The placental vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms and preeclampsia/preeclampsia severity

Preeclampsia (PE) is a serious pregnancy-specific condition, which originates from placenta and finishes after delivery. The present study has investigated the association between placental VEGF I/D (rs35569394), ?1154G/A (rs1570360), and ?634G/C(rs2010963) polymorphisms and maternal VEGF ?2549 I/D (rs35569394) polymorphism with PE and PE severity.

In this case-control study, the maternal blood of 217 women with PE and 210 normotensive pregnant women and the placenta of 84 PE women and 103 normotensive women were collected after delivery. Genotyping was done by PCR or PCR-RFLP methods.

The maternal VEGF-2549I/D genotypes were not associated with PE or PE severity. The placental VEGF ?2549 I/D genotypes were not associated with PE too; however; the placental VEGF-2549 DD genotype was statistically different between women with severe PE and mild PE or the controls. The placental VEGF ?634GC and CC genotypes were significantly higher in PE women and associated with 2.6 and 2-fold higher risk of PE, respectively. The VEGF ?634GC and CC genotypes were associated with PE severity. No association was found between placental VEGF ?1154G/A polymorphism and PE or PE severity. The placental DGC haplotype of VEGF ?2549 I/D, ?1154G/A, and ?634G/C polymorphisms was associated with 2.9-fold higher risk of PE. However, the placental IAG haplotype was associated with 0.3-fold lower risk of PE. In conclusion, the placental VEGF ?2549 DD genotype was associated with severe PE and the placental ?634GC and CC genotypes were associated with PE and severe PE. No association was found between VEGF ?1154G/A polymorphism and PE or PE severity.     

Clinical outcome of patients with suspected pulmonary embolism. A follow-up study of 588 consecutive patients

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical outcome in patients with clinically suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). Design and setting. In a retrospective design we studied 588 consecutive patients with suspected PE and referred for lung scintigraphy from 1995 to 1998. The mean follow-up time was 653 +/- 424 days. RESULTS: The diagnosis of PE was confirmed in 194 and excluded in 394 patients, respectively. The overall prevalence of PE was 33%. Amongst clinical and paraclinical variables, age, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart rate, pleuritic pain, presence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), electrocardiographic signs of right ventricular (RV) strain were identified as independent predictors of the diagnosis of PE. Amongst patients with PE anticoagulation was given in 96% for at least 3 months and 13% received thrombolytic therapy. Recurrent PE was seen in 6% of patients with PE whereas none of the patients with no diagnosis of PE suffered PE during follow-up. The 1 year mortality was 18% amongst patients with PE and 15% in patients with excluded PE (P=NS). The cause of death amongst patients with PE was cancer (49%) and PE (28%), whereas patients without PE had an excess mortality because of cancer, COPD, acute myocardial infarction and heart failure. CONCLUSION: Patients admitted to hospital on suspicion of PE have increased risk of adverse clinical outcome whether the diagnosis of PE is confirmed or not. This indicates that the patients where the diagnosis is excluded often suffer from other serious illness that warrants further investigations.     

Which patients with venous thromboembolism are at risk for fatal pulmonary embolism?

In a registry of 15,520 patients treated for symptomatic deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism (PE), the 90-day mortality was 8.65% and death was attributed to PE in 1.68% of patients (19.4% of all deaths). Multivariate analysis defined five simple predictors of death from PE during the first 3 months after presentation. The odds ratio for fatal PE was raised to 5.4 by initially nonmassive symptomatic PE (compared with deep vein thrombosis and no symptoms of PE), to 17.5 by initially massive PE (systolic blood pressure below 90 mmHg), 4.9 by immobility as a result of neurological disease, 2.5 by age over 75 years, and 2.0 by the presence of cancer. Of all the deaths from PE, 75% occurred within 12 days of presentation and 50% occurred within 5 days. These results reinforce previous observations that also linked symptomatic PE, massive PE, old age, and cancer to a raised likelihood of death from PE despite appropriate therapy.     

Cytokine Removal by Plasma Exchange with Continuous Hemodiafiltration in Critically Ill Patients

Abstract: The effectiveness of plasma exchange (PE) with continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) in the treatment of critically ill patients was evaluated based on changes in cytokine levels. Twenty‐six patients with acute hepatic failure were treated with PE (PE group) or PE and CHDF (PE+CHDF group), and the levels of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐6, and IL‐8 were determined before and after treatment. Bilirubin levels were significantly lower after treatment in both the PE and PE+CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in TNF‐α levels before and after treatment in the PE group, but the TNF‐α level was significantly lower after treatment in the PE+CHDF group. There were no significant differences in the IL‐6 levels before and after treatment in both the PE and PE+CHDF groups. There were no significant differences in IL‐8 levels before and after treatment in the PE group, but the IL‐8 level was significantly lower after treatment in the PE+CHDF group. PE with CHDF therapy was given to 5 patients with acutely aggravated autoimmune diseases, 2 patients with hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and 3 patients with thrombotic microangiopathy. The results suggested that PE with CHDF therapy are useful in critically ill patients with suspected hypercytokinemia.     

Association of right ventricular dilatation with bilateral pulmonary embolism, pulmonary embolism in a main pulmonary artery and lobar, segmental and subsegmental pulmonary embolism in 190 patients with acute pulmonary embolism

BACKGROUND: Acute pulmonary embolism (PE) may result in right ventricular (RV) pressure overload with a dilated RV which can be diagnosed by two-dimensional echocardiography. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed in 190 unselected patients who had acute PE documented by contrast-enhanced spiral computed tomographic scanning. The 190 patients included 104 women and 86 men, mean age 58 +/- 15 years. RESULTS: RV dilatation was present in 45 of 70 patients (64%) with bilateral PE, in 19 of 120 patients (16%) without bilateral PE, in 42 of 47 patients (89%) with main pulmonary artery embolism, in 34 of 84 patients (40%) with lobar PE, in 16 of 70 patients (23%) with segmental PE and in 6 of 36 patients (17%) with subsegmental PE; p < 0.001 comparing bilateral with no bilateral PE and main pulmonary artery embolism with no main pulmonary artery embolism, with lobar, segmental and subsegmental PE; p < 0.025 comparing lobar with segmental PE, and p < 0.02 comparing lobar with subsegmental PE. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of RV dilatation is highest in patients with main pulmonary artery embolism or bilateral pulmonary artery embolism; furthermore, the prevalence of RV dilatation is higher in patients with lobar PE than in patients with segmental or subsegmental PE.     

A Unique Case of Co-Occurrence of Bilateral Pulmonary Artery Embolism and Right Atrium Thrombus

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is considered a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both inpatient and outpatient settings. PE can be presented in different clinical pictures. However, the association between PE and right atrial thrombus is not frequently reported. PE is categorized based on size, location and clinical presentation. Although management changes between different PE sub-types, optimal medical therapy is not well established for coexisting PE with right atrial thrombus. Herein, we present a unique case of a 58-year-old male with bilateral PE and atrial thrombus, with no known underlying risk factors.     

Long term prognosis of acute pulmonary embolism

BackgroundAcute pulmonary embolism (PE) can be fatal if left untreated. Long-term prognosis of acute PE in the 21st century has not been fully reported. We aimed to determine the long-term prognosis of patients hospitalized with acute PE and compare survivalof patients with idiopathic and secondary PE.Materials and methodsWe retrospectively analysed a cohort of hospitalized patients with acute PE between 2006 and 2013. Exclusion criteria:<18 years, venous embolism of non-pulmonary veins, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and presumptive diagnosis without image confirmation. Only patients with a first PE episode were included. End-point: all-cause mortality. Patients were compared according to PE aetiology: idiopathic, secondary to neoplastic conditions and secondary to non-neoplastic conditions. A Cox-regression analysis was used to study the prognostic impact of PE aetiology. RESULTS: We studied 872 hospitalized acute PE patients. Median age 70 years, 56.9% were women. PE was idiopathic in 376 (43.1%), secondary to a neoplastic condition in 284 (32.6%) and secondary to a condition other than neoplasia in 212 (24.3%). Patients were followed for a median 25 months period and 508 (58.3%) died. Patients with PE attributed to a neoplastic condition had the worst survival. Patients with idiopathic PE had a multivariate-adjusted HR of mortality of 1.46 (1.08–1.99) during the over 2-year follow-up period when compared to those with acute PE attributed to a non-neoplastic condition.ConclusionsPatients with idiopathic acute PE have an almost 50% higher death risk in a median 2-year follow-up period than those with acute PE secondary to a condition other than neoplasia.     

肺栓塞33例临床分析

目的：提高对肺栓塞（PE）的认识，提高诊断率。方法：回顾性分析本院1996年1月-2006年4月收治的33例PE患者的临床资料，其中急性21例，慢性12例。结果：PE发病率随年龄增长而增高。呼吸困难（72．2％）、胸痛（57．6％）、心悸（51．5％）、呼吸急促（51．5％）、咯血（36．4％）为主要临床表现。肺动脉瓣听诊区第二心音亢进（83％），颈静脉怒张（67％），双下肢水肿（42％）在慢性者多见。经溶栓或抗凝治疗急性者总有效率67％，多于慢性者的总有效率（58％），但无显著差异（P〉0．05）。两者的基础疾病均以下肢深静脉血栓（以下简称DVT）为主，共23例（69，7％）。慢性者死亡率（8．3％）较急性者（4．7％）高。结论：肺栓塞临床表现缺乏特异性，容易误诊，但多有栓子来源，提高认识，早期诊断可提高治愈率。     

北京协和医院肺栓塞基础病因的变迁

目的 进一步提高对肺栓塞的认识及探讨50年来北京协和医院肺栓塞基础病因的变迁。方法 对北京协和医院1950－2000年诊断的239例肺栓塞病例进行回顾性分析。结果 1950－1982年和1983-1990年两个时期内,北京协和医院每年平均诊断肺栓塞约3例,1991－1997年和1998－2000年两个时期内,每年平均诊断肺栓塞病例分别为8例和20.6例。四个不同时期内肺栓塞主要基础病因（深静脉血栓形态、心脏病、恶性肿瘤、结缔组织疾病）在同期肺栓塞病例中的发生率现在已有明显变化。深静脉血栓形成合并肺血栓栓塞症的发病较前有所增加。结论 当前肺栓塞的发病有增加趋势,深静脉血栓形成已成为肺栓塞的最主要的基础病因。     

Association of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE PGRS33 polymorphism with clinical and epidemiological characteristics

There is evidence that some members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis PE PGRS gene subfamily, including PE PGRS33, may have a specific function in M. tuberculosis persistence. The impact of naturally-occurring PE PGRS33 genetic variations on the virulence and transmissibility of clinical M. tuberculosis isolates is not known. We used PCR and DNA sequencing to identify genetic variations in the PE PGRS33 gene in comparison with the sequenced laboratory strain, H37Rv, among 649 isolates from a population-based sample. The PE PGRS33 alleles were placed into two groups, based on the effect of the sequence variations on the PE PGRS33 protein, and their associations with clinical and epidemiological characteristics were assessed using multivariate logistic regression to control for potential confounding of host-related factors. Of the 639 isolates for which sequence data were obtained, 139 (21.8%) had PE PGRS33 alleles that would result in a significant change to the PE PGRS33 protein due to large insertions/deletions or frameshift mutations. These isolates were significantly associated with clustering based on genotype and absence of cavitations in the lungs, compared to isolates having PE PGRS33 alleles that would result in no or minimal change to the PE PGRS33 protein. The association of significant changes to PE PGRS33 with clinical and epidemiological characteristics suggests that PE PGRS33 may have an important role in M. tuberculosis persistence.     

The thrombophilic pattern of different clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism: a survey of 443 cases of venous thromboembolism

Although pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) share many risk factors, it is uncertain whether thrombophilic abnormalities may impact differently on the development of these two clinical manifestations of venous thromboembolism (VTE). To give further insight into this issue, we estimated the association of PE with different types of thrombophilia and evaluated whether these abnormalities have a different prevalence in patients presenting with PE, alone or associated with DVT, as compared with those with isolated DVT. In this study 443 consecutive patients with a first episode of VTE and 304 matched healthy controls underwent laboratory screening for thrombophilia, including natural anticoagulants, factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A polymorphisms, antiphospholipid antibodies, homocysteine, factor VIII, and lipoprotein(a). Of the 443 patients, 224 patients had isolated DVT, 144 had combined DVT/PE, and 75 had isolated PE. At least one thrombophilic abnormality was detected in 72.8% of DVT, 66% of DVT/EP, and 60% of isolated PE patients. A high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated lipoprotein(a) levels was found in all patients with no significant differences among the three groups. The prevalence of prothrombin G20210A polymorphism and of elevated factor VIII levels was significantly higher in patients with DVT and DVT/PE than in controls, but not in those with isolated PE, whereas factor V Leiden polymorphism was associated with isolated DVT but not with DVT/PE or isolated PE. In conclusion, the thrombophilic burden seems different in isolated PE versus DVT with or without PE, suggesting that PE may encompass a different pathophysiological process of thrombosis to DVT.     

Rates of initial and recurrent thromboembolic disease among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy. Risk analysis using Medicare claims data.

Although the association between malignancy and thromboembolic disease is well established, the relative risk of developing initial and recurrent deep vein thrombosis (DVT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) among patients with malignancy versus those without malignancy has not been clearly defined. The Medicare Provider Analysis and Review Record (MEDPAR) database was used for this analysis. Patients hospitalized during 1988-1990 with DVT/PE alone, DVT/PE and malignancy, malignancy alone, or 1 of several nonmalignant diseases (other than DVT/PE) were studied. The association of malignancy and nonmalignant disease with an initial episode of DVT/PE, recurrent DVT/PE, and mortality were analyzed. The percentage of patients with DVT/PE at the initial hospitalization was higher for those with malignancy compared with those with nonmalignant disease (0.6% versus 0.57%, p = 0.001). The probability of readmission within 183 days of initial hospitalization with recurrent thromboembolic disease was 0.22 for patients with prior DVT/PE and malignancy compared with 0.065 for patients with prior DVT/PE and no malignancy (p = 0.001). Among those patients with DVT/PE and malignant disease, the probability of death within 183 days of initial hospitalization was 0.94 versus 0.29 among those with DVT/PE and no malignancy (p = 0.001). The relative risk of DVT/PE among patients with specific types of malignancy is described. This study demonstrates that patients with concurrent DVT/PE and malignancy have a more than threefold higher risk of recurrent thromboembolic disease and death (from and cause) than patients with DVT/PE without malignancy. An alternative management strategy may be indicated for such patients.     

Clinical impact of push enteroscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Despite the frequent use of push enteroscopy (PE), little is known of its clinical impact. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PE on diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with gastrointestinal bleeding of unknown origin. METHODS: Seventy-five consecutive patients (mean age, 56 y) referred for PE were included in this 1-year prospective study. Indications for PE were overt bleeding in 46 patients (61%) and iron-deficiency anemia in 29 patients (39%). Before the procedure, the prescribing physicians were asked to fill out a questionnaire listing the theoretical patient management plan (diagnostic procedures and/or treatment) as if PE were not available. One month after PE, the same physicians were asked about: (1) diagnostic procedures performed after PE, (2) the final diagnosis, and (3) their opinion of the usefulness of PE in clinical management. The clinical impact of PE on diagnostic and/or therapeutic management was assessed by 3 study physicians. RESULTS: Responses to the 2 questionnaires were obtained for all patients. The diagnostic yield of PE was 32% (24 of 75). The clinical impact of PE (changes in diagnostic and/or therapeutic management) was 55% (n = 41). PE was perceived as helpful by the prescribing physicians in 55% of cases. PE tended to influence patient management more in cases of overt bleeding than in cases of occult bleeding (63% vs. 41%; P = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: PE influenced the clinical management of more than half the patients with GI bleeding of unknown origin, and was particularly useful in patients with overt bleeding.     

Myxococcus xanthus fibril appendages are essential for excitation by a phospholipid attractant

Isolated (A-motile) Myxococcus xanthus cells glide over solid surfaces and display excitation, a suppression of direction reversals, when presented with phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) purified from its own membranes or synthetic dilauroyl PE and dioleoyl PE. Although the mechanism of PE signal transduction is unknown, we hypothesized that M. xanthus might use surface-associated factors to detect exogenous PE to prevent endogenous lipids from self-stimulating the sensory system. Peritrichous protein and polysaccharide appendages called fibrils were correlated with dilauroyl PE excitation. Wild-type cells treated with Congo red, an inhibitor of fibril assembly, and mutants defective in fibril biosynthesis showed an elevated reversal period, which suggested that fibrils regulate the gliding motor. Furthermore, the loss of fibrils resulted in loss of excitation to dilauroyl PE but not dioleoyl PE. Restoration of fibril production to these mutants restored the dilauroyl PE response. In addition, the dif cytoplasmic signal transduction system and starvation conditions were required for dilauroyl PE excitation. The chemically specific nature of the response and the dependence on the dif system suggests that fibrils define a novel sensory organelle whose evolution may have been necessary to prevent autostimulation by endogenous membrane lipids. Because the hydrophobic nature of dilauroyl PE would be inaccessible to periplasmic chemosensors, we suggest that fibrils act as extracellular signal transducers to probe surfaces for insoluble chemical signals.     

Value of phlebography for diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary embolism

The frequency of recurrencies and of post-phlebitic syndrome after PE lead the Authors to perform phlebography of the legs before and after treatment of PE. A venous thrombosis was found in 124 cases out of 144 recent PE proven by angiopneumography. The thrombosis affected the ilio-caval veins 43 times, in 27/103 severe PE cases (24%), in 16/33 moderate PE cases (40%). Patients were treated: by H. in 67 cases; 33 (group I) with moderate PE, (4 (group II) with severe PE; by Streptokinase (SK) 24 times: 5 cases with moderate PE, 19 (group III) with severe PE; but U.K., high dose (UKf) 19 times; by U.K., moderate dose (UKm) 40 times, 3 cases with moderate PE, 37 cases (group V) with severe PE. After treatment, the mean volume of the venous clot, measured by the Marder's index, decreased in all groups. However, S.K. lysed 7 out of 17 proximal thrombosis, whereas the other treatments were unefficient. Failures were less frequent with S.K. (3/16) than with U.K. f (11/15), U.K.m (12/28) and H. (29/65). Recurrency was noticed 8 times: in 7 cases, it was seen in patients affected with proximal V.T. and not treated by I.V.C. interruption. Such facts warrant the systematic search for V.T. when PE is suspected. They justify the use of thrombolytic drugs not only for severe PE, but also for moderate PE which are associated to a proximal V.T.     

Cardiac inflammation contributes to right ventricular dysfunction following experimental pulmonary embolism in rats

Acute right ventricular (RV) failure following pulmonary embolism (PE) is a strong predictor of poor clinical outcome. Present studies test for an association between RV failure from experimental PE, inflammation, and upregulated chemokine expression. Additional experiments test if neutrophil influx contributes to RV dysfunction. PE was induced in male rats by infusing 24 microm microspheres (right jugular vein) producing mild hypertension (1.3 million beads/100 g, PE1.3), or moderately severe hypertension (2.0 million beads/100 g, PE2.0). Additional rats served as vehicle sham (0.01% Tween 20, Veh). In vivo RV peak systolic pressures (RVPSP) increased significantly, and then declined following PE2.0 (51 +/- 1 mm Hg 2 h; 49 +/- 1, 6 h; 44 +/- 1, 18 h). RV generated pressure of isolated, perfused hearts was significantly reduced in PE2.0 compared with PE1.3 or Veh. MCP-1 protein (ELISA) was elevated 21-fold and myeloperoxidase activity 95-fold in RV of PE2.0 compared with Veh or PE1.3. CINC-1, CINC-2, MIP-2, MCP-1, and MIP-1alpha mRNA also increased in RV of PE2.0. Histological analysis revealed massive accumulation of neutrophils (selective esterase stain) and monocyte/macrophages (CD68, ED-1) in RV of PE2.0 hearts in regions of myocyte damage. Electron microscopy showed myocyte necrosis and phagocytosis by inflammatory cells. LV function was normal and did not show increased inflammation after PE2.0. Treatment with anti-PMN antibody reduced RV MPO activity and prevented RV dysfunction. Conclusions-PE with moderately severe pulmonary hypertension (PE2.0) resulted in selective RV dysfunction, which was associated with increased chemokine expression, and infiltration of both neutrophils and monocyte/macrophages, indicating that a robust immune response occurred with RV damage following experimental PE. Experimental agranulocytosis reduced RV, suggesting that neutrophil influx contributed to RV damage.     

Value of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: results of a prospective study in unselected patients

PURPOSE: Echocardiography is advocated by some as a useful diagnostic test for patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE), but its diagnostic accuracy is unknown. The present study was undertaken to determine prospectively the sensitivity and specificity of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of PE.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: We examined 110 consecutive patients with suspected PE. The study protocol included assessment of clinical probability, echocardiography, and perfusion lung scanning. Pulmonary angiography was performed in all patients with abnormal scans. As echocardiographic criteria to diagnose acute PE, we used the presence of any two of the following: right ventricular (RV) hypokinesis, RV end-diastolic diameter >27 mm (without RV wall hypertrophy), or tricuspid regurgitation velocity >2.7 m/sec. Clinical estimates of PE served as pretest probabilities in calculating, after echocardiography, the posttest probabilities of PE.RESULTS: Pulmonary angiography confirmed PE in 43 (39%) of 110 patients. Echocardiographic diagnostic criteria for PE yielded a sensitivity of 56% and a specificity of 90%. For pretest probabilities of 10%, 50%, and 90%, the posttest probabilities of PE conditioned by a positive echocardiogram were 38%, 85%, and 98%, respectively. The posttest probabilities of PE conditioned by a negative echocardiogram were 5%, 33%, and 81%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS: In unselected patients with suspected PE, transthoracic echocardiography fails to identify some 50% of patients with angiographically proven PE. Although echocardiographic findings of RV strain, paired with a high clinical likelihood, support a diagnosis of PE, the transthoracic echocardiography has to have a better sensitivity to be used as a screening test to rule out PE.     

结核分枝杆菌PE35在大肠杆菌中的可溶性表达及产物纯化

目的利用大肠杆菌表达系统大量获得重组的结核分枝杆菌PE35蛋白,并初步评估其在结核病血清学诊断方面的价值。方法用聚合酶链反应（PCR）方法从结核分枝杆菌H37Rv全基因组中获得PE35基因克隆到pET24b中,转化BL21（DE3）构建大肠杆菌表达株;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳（SDS-PAGE）鉴定重组蛋白及其表达方式;使用Ni-sepharose纯化蛋白;Western-blot检测结核病人血清的抗结核抗体。结果酶切鉴定和DNA序列分析显示构建了正确的pET-PE35原核表达载体,并能在大肠杆菌BL21（DE3）中可溶性地表达分子量大小相符的重组蛋白。纯化后的蛋白纯度达到90%以上,能与结核病人血清抗体结合。结论成功地构建了pET-PE35原核表达载体,并获得较纯的重组PE35蛋白,此蛋白能检测结核病人血清抗体。为探讨PE35蛋白在结核病的基础研究与诊断运用奠定了基础。     

Cancer and pulmonary embolism: thrombotic embolism, tumor embolism, and tumor invasion into a large vein.

BACKGROUND: The specific incidence of thrombotic pulmonary embolism (PE), tumor PE and tumor invasion into large veins according to tumor type and tumor site remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 65,181 cancer patients were identified from 98,736 postmortem examinations. Thrombotic PE occurred in 2.32% of all cancer patients and comprised 88.6% of the total number of all PE events. The incidence of thrombotic PE was high in those with adenocarcinoma, leukemia and large cell carcinoma, and was low in those with hepatic cell carcinoma. The incidence of PE was high when tumor was present in hematogenous tissue, lungs, ovaries, pancreas and the biliary system, and was low when tumor was present in the liver. The incidence of tumor PE was high with large cell carcinoma, hepatic cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, and was also high when tumor was present in the lungs, ovaries, kidneys and liver. There was a significant correlation between the incidence of tumor PE and the incidence of tumor invasion into large veins. CONCLUSION: The incidence of thrombotic PE, tumor PE and tumor invasion into large veins varies significantly according to tumor histopathology and tumor site.     

分子吸附再循环系统及血浆置换在重型肝炎治疗中的疗效比较

目的　比较分子吸附再循环系统 (molecularadsorbentrecirculatingsystem ,MARS)及血浆置换 (plasmaexchange ,PE)治疗重型肝炎患者的临床疗效。方法　 3 80例急性、亚急性及慢性重型肝炎患者中 ,MARS组 60例、PE组 3 0 0例及MARS +PE组 2 0例。比较三组的治愈好转率、肝性脑病的改善、血清胆红素 (SBIL)及凝血酶原活动度 (PTA)的变化。结果　 3 80例患者总的治愈好转率为 48 9% ( 186/3 80 ) ,其中MARS组 5 8% ( 3 5 /60 ) ,PE组 46% ( 13 8/3 0 0 ) ,MARS +PE组 64 %( 13 /2 0 ) ;67例并发肝性脑病者中 ,18例应用MARS治疗后 5例神志转清、7例神志改善、6例无效 ,有效率 67% ;49例应用PE治疗后 11例神志转清、16例神志改善、2 2例无效 ,有效率 5 5 % ,两组差异有显著性 (P <0 0 5 ) ;与治疗前比较 ,治疗结束及 2天后SBIL较治疗前下降 :MARS组为 2 9%及 2 1%、PE组为 3 7%及 19% ;治疗结束时PTA∶MARS组无明显变化 ,PE组则平均提高 2 0 % ,但 2天后复查又接近治疗前水平。结论　MARS及PE对重型肝炎患者均有较好的临床疗效 ,MARS治疗后病情的稳定性要优于PE ,两者结合应用疗效更优