胎儿镜下选择性胎盘血管交通支凝固术治疗双胎输血综合征48例临床分析

目的:探讨胎儿镜下选择性血管交通支凝固术(SLPCV)治疗单绒毛膜双羊膜囊双胎并发双胎输血综合征(TTTS)的临床效果。方法:收集2016年9月至2018年8月空军军医大学第一附属医院(西京医院)产科收治并接受SLPCV治疗的48例TTTS患者的临床资料,按Quintero分期标准进行分期,并分析其术中、术后并发症,随访其妊娠结局及胎儿存活情况。结果:48例患者平均年龄为28.06±4.97岁,Quintero临床分期为Ⅰ期15例、Ⅱ期31例、Ⅲ期1例、Ⅳ期1例。48例行SLPCV术患者中位孕周为23.6周,平均手术时间为43.92±13.94分钟,术后总体胎死宫内发生率为17.71%(17/96),术后胎膜早破总发生率为18.75%(9/48)。48例患者中有19例患者(39.58%)因提前终止妊娠未进入围产期,29例患者(60.42%)进入围产期。胎儿总体存活率为40.63%(39/96),双胎存活率为37.50%(18/48),单胎存活率为12.50%(6/48),至少一胎存活率为50.00%(24/48)。受血儿平均出生体质量1989.72±542.76 g,供血儿平均出生体质量1534.7±600.24 g。37例患者术前、术后血常规中血红蛋白、红细胞计数及血细胞比容进行比较,差异均有统计学意义(P=0.000)。结论:SLPCV手术能够达到较高的TTTS胎儿存活率,且较安全可靠。但术后存在血液稀释情况。     

双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩的临床分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩的临床情况、处理及妊娠结局。方法:回顾分析2016年6月至2018年12月在华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院行双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩的8例患者的临床资料。结果:8例双胎妊娠延迟分娩患者中第一胎分娩平均孕周22.29周(16~(+4)～29~(+5)周),平均分娩体重462.5g(150～1400g),5例死胎,2例放弃,1例新生儿存活;第二胎分娩平均孕周23.98周(17~(+3)～30~(+6)周),出生平均体重661.25g(180～1600g),3例死胎,2例放弃,1例新生儿科死亡,2例存活预后良好。分娩间隔时间3～50天,平均11.88天。第一胎分娩后,均予抗感染、保胎、促胎肺成熟等治疗,2例行宫颈环扎术。孕妇中2例术后监测中出现感染给予抗炎治疗,2例因胎盘植入产后出血。结论:双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩处理得当可提高第二胎新生儿的存活率及预后,但需把握好指征,严密监测感染及胎儿胎盘情况,早期发现并发症,适时终止妊娠。     

23例双胎反向动脉灌注序列症临床特点分析

目的:探讨双胎反向动脉灌注序列症(TRAPS)的病理生理、超声检查特点及临床处理,以提高临床医生对该疾病的认识。方法:选择我院2013年8月至2017年12月诊治的23例TRAPS病例资料进行回顾性分析,对临床超声检查、处理方式以及妊娠结局进行归纳总结。结果:孕期诊断为TRAPS病例23例,其中20例在本院超声检查确诊;3例外院误诊,转本院后超声检查明确诊断。23例中双胎妊娠病例20例,单绒毛膜双羊膜囊(MCDA)13例,单绒毛膜单羊膜囊7例;双绒毛膜三羊膜囊三胎妊娠病例3例。同意接受选择性射频消融减胎术的病例13例,平均手术孕周17.68周。28周后分娩的活产泵血胎儿病例11例,平均分娩孕周36.49±4.53周;35周以上分娩病例8例,新生儿出生平均体质量2292.60±779.56 g。电话随访足月婴幼儿生长发育及神经系统发育正常,早产儿纠正胎龄发育正常。未手术治疗的10例中因TRAPS导致一个和(或)双胎死亡的病例5例;于侵入性检查后发生流产病例2例;引产病例1例;孕35周活产病例1例;失访1例。结论:孕期超声检查是确诊TRAPS的重要方法。TRAPS患者主要为双胎妊娠,以MCDA多见。对患者及时选择性射频消融减胎术是安全可靠预后较好的治疗方法。     

双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩4例临床分析

目的:探讨双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩的临床情况、处理及妊娠结局。方法:回顾性分析2007～2010年间首都医科大学附属北京妇产医院及山东胜利油田中心医院发生的双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩共4例患者的临床资料。结果:4例双胎妊娠延迟分娩患者第一胎分娩孕周26～31周,平均28周;分娩体重140～980g,平均670g;1例死胎,1例死产,2例新生儿死亡。第一胎分娩后,予抗感染、保胎、促胎肺成熟等治疗,1例行宫颈环扎术。保胎期间宫颈分泌物培养3例阴性;1例发现粪肠球菌,其WBC(10.09×109～17.13×109/L)、C反应蛋白(4.32～47.7mg/L)监测升高;其余3例正常。第二胎分娩孕周为27～37周,平均31周;出生体重1020～2980g,平均1795g,皆存活。分娩间隔时间为7～43天,平均24天。结论:双胎妊娠第二胎延迟分娩是双胎妊娠的一种特殊并发症,处理得当可明显提高第二胎新生儿的存活率。     

双胎输血综合征宫内诊断和治疗

双胎输血综合征(twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome,TTTS)是单绒毛膜双胎最严重的并发症之一,胎儿和新生儿死亡率很高。对单绒毛膜双胎患者应进行密切超声检查以及时发现TTTS并评价胎儿发育情况。对TTTS的治疗主要包括期待治疗、羊水减量、羊膜分隔造口术、选择性减胎术和胎儿镜下激光消融术。应根据患者具体情况选择个体化治疗。     

九例射频消融选择性减胎术的疗效及观察

目的: 探讨射频消融减胎术（radio frequency ablation,RFA）对复杂性多胎妊娠的疗效。方法: 回顾性分析2017年4月—2019年5月在武汉大学人民医院行RFA治疗的9例患者的临床资料,总结其临床疗效,包括流产、早产、足月产、活产、分娩方式和新生儿体质量等。结果: 9例患者中有2例是双绒毛膜三羊膜囊妊娠,有5例为单绒毛膜双羊膜囊双胎之一胎儿畸形行减胎术,1例为双胎输血综合征（twin-twin transfusion syndrome,TTTS）Ⅲ期减胎,1例为双胎之一选择性胎儿生长受限（selective fetal growth restriction,sFGR）Ⅱ型行选择性减胎术。9例患者均一次性RFA成功,手术成功率100%,均无手术并发症,仅1例于减胎术后2周流产,其余均获得活产。结论: RFA对复杂性多胎妊娠是一种安全有效且损伤小的宫内治疗方式,在临床上应该根据绒毛膜性及患者的意愿选择合适的减胎方式。     

妊娠中晚期双绒毛膜双胎一胎胎死宫内妊娠结局分析

目的：比较双绒毛膜双胎之一选择性减胎与自发一胎胎死宫内（single intrauterine fetal death,SIUFD）的围生期结局,并比较不同减胎孕周对围生期结局的影响,探讨选择性减胎的临床应用。方法：纳入2011年1月—2019年12月在南京大学医学院附属鼓楼医院产科终止妊娠的55例双胎之一胎死宫内或行选择性减胎术将双胎减至单胎的临床资料,根据减胎或死胎原因将其分为选择性减胎组（39例）和自发SIUFD组（16例）,回顾性分析比较其围生期结局。结果：55例患者总妊娠丢失率为9.1%（5例流产）,活产率为90.9%。选择性减胎组的减胎/死胎孕周明显低于自发SIUFD组,总体终止孕周、活产率明显高于自发SIUFD组,而剖宫产率、流产率则低于自发SIUFD组,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。2组的早产率、足月产率、存活儿出生体质量、出生体质量百分位数、新生儿健康出院率、新生儿重症监护病房（neonatal intensive care unit,NICU）入住率比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。根据选择性减胎的孕周将选择性减胎组再分为减胎孕周≤20周组（24例）和减胎孕周>20周组（15例）,2组新生儿出生体质量百分位数比较差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）,但与减胎孕周>20周组比较,减胎孕周≤20周组的早产率低、足月产率高,存活儿出生体质量更高,差异有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。结论：双胎妊娠发生SIUFD后会对存活儿围生期结局产生不良影响,对于有减胎指征者,选择性减胎有利于提高存活儿围生期的活产率及改善新生儿结局,对多胎妊娠的围生期结局有益。     

多胎妊娠孕中期减至双胎与初始双胎妊娠的妊娠结局比较

目的 探讨多胎妊娠孕妇孕中期行减胎术减至双胎后与初始双胎孕妇的妊娠结局比较.方法 选择2007年8月至2010年9月在山东大学附属省立医院妇产科门诊或住院、多胎妊娠孕妇567例,其中双胎妊娠孕妇478例为非减胎组;妊娠12周以后在本院实施孕中期减胎术(在超声引导下经腹的胎心内氯化钾注射法),由初始多胎减至双胎的孕妇89例为减胎组.减胎组孕妇中,初始三胎70例,初始四胎13例,初始五胎及以上6例.观察两组孕妇年龄、分娩孕周、妊娠并发症、新生儿出生体质量及新生儿结局.结果 (1)两组孕妇年龄及分娩孕周:非减胎组与减胎组孕妇平均年龄分别为(29.7±4.5)和(29.9±5.0)岁,两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.755).非减胎组与减胎组孕妇平均分娩孕周分别为(35.3±3.9)和(34.4±6.3)周,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).分娩孕周＜28周者(即流产)在非减胎组发生率为6.3％( 30/478),在减胎组为15.7％( 14/89),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.002).(2)两组妊娠并发症:子痫前期发生率在非减胎组及减胎组分别为8.2％ (39/478)和12.4％(11/89),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.199);妊娠期糖尿病发生率在非减胎组及减胎组分别为1.7％(8/478)和3.4％( 3/89),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P =0.287).(3)两组新生儿情况:①非减胎组两个胎儿出生体质量差值＞400g的发生率为28.9％(138/478),减胎组为27.0％ (24/89),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P=0.715).非减胎组两个胎儿出生体质量差值＞100g的发生率为75.1％(359/478),减胎组为75.3％(67/89),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(P =0.972).②非减胎组新生儿平均出生体质量为(2700 ±468)g,明显高于减胎组的(2352 ±602)g,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).非减胎组＞孕36周+1 分娩的新生儿平均出生体质量为(2809 ±424)g,减胎组为(2707±506)g,两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).③减胎组及非减胎组＞28孕周分娩新生儿的死亡率分别为1.3％( 1/78)和2.2％( 10/448);减胎组及非减胎组新生儿患病率分别为3.8％ (3/78)和4.0％ (18/448),两组＞28孕周分娩的新生儿死亡率及患病率分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P =0.588、0.943).结论 多胎妊娠减胎至双胎的妊娠结局较初始双胎者差,其流产率较高;多胎妊娠减胎后分娩孕周受初始胎儿数的影响,新生儿出生体重质量低于初始双胎.     

三胎妊娠早孕期减胎术后的围生结局分析

目的:探讨三胎妊娠早孕期选择性氯化钾减胎术后与未减胎单胎或双胎妊娠的围生结局差异。方法:收集广州医科大学附属第三医院2012年1月至2017年10月诊治的181例三胎妊娠孕妇早孕期行胎儿心内注射氯化钾减胎术(减至单胎组103例,减至双胎组78例)和未减胎单胎妊娠、双胎妊娠(未减胎单胎组58例,未减胎双胎组54例)的临床信息,并对比分析围生结局差异。结果:减至单胎组分别与减至双胎组和未减胎单胎组相比,其流产率(16.50%、3.85%、1.72%)和早产率(16.50%、55.13%、3.45%)、分娩孕周(37.37±0.26周、34.60±0.29周、39.05±0.20周)及新生儿出生体质量(2.71±0.06 kg、2.12±0.54 kg、3.07±0.07 kg)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。减至双胎组与未减胎双胎组比较,其早产率(55.13%、35.19%)、分娩孕周(34.60±0.29周、36.04±0.27周)及新生儿出生体质量(2.12±0.54 kg、2.37±0.07 kg),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:尽管减胎术增加了孕妇早产率,但通过选择性减胎控制胎儿的数量来降低孕产期并发症仍是必要的。综合考虑流产率、早产率和胎儿发病风险,保留单胎可能更有利于胎儿围生结局和远期健康结局。     

多胎妊娠妇女孕中期选择性减胎术的临床应用

目的 通过对多胎妊娠妇女于孕中期行选择性减胎术,研究其手术指症、时机、安全性、目标胎儿的选择标准和减灭胎儿数,探讨选择性减胎术在改善多胎妊娠结局中的作用.方法 对37例孕12周+1～25周多胎妊娠孕妇(6例双胎、21例三胎、8例四胎、2例五胎,共117个胎儿)在超声引导下经腹行选择性减胎术,按产科医疗指征,在拟被减的46个胎儿心脏内注射10%氯化钾2～5 ml,见胎心逐渐减慢至停跳视为减胎术成功.术后定期产前检查和监测凝血功能,记录妊娠期并发症及妊娠结局.结果 (1)成功率:共减去胎儿46个,减胎成功率为100%(46/46个胎儿),已有27例孕妇分娩,获24个健康新生儿,妊娠成功率为88.9%(24/27).(2)分娩孕周:＞36周分娩者15例;32～36周7例;28～32周3例;＜28周流产者2例;正在妊娠中10例.平均分娩孕周(34.9±4.1)周,孕28周后分娩率为92.6%(25/27).(3)新生儿平均出生体重:单胎妊娠新生儿平均出生体重为(3014±640)g,双胎妊娠为(2557±573)g,三胎妊娠中除1例两个胎儿存活(出生体重分别为1400及1500 g)外,其余均死亡.(4)安全性:除2例单羊膜囊双胎在减灭1个胎儿后,另1个胎儿随即死亡外,其余多胎妊娠妇女的保留胎儿均未发生胎死宫内.(5)并发症:37例多胎妊娠妇女中仅3例发生子痫前期,减胎术后均无凝血功能障碍发生.(6)阴道流血:有13例孕妇减胎术前发生阴道流血,其中1例在妊娠13周强烈要求减胎,减胎术后于孕22周流产;另12例均在阴道流血停止1周以上后施行减胎.结论 (1)孕中期选择性多胎妊娠减胎术,可以有效减少多胎妊娠胎儿数目、避免异常胎儿出生,降低孕产妇并发症,提高新生儿出生体重.(2)胎儿保留数目以达双胎为好.(3)减胎术前有阴道流血者,避免在流血期间减胎,应选择在流血停止1周以上进行.(4)孕中期多胎妊娠减胎术不会造成孕妇的凝血功能障碍,也不会造成保留胎儿的宫内死亡,安全性好;减胎术后子痫前期的发病率明显下降.     

The impact of laser surgery on angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in twin–twin transfusion syndrome: a prospective study*

Objective: To examine the effect of laser surgery on angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in patients with twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS).

Methods: Cases of TTTS and uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies between 16 and 26 weeks’ gestation were prospectively enrolled into the study. Maternal blood samples were obtained to measure angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor-A [VEGF], placental-derived growth factor [PlGF], and endothelin) and anti-angiogenic factors (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase (sFlt-1), soluble endoglin (sEng), and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio). For cases, these factors were measured at visit 1 (pre-operatively), visit 2 (postoperative day one), and visit 3 (at least 3?weeks after surgery). In controls, the factors were measured at visit 1 (enrollment) and visit 2 (at least 3?weeks later). Levels of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors between cases and controls were compared.

Results: At enrollment, the TTTS cases demonstrated an anti-angiogenic state with significantly higher sFlt-1, sEng, sFlt-1/PlGF ratio, and lower PlGF. Laser surgery, comparing visit 1–3, had a partial corrective effect on TTTS cases. sFlt-1 significantly decreased several weeks after surgery. The other factors (PlGF, endothelin, sFlt-1, sEng, and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio) were not statistically significantly different by visit 3.

Conclusion: Laser surgery partially corrected the angiogenic profile in patients with TTTS.     

Monochorionic monoamniotic twin pregnancies

Monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy is rare and associated with increased complication rates when compared with singletons, dichorionic and monochorionic diamniotic pregnancy in general. Monoamnionicity presents an enormous challenge following its accurate diagnosis, where the absence of an inter-twin membrane subsequently results in cord entanglement and consistently fluctuating foetal position. Furthermore, the detection of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in MCMA pregnancy can be challenging in the absence of amniotic fluid volume discordance without the presence of the inter-twin dividing membrane. Early surveillance of foetal anatomy permits early recognition of foetal structural anomalies, the twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence and conjoined twins. However, the evidence on how best to monitor MCMA pregnancies remains inadequate, though observational studies have demonstrated that once surveillance is initiated, the potential risk of foetal death decreases significantly. In-utero foetal demise can be acute and unpredictable in MCMA pregnancies, despite close surveillance. Elective preterm delivery is usually advocated when the risk of foetal loss upon continuing the pregnancy outweighs the risk of prematurity – around 33 weeks’ gestation by caesarean section. Nevertheless, the optimal prenatal surveillance regimen and prompts for delivery have yet to be defined.     

Twin pregnancy with intrauterine death of one twin

The antepartum death of one twin is a rare obstetric complication. Two cases are presented, accompanied by a review of the current literature. The premature and neonatal death rates are high in the surviving twins. Toxemia, fetal distress, abnormal presentation, and dystocia are also increased. Maternal disseminated intravascular coagulation has been demonstrated without a concomitant fetal coagulation defect. A more unique finding is fetal disseminated intravascular coagulation with a monochorionic placenta. The common circulation between the live and dead twins may result in fetal cerebral, renal, and cutaneous lesions, usually without demonstrable maternal disease. High-risk obstetric management is reviewed and a careful pediatric follow-up is recommended with monozygotic twins.     

Sonography interval and the diagnosis of twin–twin transfusion syndrome

Objective: To evaluate the relationship between sonography surveillance interval and Quintero stage at diagnosis.

Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies diagnosed with twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) and followed with serial sonography between 1997 and 2013. Women were divided into three cohorts: diagnosis at initial second-trimester sonogram, at a sonogram within 14 d of the prior exam, and at a sonogram greater than 14 d from the prior exam. Isolated amniotic fluid abnormalities were also recorded.

Results: TTTS was identified in 48 pregnancies, with 50% of cases diagnosed at the initial sonogram, 21% within 14 d of a prior sonogram, and 29% more than 14 d from a prior sonogram. There was no association between interval and TTTS stage at diagnosis. Of 24 cases diagnosed during a follow-up sonogram, 46% had an isolated amniotic fluid abnormality preceding diagnosis. When isolated oligohydramnios (29%) or hydramnios (17%) was present, the sonography interval was significantly shorter (p?=?0.003), but no difference in TTTS stage at diagnosis was found.

Conclusions: Although frequent surveillance of monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies is prudent, when close follow-up of isolated fluid abnormalities was practiced, we were unable to demonstrate an effect of surveillance interval on stage of TTTS at diagnosis.     

Neonatal mortality rates among growth-discordant twins, classified according to the birth weight of the smaller twin

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate neonatal mortality rates among discordant twins, classified according to the birth weight of the smaller twin. STUDY DESIGN: We compared neonatal mortality rates among three groups of discordant twins (>25%), distinguished by the birth weight of the smaller twin being <10th, 10th to 50th, or >50th percentile. RESULTS: Among the 10,683 pairs of twins who were studied, the respective proportions of the three groups were 62.4%, 32.9%, and 4.7%. The neonatal mortality rate was significantly higher among pairs in which the smaller twin weighed <10th birth weight percentile (29. vs 11.1 and 11 per 1000; odds ratio, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.3, 5.7). This difference results from the higher mortality rates among the smaller but not among the larger twins. CONCLUSION: Severely discordant twin pairs in whom the smaller twin is also small for gestational age are at an increased risk of neonatal death. Identification of this group is an imperative step in the management of birth weight discordance in twin gestations.     

Percutaneous ultrasonographically guided ablation of an acardiac twin

Acardiac twinning is caused by twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP). Normal "pump" twins may face early delivery and cardiac decompensation and have a high perinatal mortality. A primagravid patient had serial evaluation of a TRAP pregnancy beginning early in the second trimester. Rapid growth of the acardiac sibling, high diastolic velocity Doppler waveforms in the perfusing vessel, and early hydramnios prompted ablation of blood flow by a percutaneous ultrasonographically guided infusion of absolute alcohol. A term birth of a normal pump twin was the outcome. Ablation of blood flow into an acardiac sibling of a TRAP pregnancy may be indicated in cases with a poor prognosis by use of an effective percutaneous ultrasonographically guided technique.     

The natural history of twin–twin transfusion syndrome stratified by Quintero stage*

Objective: To describe the natural history of expectantly managed twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) specific to disease stage.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of monochorionic diamniotic pregnancies diagnosed with TTTS and delivered between 1997 and 2013. Staging was based on Quintero’s criteria, with sonogram images reviewed to confirm findings specific to stage. Progression and outcomes were evaluated in pregnancies that did not receive any form of therapy.

Results: Thirty-eight pregnancies were diagnosed with TTTS and delivered at our institution, representing 1.6 per 10 000 births. Twenty were expectantly managed, of which 50% were stage I at presentation. Progression occurred in 45% of pregnancies, including 50% initially diagnosed with stage I TTTS. Seventy percent of pregnancies experienced survival of at least one twin, with no stillbirths or neonatal deaths if TTTS resolved. Pregnancies in which TTTS was either stable or improved had higher overall survival, compared with pregnancies that experienced progression, 86% versus 22%, p?<?0.001, as well as more frequent survival of one or both twins, 91% versus 44%, p?=?0.02.

Conclusions: Among expectantly managed pregnancies with TTTS, most had early disease at diagnosis. Although 45% of cases progressed, which conferred poor prognosis, the majority experienced disease stabilization or improvement.