糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清CMKLR1水平及临床意义

目的：探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血清CMKLR1水平及临床意义。

方法：选取2015-02/2018-03在我院治疗的2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者140例,其中单纯T2DM患者45例,DR患者95例(NPDR患者54例,PDR患者41例),并纳入健康志愿者40例。收集临床资料并检测血清CMKLR1水平。

结果：PDR患者糖尿病病程长于NPDR和NDR患者,且NPDR患者长于NDR患者(均P<0.05)。T2DM患者FPG和血清TG水平升高,HDL-C水平降低,且DR患者LDL-C水平高于NDR患者和健康志愿者(均P<0.05)。PDR患者血清CMKLR1水平高于NPDR、T2DM患者和健康志愿者,且NPDR患者高于NDR患者和健康志愿者,NDR患者高于健康志愿者(均P<0.05)。DR患者血清CMKLR1水平与糖尿病病程、HbA1c和LDL-C呈正相关(r=0.374、0.248、0.304,均P<0.05),其中糖尿病病程和血清CMKLR1水平是DR发生的危险因素(OR=1.594、1.830,均P<0.05)。

结论：DR患者血清中CMKLR1水平升高,且与病情进展有关,是影响DR发生发展的重要危险因素。     

中老年DR严重程度与血清HbA1c、TNF-α水平的相关性分析

目的：探讨中老年糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy,DR)患者DR严重程度与血清HbA1c、TNF-α水平的相关性。

方法：选取200例糖尿病患者,其中单纯糖尿病患者(DM组)60例,糖尿病伴非增殖期视网膜病变组(NPDR组)80例和糖尿病伴增殖期视网膜病变组(PDR组)60例,并选取80例健康者作为正常对照组(NC组)。观察患者的体检指标,并检测患者的空腹血糖(fasting plasma glucose,FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、血脂、血清糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor,TNF-α)及泪液TNF-α。

结果：(1)四组受试者的体质量指数(body mass index,BMI)、FPG、2hPG、总胆固醇(total cholesterol ,TC)、甘油三酯(trilycerides,TG)、高密度脂蛋白(high density lipoprotein,HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白(low-density lipoprotein,LDL-C)等指标比较,差异均具有统计学意义(F=37.211、395.421、42.515、7.385、121.764、121.568、34.567,均P<0.05)。DM、NPDR、PDR三组患者的BMI、FPG、2hPG、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C等指标水平均高于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); NPDR组患者的BMI、FPG、2hPG、TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C等指标水平均高于PDR组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(2)四组受试者血清TNF-α、泪液TNF-α及血清HbA1c水平比较,差异均具有统计学意义(F=337.256、215.471、40.522,均P<0.05); DM、NPDR、PDR三组患者的血清TNF-α、泪液TNF-α和血清HbA1c水平均高于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); NPDR、PDR两组患者的血清TNF-α、泪液TNF-α和血清HbA1c水平均高于DM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); PDR组患者的血清TNF-α、泪液TNF-α及血清HbA1c水平均高于NPDR组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。(3)泪液TNF - α与血清TNF - α呈正相关(r=0.289,P<0.01); 泪液TNF-α与血清 HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.375,P<0.01)。

结论：中老年DR患者泪液TNF-α水平高于正常人,且随着视网膜病变的加重,泪液TNF-α水平升高。泪液TNF-α与血清TNF-α、HbA1c呈正相关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变严重程度与角膜上皮基底神经丛变化间的相关性

目的：探讨糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)严重程度与角膜上皮基底神经丛(SNP)变化间的相关性。

方法：研究纳入我院2018-01/2021-05收治2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者132例132眼和年龄相关性白内障患者80例80眼,其中T2DM患者中包括非DR(NDR)患者52例52眼,非增生性DR(NPDR)患者40例40眼及增生性DR(PDR)患者40例40眼,分析一般资料和角膜激光扫描共焦显微镜检查资料,采用Spearman秩相关分析评价DR临床分期与神经纤维长度间相关性。

结果：四组性别和年龄比较均无差异(P>0.05); PDR组糖尿病病程显著长于NPDR组、NDR组(P<0.05); NPDR组糖尿病病程显著长于NDR组(P<0.05); 年龄相关性白内障组空腹血糖和糖化血红蛋白水平均显著低于其他三组(P<0.05); PDR组最佳矫正视力显著低于NPDR组、NDR组(均P<0.05); NPDR组最佳矫正视力显著低于NDR组(P<0.05); 年龄相关性白内障组神经纤维长度值均显著大于NDR组、NPDR组及PDR组(P<0.05); PDR组神经纤维长度值显著小于NPDR组(P<0.05); Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,DR分期与神经纤维长度间呈负相关(r_s=-0.347,P<0.001)。

结论：DR病情严重程度与角膜上皮基底神经丛变化间具有相关性,PDR患者神经纤维长度较NPDR显著缩短; PDR和NPDR均存在神经结构缺失,T2DM眼底病变治疗时注意对眼表病变情况评估及处理。     

血清PDGF-BB作为糖尿病视网膜病变生物标志物的研究

目的：研究血清中血小板源性生长因子-BB(PDGF-BB)的水平与2型糖尿病患者DR的相关性。

方法：以健康体检者为对照组(75例),糖尿病病例组分为NDR 25例、NPDR 25例和PDR 25例。用ELISA测定各组样本血清中PDGF-BB水平,并分析血清PDGF-BB与糖尿病病程、HbA1c等各项生化指标的关系,分析PDGF-BB与黄斑厚度的关系。

结果：对照组、NDR组、NPDR组、PDR组血清PDGF-BB水平各组间均有差异(F=14.259,P<0.01)。NPDR组、PDR组血清PDGF-BB水平(535.67±69.21、551.60±103.46pg/mL)均高于对照组、NDR组(400.28±44.55、409.65±50.37pg/mL)。多元回归分析血清PDGF-BB水平与空腹血糖(FPG)、甘油三酯(TG)、糖尿病病程有相关性(均P<0.05)。PDR组血清PDGF-BB水平与黄斑厚度存在相关性(r=0.613,P<0.05),对照组、NDR组、NPDR组血清PDGF-BB水平与黄斑厚度无相关性(r=0.013、0.051、0.062,均P>0.05)。

结论：血清PDGF-BB水平随着DR病变程度加重而升高,与黄斑水肿存在相关性,并与FPG、TG、糖尿病病程有相关性,可以考虑作为DR的生物学标志物。     

血清lncRNA DLX6-AS1和miR-335-3p与糖尿病视网膜病变患者微血管损伤的关系

目的：探讨血清长链非编码RNA(lncRNA)无远端同源框6反义1(DLX6-AS1)、微小RNA-335-3p(miR-335-3p)与糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者微血管损伤的关系。

方法：前瞻性研究。选取2019-02/2021-12我院2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者160例，根据DR分期标准，分为无DR(NDR)组69例、非增殖型DR(NPDR)组48例、增殖型DR(PDR)组43例。比较三组患者血清lncRNA DLX6-AS1、miR-335-3p、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)以及内皮细胞(ECs)、内皮祖细胞(EPCs)水平。Pearson法进行各指标相关性分析。Logistic回归模型分析影响T2DM患者发生DR的因素。

结果：NDR组、NPDR组、PDR组患者血清miR-335-3p表达水平及EPCs比例逐次减少，lncRNA DLX6-AS1、VEGF表达水平及ECs比例逐次增加(均P<0.05)。DR患者血清lncRNA DLX6-AS1与miR-335-3p负相关(r=-0.668，P<0.01)。NPDR组、PDR组血清lncRNA DLX6-AS1与miR-335-3p表达水平均呈负相关性(r=-0.647、-0.675，均P<0.01)，lncRNA DLX6-AS1与VEGF均呈正相关(r=0.619、0.630，均P<0.01)，VEGF与miR-335-3p均呈负相关(r=-0.625、-0.649，均P<0.01)； PDR组lncRNA DLX6-AS1与ECs呈正相关，与EPCs呈负相关(r=0.528、-0.594，均P<0.01)，miR-335-3p与ECs呈负相关，与EPCs均呈正相关(r=-0.554、0.586，均P<0.01)。多因素回归分析显示，lncRNA DLX6-AS1(OR=2.484，95%CI：1.366～4.516)、miR-335-3p(OR=2.171，95%CI：1.218～3.871、VEGF(OR=1.603，95%CI：1.115～2.304)是T2DM患者发生DR的危险因素(均P<0.05)。

结论：DR患者血清中lncRNA DLX6-AS1表达上调，miR-335-3p表达下调，lncRNA DLX6-AS1与miR-335-3p呈负相关，二者异常表达均与DR患者微血管损伤有关。     

血清TLR4和VEGFA表达对糖尿病视网膜病变的临床诊断及预后价值评估

目的：探讨Toll样受体4(TLR4)、血管内皮生长因子A(VEGFA)在糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血清中的表达情况及临床意义。

方法：选取2021-01/2022-01本院收治的183例2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者为研究对象，分为非糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组(54例)，增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(68例)和非增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(61例)。同期按照年龄、性别分层随机选择70例于本院进行健康体检志愿者作为对照组。出院后随访1a，根据DR患者是否发生视力残疾，分为预后不良组(40例)与预后良好组(89例)。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测血清中TLR4、VEGFA水平； 通过Logistic回归分析DR发生的影响因素； 利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析血清TLR4、VEGFA水平诊断DR及预测预后的临床价值。

结果：对照组、NDR组、PDR组和NPDR组间TLR4、VEGFA水平比较均具有差异(F=935.753、516.936，均P<0.05)，各组两两比较均具有差异(P<0.05)。预后不良组患者血清中TLR4、VEGFA表达水平均高于预后良好组(P<0.01)。Logistic回归分析结果显示，TLR4、VEGFA、病程、HbA1c均是DR发生的危险因素(P<0.05)； ROC结果显示，血清TLR4、VEGFA水平及二者联合预测DR的AUC分别为0.869、0.862、0.931，血清TLR4、VEGFA水平及二者联合预测DR患者视力残疾的AUC分别为0.864、0.863、0.938。

结论：DR患者血清中TLR4、VEGFA表达均上调，二者联合检测可作为评估DR发生及预后不良的潜在指标。     

2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清氧化水平与炎症因子的关系及其临床意义

目的：探讨2型糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清氧化水平与炎症因子的关系及其临床意义。

方法：临床选取54例糖尿病合并视网膜病变患者,其中包括31例糖尿病非增殖期视网膜病变患者(NPDR组)和23例糖尿病增殖期视网膜病变患者(PDR组),另取30例确诊为糖尿病但尚无糖尿病视网膜疾病的患者(DM组)和30例体检正常人群(NC组)作为对照,检测患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、血清丙二醛(MDA)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素-6(IL-6)和C反应蛋白(CRP)的表达量,方差分析比较组间差异,SNK-q对组间进行两两比较,Pearson相关分析对氧化标志物水平(MDA和HO-1)与炎症因子水平(TNF-α、IL-6和CRP)进行相关性分析,COX多因素分析探讨糖尿病视网膜病变的危险因素和保护因素。

结果：DM组、PDR组和NPDR组的FPG、2hPG、HbA1c、MDA、TNF-α、IL-6和CRP均显著高于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); HO-1显著低于NC组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。PDR组和NPDR组MDA、TNF-α、IL-6和CRP显著高于DM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); HO-1显著低于DM组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); PDR组MDA和TNF-α显著高于NPDR组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); HO-1显著低于NPDR组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05); MDA水平与TNF-α及CRP水平存在显著正相关性(P<0.05); HO-1水平与TNF-α、IL-6及CRP水平存在显著负相关性(P<0.05); COX多因素分析MDA、TNF-α均为视网膜病变的危险因素,HO-1为视网膜病变的保护因素。

结论：氧化应激与糖尿病患者血清中相关炎症因子的表达密切相关,是DR重要的危险因素,MDA、TNF-α和HO-1可作为DR诊断标志物。     

LncRNA HIF1A-AS1在增生性糖尿病视网膜病变中的表达及诊断价值

目的：探讨长链非编码RNA(LncRNA)缺氧诱导因子-1α-反义链1(HIF1A-AS1)在增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)患者血清中的表达情况及诊断价值。

方法：选取2019-07/2021-07本院收治的糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者160例,根据病变程度分为PDR组(80例)和非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(80例),同时选取本院100例健康体检者为对照组。检测并比较所有研究对象血清中甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平; 采用实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)法检测血清中LncRNA HIF1A-AS1表达水平; 通过Logistic回归分析影响PDR发生的危险因素; 利用受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)分析LncRNA HIF1A-AS1水平诊断PDR的临床价值。

结果：PDR组患者血清中LncRNA HIF1A-AS1表达水平明显高于NPDR组和对照组,NPDR组高于对照组(P<0.05); PDR组、NPDR组患者糖尿病病程、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、FBG水平显著高于对照组,PDR组HDL-C水平显著低于对照组(P<0.05); LncRNA HIF1A-AS1水平与糖尿病病程、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C、FBG呈正相关(P<0.05),与HDL-C呈负相关(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,LncRNA HIF1A-AS1、病程、FBG、HbA1c、TC、TG、LDL-C均是PDR发生的危险因素(P<0.05)。ROC结果显示,LncRNA HIF1A-AS1水平预测PDR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)为0.766(95%CI：0.692～0.829),对应的敏感度为66.25%,特异度为78.75%。

结论：PDR患者血清中LncRNA HIF1A-AS1水平上调,是PDR发生的危险因素,且可作为预测PDR发生的潜在血清学指标。     

1型糖尿病患者视网膜病变的危险因素分析

目的：探讨1型糖尿病(T1DM)患者视网膜病变(DR)的危险因素。

方法：回顾性研究。选取2010-01/2020-10在南方医科大学附属南海医院就诊的204例T1DM患者,根据眼底表现将患者分为DR组(71例)和无DR组(133例),其中DR组包括非增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组(48例)和增殖期糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组(23例)。采集其临床资料并检测相关生化指标。通过单因素分析DR/PDR的相关因素,采用多因素Logistic回归分析DR/PDR的危险因素并绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)。

结果：T1DM患者的发病年龄、病程、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c),合并高血压、高脂血症、糖尿病肾病(DN)、糖尿病周围神经病变(DPN)与DR有关(P<0.05)。病程、体质量指数(BMI)、收缩压(SBP),合并高脂血症、DN、DPN与PDR有关。Logistic回归分析结果显示病程(OR=1.130,P<0.001)和HbA1c(OR=2.734,P<0.001)是发生DR的危险因素; 病程(OR=1.144,P=0.005)和合并DN(OR=6.500,P=0.001)是发生PDR的危险因素。ROC曲线分析结果显示,病程和HbA1c预测DR发生的曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.720、0.727,截断值分别为15.1a,8.2%,敏感性分别为50.7%、76.1%,特异性分别为86.5%、59.4%。病程预测PDR发生的AUC为0.713,截断值为18.5a,敏感性为73.9%,特异性为60.4%。

结论：T1DM患者视网膜病变与糖尿病发病年龄较晚有关。糖尿病病程和高血糖是DR的主要影响因素。HbA1c与DR的发生相关,DN与PDR的发生相关。     

糖尿病视网膜病变患者血清Lp-PLA2水平的影响因素分析

目的：探讨影响糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者血清脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)水平的相关因素。

方法：选取2015-09/2017-09我院内分泌科收治的2型糖尿病患者174例为研究对象,根据眼底检查结果分为无糖尿病视网膜病变(NDR)组、非增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(NPDR)组及增生性糖尿病视网膜病变(PDR)组3组,收集并比较三组患者的年龄、性别、体质量指数(BMI)、血压、血糖、血脂、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、C反应蛋白(CRP)及Lp-PLA2水平等临床资料。

结果：三组患者的糖尿病病程、空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后2h血糖(2hPG)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、VEGF、CRP、Lp-PLA2比较 ,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05); NPDR组患者血清TG、TC、HDL-C及CRP水平与NDR组患者比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),而PDR组患者各项生化指标与NDR组患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05); PDR组患者VEGF、CRP、Lp-PLA2均较NPDR组患者显著升高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关分析发现,血清Lp-PLA2与患者年龄、糖尿病病程、2hPG、TG、VEGF、CRP呈正相关; 回归分析发现,血清Lp-PLA2与糖尿病病程、血清VEGF水平呈显著正相关。

结论：DR患者血清Lp-PLA2水平显著升高,其水平与糖尿病病程、血清VEGF水平呈正相关,可作为DR诊断的参考指标。     

Comparative antiproliferative and cytotoxic profile of bevacizumab (Avastin), pegaptanib (Macugen) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) on different ocular cells

Aim To compare the antiproliferative and cytotoxic properties of bevacizumab (Avastin), pegaptanib (Macugen) and ranibizumab (Lucentis) on human retinal pigment epithelium (ARPE19) cells, rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC5) and pig choroidal endothelial cells (CEC). Methods Monolayer cultures of ARPE19, RGC5 and CEC were used. Bevacizumab (0.1–0.3 mg/ml), pegaptanib (0.025–0.08 mg/ml) or ranibizumab (0.04–0.125 mg/ml) diluted in culture medium were added to the cells. Expression of VEGF-receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2) and von Willebrand factor (a marker for endothelial cells) were analysed by immunohistochemistry. CEC cells were stimulated with VEGF. Cellular proliferative activity was monitored by BrdU-incorporation into cellular DNA. For cytotoxicity assays cells were grown to confluence and then cultured in a serum-depleted medium to ensure a static milieu. MTT-test was performed after one day. Results CEC and ARPE19 cells stained positively for VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. More than 95% of the CEC cells were positive for von Willebrand factor. Ranibizumab reduced CEC cell proliferation by 44.1%, bevacizumab by 38.2% and pegaptanib by 35.1% when the drugs were used at their established clinical doses. The differences, however, between the three drugs in respect to cell growth inhibition were not statistically significant. Only a mild antiproliferative effect of bevacizumab or pegaptanib on ARPE19 cells could be observed. Ranibizumab did not alter ARPE19 cell proliferation. No cytotoxicity on RGC5, CEC and ARPE19 cells could be seen. Conclusions Bevacizumab, pegaptanib and ranibizumab significantly suppress choroidal endothelial cell proliferation. However, when used at the currently established doses none of the drugs was superior over the others in respect to endothelial cell growth inhibition. The biocompatibility of all three drugs — including the off-label bevacizumab — seems to be excellent when used at the currently recommended intravitreal dose. This work is presented on behalf of the Tuebingen Bevacizumab Study Group.     

近视及散光眼LASIK后非接触眼压计测量值的影响因素及其预测

目的 比较近视和(或)散光患者在LASIK手术前后非接触眼压计测量结果的差异及其影响因素,并得到预计眼压的计算公式.方法 对2005年12月至2006年11月在北京协和医院准分子激光手术中心行初次准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)矫正近视和(或)散光的患者进行回顾性研究,共93例(183只眼),采用非接触眼压计(NCT)测量术前和术后2周、1个月、3个月的眼压值,计算眼压变化值并分析其与各种变量之间的相关性,应用多元线性回归从相关变量得到术后预计的测量眼压值及眼压变化值.结果 患者术后3个月眼压较术前平均下降(5.74±2.03)mmHg,其变化与性别、年龄均不相关,但与术前屈光度有明显的关系.多元线性回归分析得到术后实际测量的眼压与术前眼压呈正性相关,而与手术切削量呈负相关(R2=0.442,P<0.001),术后预计测量眼压=5.175+0.411×术前眼压-0.0205×切削量,手术后眼压测量下降值0.589×术前眼压+0.0205×切削量-5.175.结论 通过术后实际测量眼压值与预测值比较,可以及时发现高眼压的患者,避免低估眼压以致漏诊青光眼而造成患者视功能损失.虽然可以通过预测公式来判断实际测量眼压值是否在正常范围.但更有效的方法是使用不受角膜变化影响的眼压计测定眼压.     

Distribution,markers, and functions of retinal microglia

Retinal microglia originate from hemopoietic cells and invade the retina from the retinal margin and the optic disc, most likely via the blood vessels of the ciliary body and iris, and the retinal vasculature, respectively. The microglial precursors that appear in the retina prior to vascularization are major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I- and II-positive and express the CD 45 marker, but lack specific macrophage markers. They differentiate into ramified parenchymal microglia in the adult retina. A second category of microglial precursors, which do express specific macrophage markers, migrate into the retina along with vascular precursors. They appear around blood vessels in the adult retina and are similar to macrophages or cells of the mononuclear phagocyte series (MPS). Microglia are distributed in the outer plexiform layer (OPL), outer nuclear layer (ONL), inner plexiform layer (IPL), ganglion cell layer (GCL), and nerve fiber layer (NFL) of the primate retina. The pattern of microglial distribution in the avascular retina of the quail indicates that blood vessels are not responsible for the final location of microglia in the retina. In the human retina, microglia express MHC class I, MHC class II, CD 45 , CD68, and S22 markers. In the rat and mouse retina, OX 41 , OX 42 , OX 3 , OX6, OX18, ED1, Mac-1, F 4 /80, 5 D 4 anti-keratan sulfate, and lectins are used to recognize microglia. Microglial cells play an important role in host defense against invading microorganisms, immunoregulation, and tissue repair. During neurodegeneration, activated microglial cells participate in the phagocytosis of debris and facilitate regenerative processes. In autoimmune disease, microglia have dual functions: initiating uveoretinitis, but also limiting subsequent inflammation. Retinal microglia may be associated with vitreoretinopathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, and age-related macular degeneration. The goal of this article was to review the present knowledge about retinal microglia and the function of retinal microglia in pathological conditions.     

Assessment of Detailed Photoreceptor Structure and Retinal Sensitivity in Diabetic Macular Ischemia Using Adaptive Optics-OCT and Microperimetry

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to assess density and morphology of cone photoreceptors (PRs) and corresponding retinal sensitivity in ischemic compared to nonischemic retinal capillary areas of diabetic eyes using adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) and microperimetry (MP).MethodsIn this cross-sectional, observational study five eyes of four patients (2 eyes with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DR) and 3 eyes moderate nonproliferative DR) were included. PR morphology and density was manually assessed in AO-OCT en face images both at the axial position of the inner-segment outer segment (IS/OS) and cone outer segment tips (COSTs). Retinal sensitivity was determined by fundus-controlled microperimetry in corresponding areas (MP-3, Nidek).ResultsIn AO-OCT, areas affected by capillary nonperfusion showed severe alterations of cone PR morphology at IS/OS and COST compared to areas with intact capillary perfusion (84% and 87% vs. 9% and 8% of area affected for IS/OS and COST, respectively). Mean reduction of PR signal density in affected areas compared to those with intact superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) perfusion of similar eccentricity was –38% at the level of IS/OS (P = 0.01) and –39% at the level of COST (P = 0.01). Mean retinal sensitivity was 10.8 ± 5.4 in areas affected by DCP nonperfusion and 28.2 ± 1.5 outside these areas (P < 0.001).ConclusionsCone PR morphology and signal density are severely altered in areas of capillary nonperfusion. These structural changes are accompanied by a severe reduction of retinal sensitivity, indicating the importance of preventing impaired capillary circulation in patients with DR.     

Limbal Stem Cell Transplantation and Complications

ABSTRACT

Corneal epithelial stem cells are adult somatic stem cells located at the limbus and represent the ultimate source of transparent corneal epithelium. When these limbal stem cells become dysfunctional or deficient, limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) develops. LSCD is a major cause of corneal scarring and is particularly prevalent in chemical and thermal burns of the ocular surface. LSCD leads to conjunctivalization of the corneal surface, neovascularization, recurrent or persistent epithelial defects, ocular surface inflammation, and scarring that, in turn, lead to decreased vision, pain, and impaired quality of life. Several techniques have been reported for limbal stem cell transplantation (LSCT). We introduce the surgical techniques, examine the success rate, and discuss the postoperative complications of conjunctival limbal autograft (CLAU), cultivated limbal stem cell transplantation (CLET), simple limbal epithelial transplantation (SLET), and limbal allograft, including keratolimbal allografts (KLAL) and living-related conjunctival allograft (LR-CLAL).     

Practical astigmatism analysis for refractive outcomes in cataract and refractive surgery

The fundamental concepts underpinning the vectorial analysis of astigmatism are straightforward and intuitive, easily understood by employing a simple golf-putting analogy. The Alpins methodology utilizes three principal vectors and the various ratios between them to provide an aggregate analysis for astigmatic change with parallel indices for spherical correction. A comparative analysis employing both arithmetic and vectorial means together with necessary nomogram adjustments for refining both spherical and astigmatic treatments can also be derived. These advanced techniques, together with their suitability for statistical analysis, comprehensively address the outcome analysis requirements of the entire cornea and the eye's refractive correction, for the purpose of examining success in cataract and refractive surgery.     

Intravitreal use of bevacizumab (Avastin) for choroidal neovascularization due to ARMD: a preliminary multifocal-ERG and OCT study

Purpose To evaluate by MFERG and OCT the macular function before and after intravitreal use of bevacizumab (Avastin) in eyes suffering from CNV due to ARMD. Methods Eighteen eyes with subfoveal CNV due to ARMD were studied before and after intravitreal use of bevacizumab with MFERG and OCT. The post treatment follow up was three months. Results Before treatment, OCT shows an increase of the retinal thickening of the fovea and the electrical response densities in the fovea and parafovea were decreased in all patients. Three months after treatment, OCT showed a real resolution of the subretinal fluid. The electrical responses in the fovea and parafovea remained the same or slightly improved in some cases. The intraocular pressure remained normal and no inflammation was observed. Conclusion The intravitreal use of bevacizumab may provide anatomical correlates that support the concept of disease amelioration but the functional improvement of the macula three months after treatment is not obvious. However the method is promising and needs further evaluation.     

视神经-坐骨神经吻合模型中LN及FN的表达

目的 研究层粘连蛋白(laminin,LN)及纤维粘连蛋白(fibronectin,FN)在视神经、坐骨神经及视神经-坐骨神经吻合模型中的表达。方法 建立视神经-坐骨神经吻合模型,应用免疫组织化学方法检测LN及FN的表达。结果 在成年大鼠,坐骨神经中有大量的LN及FN的表达,视神经中无LN及FN的表达,在视神经-坐骨神经吻合模型中LN及FN有少最表达。结论 LN及FN有可能促进视神经的再生。     

小儿视锥细胞与视锥杆细胞营养不良的临床 特点与候选基因突变分析

目的分析小儿视锥细胞和视锥杆细胞营养不良的临床特点及其候选基因变异情况。方法连续收集分析18例年龄4个月至8岁的视锥细胞和视锥杆细胞营养不良先证者的临床资料。应用聚合酶链反应异源双链单链构像多态法分析锥杆同源异形盒基因（cone-rod homeobox gene,CRX）全部3个外显子、GUCY2D基因（retinal-specific guanylate cyclase gene）外显子2和8,寻找可能的变异。结果18例患儿因家人发现其有明显视觉障碍来诊。 其中13例有眼球震颤,8例有畏光,7例有轻微、不典型眼底改变。11例眼底正常。4例可测 定视力者视力均低于0.3,14例小于3岁者无法测定视力。视锥细胞营养不良与视锥杆细胞营养不良的临床症状和眼部表现相互重叠。均未发现CRX基因和GUCY2D基因突变。结论小儿视锥细胞和视锥杆细胞营养不良视觉障碍明显,眼球震颤较多见。多数眼底正常,少数有眼底改变但不典型。本组病例可能与CRX基因和GUCY2D基因外显子2、8突变无关。(中华眼底病杂志,2001,17:293-295)     

Single spot PDT in patients with circumscribed choroidal haemangioma and near normal visual acuity

Background In circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas (CCH) a long observation period and decreased visual acuity before treatment are risk factors for poor visual outcome. Therefore, we studied the use of limited, single spot photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Visudyne for the timely treatment of CCH.Methods Six consecutive patients with CCH, and metamorphopsia but (near) normal visual acuity were treated with PDT, using a single spot covering only the most prominent part of the tumour, and a radiance exposure of 50 J/cm². Start of treatment was 6 min following a 1-min infusion with Visudyne (6 mg/m² BSA), using a diode laser (692 nm).Results In all patients, the metamorphopsia disappeared, the OCT images returned to a normal foveal contour, and visual acuity remained 20/20 or improved to 20/20. In five patients, the tumour became ultrasonographically undetectable; in three after one PDT session, in one patient after two and in another patient after three PDT sessions. The last patient had a residual tumour height of 1.2 mm, but no metamorphopsia, a normal foveal contour on OCT, and fluorescein angiography showed no residual leakage.Conclusion The present series demonstrates that single spot PDT might be an effective treatment for CCH with a visual acuity ≥20/30, without serious side-effects during a follow-up of at least 18 months.