成人支气管异物长期误诊1例并文献复习

目的 提高对成人支气管异物的认识和诊治水平,避免长期误诊、误治.方法 回顾我院收治的1例长期误诊支气管异物成年患者病历资料,并复习相关文献,探讨成人支气管异物在临床症状、胸部影像学及支气管镜下的不典型表现以及造成患者长期误诊、误治的原因.结果 成年患者,近4年反复咳嗽、咯痰、喘憋,影像学上有弥漫性磨玻璃影、多发支气管扩张及斑片影等多种表现,曾行支气管舒张试验阳性,严重时曾行气管插管,入我院后行支气管镜检查确诊为右中间段支气管异物,后长期随访患者临床表现、影像学及肺功能检查已治愈.结论 成年患者常无明确异物吸入史,临床症状不典型,影像学常无异物存在直接征象,容易造成临床误诊、误治,支气管镜对成人支气管异物的诊治有重要价值.     

可弯曲支气管镜诊治成人气道异物

目的探讨可弯曲支气管镜(纤维支气管镜/电子支气管镜,简称支气管镜)在成人气道异物诊断及治疗中的意义。方法回顾性分析20例经可弯曲支气管镜确诊和治疗的成人气道异物患者的临床资料。结果主要临床表现为咳嗽、咳痰、发热、呼吸困难、呼吸音减弱、吸气相干啰音;院外误诊10例,其中误诊为肺癌4例、肺炎2例、支气管哮喘1例等;19例经可弯曲支气管镜取出,1例转胸外科手术取出。结论成人气道异物临床上容易误诊,可弯曲支气管镜在成人气道异物的诊断和治疗中具有重要的意义。     

成人气道吸入辣椒皮的支气管镜治疗方式及文献复习

正临床上常见成人气道内吸入辣椒皮,因其不同于骨头、金属异物等不可透X线异物,吸入辣椒皮后无法在X线片上显示,容易造成误诊,患者往往因慢性咳嗽或CT片上出现了阻塞性肺炎等而就诊,在行支气管镜时发现气道内有辣椒皮而确诊~([1-2])。目前公认支气管镜钳取法为气道异物治疗的最方便、有效的治疗方法。近年来在外院以钳取方式未能完全取出辣椒皮或出血而转诊到我院呼吸内镜中心者不少,因此有必要总结治疗成人气道吸入辣椒皮的经验,并进行成人     

多层螺旋CT检查对气道异物的诊断价值

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT对气道异物的诊断价值。方法对门诊收治疑似气管异物患者56例,给予多层螺旋CT检查,并与支气管镜检查作对照。结果多层螺旋CT检查共检出气道异物患者52例,1例误诊为肺炎,后经气管镜检查并取出异物,漏诊2例,假阳性1例。多层螺旋CT检查及气管镜对气道异物检出率差异无统计学意义（χ2＝0.61, P ＞0.05）。以支气管镜检查结果为金标准,螺旋 CT 灵敏度为96.23％,特异度为66.67％,诊断符合率为94.64％。结论多层螺旋CT检查气道异物,具有灵敏度高、符合率高特点,诊断时应结合病史、临床体征,以降低误诊率、漏诊率。儿童检查应以最低剂量扫描,避免辐射损伤。     

经纤维支气管镜取出成人气道异物56例

目的报道一组成人气道异物病例的临床特点和纤维支气管镜下取出异物的安全性及有效性。方法对我科2008年1月至2014年12月收治的56例成人气道异物患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果成人气道异物56例,其中男性36例,女性20例,年龄平均(50.18±12.32)岁。31例患者(55.36%)否认异物吸人史。20例(35.71%)病程≤3天,22例(39.29%)3~7天,14例7~30天(25%)。以咳嗽为主要症状34例(60.71%)。50例接受局部麻下纤维支气管镜镜下治疗,成功取出气道异物;6例患者喉罩全麻下成功取出异物。异物来源为动物骨骼23例(41.07%),鱼骨7例(12.50%),坚果壳7例(12.50%),坚果肉6例(10.71%)、牙齿、义齿6例(10.71%),金属7例(12.50%)。异物相关并发症主要有气道肉芽增生42例(75.00%),阻塞性肺炎23例(41.07%),肺不张16例(28.57%)。操作过程中及治疗完成后气道出血40例(71.43%),无因异物和治疗导致死亡的病例。结论成人气道异物较儿童有不同临床特点,误吸史比率小,症状不典型,个别病例确诊时间长,容易误诊、漏诊。经纤维支气管镜取出成人气道异物安全、可行。     

纤维支气管镜对成人支气管异物的诊治价值

目的探讨纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）对支气管异物的诊治价值,提高对成人支气管异物的诊治水平。方法回顾分析我院近十年经纤支镜诊治的成人支气管异物患者21例的相关资料。结果2例纤支镜检查前已确诊为支气管异物,19例临床分别误诊为肺癌并阻塞性肺炎、慢支并感染、肺炎、肺不张、肺结核等。异物位于右侧支气管16例：右中间干支气管7例、右中叶支气管3例、右下叶支气管6例;位于左侧支气管5例：左主支气管1例、左上开口2例,左下叶支气管2例。异物滞留支气管时间半天至8年。钳取异物21例均获得成功。结论成人支气管异物临床易被原有慢性疾病症状所掩盖,当患者不能及时提供异物吸人史时,容易误诊。纤支镜检查是确诊和治疗成人支气管异物的最有效方法。     

成人气管支气管异物2222例临床Meta分析

目的探讨我国成人气管支气管异物患者的临床特点和支气管镜下治疗的有效性和安全性。方法将1986年6月至2016年6月治疗的2 222例成人气管支气管异物患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果成人气管支气管异物2 222例,男性1 520例,女性702例。1 318例患者否认异物坠积。1 950例患者无基础疾病。1 952例(87.84%)患者接受局部麻醉下支气管镜镜下治疗,成功取出气道异物。主要的临床症状为咳嗽1 625例(73.1%)。异物来源为动物骨骼1 036例(46.6%),果肉、果核类358例(16.1%),金属异物122例(5.49%),义齿和破损牙齿136例(6.12%)。异物引发的并发症有阻塞性肺炎740例(33.3%),肺不张340例(15.3%)。操作过程中及治疗完成后气道内出血143例(6.43%)。3例患者死于窒息。结论成人的气管支气管异物没有典型的临床症状;在表面麻醉下经支气管镜取出成人气管支气管异物是有效的、安全的。     

以哮喘样发作为主要临床表现的自发性气胸13例诊疗体会

自发性气胸是呼吸科常见的急症，其典型临床表现为突发胸痛，随之胸闷或呼吸困难，伴刺激性咳嗽，同时有一侧呼吸音减弱或消失，气管移位，结合胸片诊断并不困难。而以哮喘样发作为主要表现的自发性气胸则易误诊误治。我院从1999—2008年共收治13例此类病人，现就其诊断治疗及临床特点、发病机制进行讨论，以期减少漏诊误诊，提高诊断水平。     

纤维支气管镜对成人下呼吸道异物的诊治价值

成人气管、支气管异物相对较少见,一部分因某些因素存在发生下呼吸道异物的吸入,给临床带来难题,甚至发生漏诊、误诊.近年来我院应用纤维支气管镜(简称纤支镜)诊断和治疗成人下呼吸道异物15例,均获成功.现报告如下.     

4例月经性气胸临床分析

目的分析月经性气胸(Catamenial Pneumothorax,CPTX)的临床特点、处理及其预后。以提高临床医生对该疾病认识,减少误诊误治。方法分析4例CPTX患者的临床表现、处理和转归。结果 CPTX发病率较低,4例月经性气胸经内外科及妇产科联合治疗,未见复发。结论 CPTX是女性自发性气胸的一种特殊类型,当女性出现气胸时要考虑本病可能,应多科合作,联合治疗。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.