我国全沟硬蜱适生区预测

目的　分析不同环境因子对我国全沟硬蜱分布的影响,预测我国全沟硬蜱未来适生区。方法　通过查阅国内外公开发表文献,提取我国已知全沟硬蜱分布点信息。采用刀切法评价年均温、月均温范围、等温性、年均温变化范围、最暖季度平均温度、最冷季度平均温度、年平均降水量、降水的季节性、最暖季度降水量、最冷季度降水量、海拔、坡度、坡向和植被等14个环境因子对我国全沟硬蜱分布的影响。结合环境因子,运用最大熵模型与ArcGIS 10.7软件预测全沟硬蜱在我国的适生区范围。结果　我国当前全沟硬蜱高适生区面积88.66万km2,主要位于东北地区。对我国全沟硬蜱适生区分布贡献率超过10%的环境因子包括年温度变化范围（39.1%）、最冷季度降水量（23.2%）、年平均降水量（11.9%）。基于最大熵模型预测发现,2070年我国全沟硬蜱适生区将呈向东北方向缩小的趋势。结论　我国全沟硬蜱适生区分布范围与温度、降水密切相关,气候环境改变可能引起我国全沟硬蜱未来适生区分布范围缩小。     

长三角城市群蜱媒分布及适生区分析

目的　了解目前长三角城市群蜱媒分布,并对2070年该地区蜱媒适生区进行预测,为该地区蜱媒控制和蜱传疾病防治提供科学依据。方法　检索国内外公开发表的有关长三角城市群蜱媒及病原体分布的文献,提取蜱媒分布地理位置信息,采用刀切法分析最湿季平均温度、最冷季降水量、最干季平均温度、最热月最高温度、最干月降水量、最冷月最低温度、年降水量、平均日间温度范围、降水量季节变化、温度年度范围、温度季节性、年均温度、最暖季平均温度、最湿季降水量、等温性、最冷季平均温度、最湿月降水量、最干季降水量和最暖季降水量等19种气候因子对蜱媒分布的影响。采用最大熵模型分析2020年该地区蜱媒分布,并结合气候因子对2070年蜱媒适生区变化进行预测。结果　共检索中英文文献380篇,累计提取蜱媒分布点148个,并筛选出135个分布点进行研究。长三角城市群存在包括血蜱、扇头蜱、硬蜱、革蜱、牛蜱、璃眼蜱、花蜱在内的7属27种蜱。影响长三角城市群蜱媒分布的气候因子主要为最湿季平均温度和最冷季降水量,其贡献率分别为26.1%和23.6%。2020年,长三角城市群蜱媒高、中、低适生区面积分别为20 337.08、40 017.38、74 931.43 km2。受气候变化影响,2070年蜱媒适生区呈向南部扩大趋势,适生区总面积将增加1.81万km2,高、中、低适生区面积分别扩大至24 317.84、45 283.02、83 766.38 km2。结论　长三角城市群蜱媒种类繁多、分布广泛,未来气候变化可能导致该地区蜱媒分布区域扩大。     

气候变化对我国微小扇头蜱分布区的影响

目的　分析影响我国微小扇头蜱地理分布的环境因子及微小扇头蜱在我国的潜在适生区,分析气候变化对我国微小扇头蜱分布的影响。方法　检索我国微小扇头蜱地理分布相关的国内外公开发表文献,提取地理位置信息。结合环境因子,应用ArcGIS 10.7软件和最大熵模型,对微小扇头蜱在我国的适生区分布和影响其分布的主导环境因子进行预测。结果　影响我国微小扇头蜱地理分布的主要气候因子中,贡献率> 10%的因子主要包括年平均降水量（38.2%）、最冷季度平均温度（28.4%）和最干月降水量（14.2%）。微小扇头蜱主要分布于我国南方地区,高、中、低适生区面积分别占我国国土面积的8.6%、13.1%和10.5%。最大熵模型预测结果表明,在2070年RCP 4.5气候条件下,全国微小扇头蜱适生区面积将增加39.98万km2,新增适生区主要位于甘肃省、宁夏回族自治区、青海省、河北省、陕西省、辽宁省、内蒙古自治区、山东省、四川省、西藏自治区等局部地区。质心转移结果表明,从当前到2070年,全国微小扇头蜱适生区整体向北方扩增。结论　气候变化影响我国微小扇头蜱分布区,年平均降水量可能是影响其分布的关键因素之一。     

环境因子对我国卵形硬蜱适生区分布的影响研究

［摘要］　目的　探索影响卵形硬蜱适生区分布的环境因子及未来环境变化对卵形硬蜱适生区分布的影响。方法　通过文献检索获取我国已知卵形硬蜱分布点数据,结合环境因子数据,运用最大熵模型对卵形硬蜱适生区分布进行模拟,并根据2050、2070年环境数据对卵形硬蜱适生区分布变化进行预测。结果　目前我国卵形硬蜱适生区面积为311.0万km2,占国土面积的32.28%,主要集中在西南、西北地区;在筛选出的16个环境因子中,温度季节性变化标准差、年均降水量、海拔为影响卵形硬蜱适生区分布的主导环境因子,累计贡献率为76.5%;2050、2070年我国卵形硬蜱适生区分布呈向西北、东北扩大趋势,且高适生区占比增加。结论　温和的气候、充足的降水及较高的海拔适宜卵形硬蜱生存,未来气候改变可能引起我国卵形硬蜱适生区分布范围扩大。     

天津地区莱姆病疫源地的发现与研究

目的通过对天津地区自然人群、动物宿主和媒介生物进行研究,以确定该地区是否为莱姆病疫源地。方法采用分层整群抽样方法选取3个代表性地区10个调查点的居民进行人群的莱姆病血清流行病学调查,同时用间接免疫荧光试验、病原分离培养和PCR方法对动物宿主和媒介生物进行血清学和病原学研究。并通过测序确定基因型。结果905份人群血清样本检测结果显示该地区人群的莱姆病感染率为5.97%;100份野鼠血清样本的感染率是32.00%,并从大林姬鼠、社鼠、小林姬鼠的脾脏和/或肾脏中检查到莱姆病螺旋体的特异片段。经聚类分析定为Borrelia garinii基因型,因此可以推断鼠类可能为此地区莱姆病螺旋体的重要储存宿主。共收集到1226只蜱,以长角血蜱为优势种。选取300只长角血蜱经PCR检测,其带菌率为4.67%(14/300)。结论首次发现天津蓟县山林地区可能为我国莱姆病的疫源地之一。     

我国部分地区蜱中莱姆病螺旋体的检测与基因分型研究

目的 对我国部分地区的多种蜱类进行莱姆病螺旋体的检测和基因分型。方法 选择我国黑龙江、吉林和浙江省部分林区为调查点，采集当地蜱类，用巢式PCR法进行检测，阳性产物进行限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分析和单链构象多态性（SSCP）分析，确定莱姆病螺旋体的基因型。结果 共检测蜱512只，阳性126只，阳性率24．61％。其中吉林全沟硬蜱带菌率为37．00％，黑龙江全沟硬蜱带菌率为20．87％，浙江长角血蜱带菌率为28．07％。RFLP分析表明，蜱中莱姆病螺旋体包括B．garinii和B．afzelii两种基因型。SSCP分析显示为7种亚型，其中B．garinii分为5个亚型，B．afzelii分为2个亚型。发现有3只蜱同时感染不同基因（亚）型莱姆病螺旋体。结论 证实B．garinii和B．afzelii基因型为我国莱姆病螺旋体的优势基因型，并在我国蜱中发现莱姆病螺旋体不同基因（亚）型的混合感染。     

基于文献计量分析的蜱及蜱传疾病研究领域发展趋势

目的 通过文献计量,比较分析国内外近20年蜱及蜱传疾病研究的现状、热点和发展前景,为我国蜱及蜱传疾病研究的发展提出建议。方法在中国学术期刊全文数据库（CNKI）和科学引文索引数据库（WoS）检索2003年1月1日至2022年12月31日有关蜱及蜱传疾病文献,使用CiteSpace6.2.R2对关键词、作者、机构等进行可视化分析。结果 经过筛选后纳入中文文献944篇,英文文献27 428篇。国内外蜱及蜱传疾病主题文献量均呈逐年增长的趋势,英文文献数远超过中文文献。国内研究热点为森林脑炎、莱姆病、非洲猪瘟、长角血蜱、草原革蜱等;国外研究热点为莱姆病、森林脑炎、埃立克体病、无形体病、蓖子硬蜱、微小扇头蜱等。国内外研究热点整体方向一致,但又各有不同的侧重点。国内研究前沿依旧侧重于森林脑炎、巴贝虫病、非洲猪瘟等疾病,并逐渐将分子技术应用于蜱传病原体检测等;国外研究前沿侧重于分子检测、疫苗、复合感染诊断等。结论近20年,蜱及蜱传疾病造成的疾病负担越来越重,国内外均在加强该领域的研究,将多学科前沿技术和One Health （全健康）理念应用于蜱及蜱传疾病的防控。我国在该领域的研究虽然起步较晚,但研...     

骚扰阿蚊扩散 种群动态及适生区分析

目的 目的 了解骚扰阿蚊 （Armigeres subalbatus） 在我国的扩散趋势及种群变化, 同时预测其潜在适生区。 方法 方法 野外调查获得标本, 查对馆藏标本相关记录, 结合文献报道分析骚扰阿蚊扩散及种群动态趋势。整理骚扰阿蚊分布记 录, 结合20个环境相关变量, 建立生态小生境模型, 比较其潜在适生区的变化。通过ROC曲线分析检验模型准确性, 利 用刀切法逐一分析环境变量贡献值。 结果 结果 野外调查在山东潍坊及威海地区发现骚扰阿蚊新分布点。结合文献及馆 藏标本分析发现该物种正逐渐向古北界华北区扩散, 目前已接近北纬42°地区, 部分地区种群已逐渐发展为区域主要物 种。本研究收集并整理了骚扰阿蚊相关资料, 共获得294个分布记录。研究以2000年为时间分隔, 运用Maxent软件分 别构建了2000年和2016年的分布预测模型, 发现2016年的预测分布范围较2000年已明显向北推移, 即骚扰阿蚊的潜在 适生区呈向北扩大的趋势。模型检验ROC分析结果显示两个模型AUC值分别为0.980和0.982, 模型可信度极高。刀切 法分析结果表明最暖季度平均湿度、 最湿月份湿度和最湿季度湿度对预测骚扰阿蚊的分布具有重要影响。 结论 结论 骚扰 阿蚊种群分布向北逐渐扩散, 气候变暖可能是造成扩散的原因。该物种的扩散一定程度影响当地蚊种组成, 同时可能会 增加部分蚊媒疾病传播的风险。     

红肉诱发严重过敏反应的临床病例研究

目的自2009年起,澳大利亚、美国和欧洲相继报道了一种新型食物过敏病例,患者在进食红肉3~6 h后发生严重过敏反应,这种疾病被认为和蜱叮咬及非灵长类哺乳动物阿尔法半乳糖Ig E抗体相关。病例散发于各大洲,本文为我国首次报道。方法对2例进食红肉后迟发严重过敏反应患者的临床表现进行总结并进行蜱叮咬问卷调查。病例1血清和健康对照血清分别与哺乳动物肉和内脏进行免疫印迹实验,观察其特异性结合特点。结果病例1为57岁女性,病例2为44岁男性,均为北京郊县农民。2例患者均在进食红肉后3~6 h多次发生严重过敏反应。患者血清多种哺乳动物蛋白皮肤试验和Ig E抗体均为阳性,且阿尔法半乳糖特异性Ig E均为阳性(分别为6级100 k UL和3级6.00 k UL)。病例1在发病前有蜱叮咬史,捕获其家犬身上蜱,经鉴定为长角血蜱。病例2在发作前无明确蜱叮咬病史。血清免疫印迹实验结果提示病例1血清Ig E与动物肌肉组织和内脏组织均有特异性结合,其中动物内脏阿尔法半乳糖表型表达高于肌肉组织。结论红肉过敏可导致严重临床症状,威胁患者生命。这一疾病可由蜱叮咬引起,值得公众及临床医生关注。确诊为红肉过敏的患者应避免进食相关肉类和内脏等组织。     

青海省兴海县包虫病流行病学调查报告

兴海县是青海省牧业大县,总面积13 000km2(草地面积占94.3%);总人口5.4万,其中藏族占72%,汉、回、撤拉等民族约占28%.全县地势西南高而东北低,海拔4000m左右,气候寒冷干燥,平均气温1～4℃,年降水量240～580mm,空气稀薄,日照时间长.主要家养动物有家犬、绵羊、牦牛、马、驴、骆驼等,主要野生动物有狼、狐狸、野牛、盘羊、高原鼠免等.为了解和掌握兴海县包虫病流行现状、分布特征,我们于1999年6～7月在该县开展了包虫病流行基线调查.     

Distribution of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in northwestern China

The Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), has a wide distribution in China with its northwestern limits among seven provinces. During 2006-2008, distribution information was collected in 33 urban and rural areas in those boundary provinces by collecting larvae or adult mosquito from different breeding sites. Additional information of seven sites was gathered from local health authorities. Three generally accepted climatic delineations affecting distribution of the species were studied for the northwestern distribution using a geographic information system software (ArcGIS). Climatic analysis showed that the annual mean temperature higher than 11°C, the mean temperature of the coldest month, January, higher than -5°C, and the annual precipitation above 500 mm covered almost all the confirmed areas and the seasonal expansion reached areas with nearly -10°C of the mean January temperature. As a main vector of dengue fever virus in a large part of China, where Aedes aegypti is absent, Ae. albopictus is also responsible for the risk for future epidemic of dengue fever and other viral diseases in China.     

Ecology of Amblyomma neumanni (Acari: Ixodidae)

The life cycle of Amblyomma neumanni was described studying the seasonal distribution of free-living stages and parasitic phases during two consecutive years. Development periods of engorged ticks under different photoperiod conditions were recorded. Larvae of A. neumanni have the peak of abundance in autumn. Nymphs reach the peak in winter. Females were collected on cattle from autumn to late spring. The seasonal distribution pattern of females showed a bimodal curve, with a peak in autumn and other during early and middle spring. The engorged females exposed at shortest photoperiod regimen (10 h light-14 h dark) under both laboratory and field conditions undergo morphogenetic diapause, expressed as a delay in the oviposition. It is concluded that females of A. neumanni that feed and copulate in autumn undergo morphogenetic diapause, and they will lay eggs in spring, simultaneously with the females that feed and copulate in this season. Climate niche analysis shows that adequate suitability for A. neumanni depends mainly from temperature (mean, absolute maximum and minimum, and mean temperature in wettest and driest quarters) as well as from rainfall in warmest and coldest quarters. Sequences of 16S rDNA gene belonging to different populations of A. neumanni, showed no intraspecific genetic differentiation.     

Temperature and risk factors for ischaemic heart disease in the Caerphilly prospective study.

OBJECTIVE--To examine the associations between air temperature and risk factors for ischaemic heart disease. METHOD--Data on risk factors are available from up to 2036 men in the Caerphilly Prospective Heart Disease Study. Daily temperatures were obtained from the Meteorological Office. Relations between these were examined by regression. RESULTS--The coldest month of the year has a mean temperature that is 16 degrees C lower than that in the warmest month. A fall in temperature of this magnitude is associated with higher blood pressures (by 3-5 mm Hg) and a lower concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (by 0.08 mmol/l). The most important effects however, seem to be on the haemostatic system. Fibrinogen is 0.34 g/l higher in the coldest month than in the warmest (p < 0.001) and alpha 2 macroglobulin, a protein that inhibits fibrinolysis, is also raised. Platelet count is increased by 30% of a standard deviation and the sensitivity of platelets in whole blood to adenosine diphosphate is increased by cold. CONCLUSIONS--These effects on haemostasis, together with the effect on blood pressure, could explain a large part of the increase in ischaemic heart disease in the winter but are unlikely to explain much of the difference in mortality within different areas of England and Wales.     

Climate change and potential distribution of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Central Iran: Horizon 2030 and 2050

Objective: To investigate and predict the effects of climate change on the potential distribution of the main vector and reservoir hosts of the disease in Yazd province in the future.Methods: Distribution data for vector and reservoir hosts of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yazd province were obtained from earlier studies conducted in the area.MaxEnt ecological niche modeling was used to predict environmental suitability.BCC-CSM1-1(m) model and two climate change scenarios, RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 were used for horizons 2030 and 2050 climate projections.Future projections were based on data of a regional climate change model.Results: With both scenarios in 2030 and 2050, the results of jackknife test indicated that the mean temperature of wettest quarter and temperature annual range had the greatest effect on the model for the vector and the reservoir hosts, respectively.Conclusions: The climate conditions are the major determinants of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence rate in Yazd Province.These climate conditions provide favorable habitats for ease transmission of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in this endemic area.Habitats suitability for the vector and reservoir will be expanding in the coming years compared with the current conditions, such that, in horizon 2030 2050, the probability of the presence of the vector and reservoir within 38 580 and 37 949 km~2, respectively, from Yazd province is above 60%.Moreover, an increase is predicted in the presence of the vector in the western parts and the reservoir in the northern and central parts of the province in the future.Understanding the role of environmental and bioclimatic factors in zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis occurrence can provide a guide for policy-makers in the creation and implementation of more effective policies for prevention and control.     

Correlating genetic variation in carbon isotopic composition with complex climatic gradients.

Genetic variation in both carbon isotope discrimination and the proportions of leaf and photosynthetic twig tissues were observed in ecotypes of Hymenoclea salsola T.G., a common shrub in the deserts of the western United States, when grown under common garden conditions. These variations were correlated with climatic conditions in the habitats of origin through a model that described the leaf-to-air water vapor gradients experienced by plants during the growing season. Both carbon isotope discrimination and the proportion of leaves in the canopy were lower in plants derived from habitats with higher leaf-to-air vapor gradients, despite the fact that some of these sites received relatively high amounts of annual precipitation. These patterns were consistent with the notion that plants are able to maintain substantial control of water-use efficiency over large environmental gradients of temperature and moisture availability.