotle did not miscount ventricles. In the third century BC, all cardiac chambers were called "ventricles," meaning "cavities." The "ears" (auricles) were distinguished from the "cavities" (ventricles) by Herophilus of Alexandria (c 300 BC) and by Rufus and Ephesus (a contemporary of Jesus Christ). Aristotle regarded the right atrium as a venous dilatation, not as a part of the heart. Aristotle's "right ventricle" was our right ventricle. His "left ventricle" was our left atrium. His "middle ventricle" was our left ventricle. Because he did not count the right atrium, Aristotle considered the human heart to be three-chambered or "triventricular," consisting of the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle. This report summarizes the relevant early history of the cardiovascular system.     

Calcium channel binding characteristics in the human heart

The number, affinity, pharmacologic specificity and regional distribution of calcium channel binding sites in human hearts obtained at autopsy and open heart surgery were characterized using the radioligand [3H]nitrendipine. Scatchard analyses of saturation data from 6 autopsy hearts revealed a homogeneous distribution of high affinity binding sites (affinity-1 [KD] = 0.44 +/- 0.06, 0.52 +/- 0.07, 0.32 +/- 0.02, 0.30 +/- 0.03, and 0.45 +/- 0.01 nM; binding capacity [Bmax] = 30 +/- 4, 27 +/- 6, 25 +/- 7, 33 +/- 3, and 28 +/- 4 fmol/mg protein in right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle and ventricular septum, respectively). In ligand competition experiments, nifedipine and nitrendipine completely displaced binding with partial displacement by verapamil and 35% enhancement of binding by 10(-5) M diltiazem at 37 degrees. Analyses of right atrial appendages obtained at open heart surgery from 5 coronary artery bypass patients provided similar results (KD = 0.2 +/- 0.03 nM, Bmax = 42 +/- 2 fmol/mg protein). In addition, no significant differences in KD or Bmax were found in 3 hamster hearts assayed at the time of death or up to 18 hours postmortem at either 4 or 25 degrees. In contrast, there was a significant increase in Bmax (110 fmol/mg protein) with no change in KD (0.3 nM) in a myomectomy specimen from a patient with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy compared with either autopsy or surgical specimens. These studies illustrate the feasibility and potential advantages of studying calcium channels directly in human hearts.     

Regional endocardial mapping of spontaneous and induced atrial fibrillation in patients with heart disease and refractory atrial fibrillation.

We performed simultaneous catheter mapping of right and left atrial regions at onset and during sustenance of spontaneous atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients with ischemic and/or hypertensive heart disease. Seventeen patients with structural heart disease had spontaneous and electrically induced AF episodes mapped from their onset simultaneously in multiple right and left atrial regions. Atrial premature complexes (APCs) that initiated spontaneous AF had coupling intervals ranging from 260 to 400 ms (mean 332 +/- 61), most commonly arising from the lateral right atrium (31%), right atrioventricular junction (13%), atrial septum (6%), superior left atrium (25%), or inferior left atrium (25%). APC morphology on surface electrocardiograms did not correlate with origin in specific atrial regions. The earliest regions of atrial activation for the first AF cycle were the lateral right atrium (n = 5), superior left atrium (n = 4), distal or mid coronary sinus (n = 4), atrial septum (n = 2), and right atrioventricular junction at the His bundle location (n = 2). Spontaneous AF at onset usually showed discrete but irregular electrograms at virtually all right and left atrial sites mapped, with a reproducible region of AF initiation in all 8 patients with multiple events. The region of earliest atrial activation at spontaneous AF onset was in close proximity to the APC origin in 15 of 16 patients (94%), and 39 of 40 episodes (97%) mapped. Stable patterns of right and left atrial activation were observed at AF onset in 14 patients. Induced AF elicited with right atrial stimulation demonstrated different sites of earliest regional atrial activation at onset compared with spontaneous AF events in 4 of 8 patients. However, discrete intracardiac electrograms were also present in induced AF in all of the mapped atrial regions. Furthermore, the site of extrastimulus delivery in induced AF was also found to be in close proximity to the earliest region of atrial activation for the first AF beat. We conclude that spontaneous AF is initiated by APCs arising in different right or left atrial regions in patients with structural heart disease and the initial region of atrial activation in AF is in proximity to the region of APC origin. Organized and repetitive electrical activation is frequently observed in both right and left atria at AF onset. Although electrically induced AF may have different activation patterns than spontaneous AF at onset in many patients, both types of AF demonstrate organization and earliest atrial activation in proximity to the initiating APC.     

冠状动脉瘘封堵技巧与效果

目的:冠状动脉瘘（coronary artery fistula,CAF）出口多变,形态多样,本研究探讨不同冠状动脉瘘的封堵技巧与封堵术治疗效果。方法:纳入1999年1月~2012年12月所有试图实施CAF封堵术的患者,在除外其它心脏畸形的基础上,根据主动脉或者冠状动脉造影观测CAF解剖形态,选择封堵术径路、封堵器类型和大小,封堵术后定期随访。结果:共纳入36例患者（男性17例）,年龄3至74 岁(中位数21岁)。CAF起源于左冠状动脉13例（36%）,右冠状动脉18例（50%）,双侧冠状动脉5例（14%）,引流至左心室7例（19%）,右心系统29例（81%）,包括右心房7例,右心室14例和肺动脉8例。成功封堵25例,成功率69%。经静脉途径封堵9例,CAF出口分别为右心房（n=5）,右心室（n=3）和肺动脉（n=1）;经动脉途径封堵16例,出口分别为左心室（n=3）, 右心房（n=1）,右心室(n=10)和肺动脉（n=2）。术后出现短暂胸痛2例,心电图ST T改变6例和再通1例。结论:介入方式治疗CAF安全、可靠,但具体采用何种径路和封堵器,需要根据其解剖形态确定。     

Hemodynamics during PEEP ventilation in patients with severe left ventricular failure studied by transesophageal echocardiography

The effects of mechanical ventilation with PEEP were investigated in five patients with normal cardiopulmonary function (group A) and in 11 patients with severe left ventricular failure (group B). Cross-sectional area of the right and left atrium (RA/LA), left ventricle (LV), and right ventricle (RV) was determined at EDA/ESA using transesophageal echocardiography. Hemodynamic parameters and transesophageal pressure were measured simultaneously at PEEP levels 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 cm H2O. End-diastolic area of the right atrium decreased significantly in both groups. The RA pressure increased, while transmural pressure remained unaltered. The CI decreased in both groups. The decrease in cardiac output by PEEP ventilation was related to the decrease in RV filling volume by external compression. In patients with congestive heart failure, PEEP ventilation with 8 to 10 cm H2O did not worsen LV function.     

Cardiac myxomas--surgical experience with a multi-faceted tumor

Eleven patients underwent surgery for cardiac myxomas during an 11-year period. There were 7 females and 4 males, ranging in age from 21-75 (mean 55) years. Presenting symptoms were quite variable: paroxysmal shortness of breath (5), stroke (4), peripheral emboli (2), pulmonary emboli (2), palpitations (2) and fever of unknown origin (1). Diagnosis was made by angiography in 3 cases, echocardiography in 7 and intraoperatively in 1. Seven of the tumors were in the left atrium, two in the right atrium and 2 in the left ventricle. In two patients the tumor recurred. One patient died of a recurrent diffusely invading myxoma of the left ventricle. Ten patients are alive 1-10 years postoperatively (mean 6 years).