育英小学学生行为问题现状分析

目的：了解育英小学学生行为问题现状。方法：选择锦州市育英小学1～6年级全部在班学生380名，应用英国Rutter儿童行为量表，评定小学生行为问题，同时调查家庭环境及教养因素。结果：小学生行为问题占8．9％。影响儿童行为问题的主要因素是家庭教育环境，包括母亲文化程度、父母关系和教育方式。结论：小学生行为问题应引起家庭、学校和社会的关注。     

学龄儿童家庭社会环境与睡眠健康状况的研究

[目的]了解家庭及社会环境对学龄儿童睡眠状况的影响，以改善儿童睡眠状况。[方法]采用分层随机整群抽样抽取西安市2037名小学生为研究对象，用修改后的《学龄儿童家庭社会环境与睡眠健康问卷》对儿童家长进行调查。[结果]学生睡眠障碍者834例（40．9％），其中男455例（54．6％），女379例（45．4％）；1～3年级睡眠障碍者322例（38．6％），4～6年级512例（61．4％），不同性别、不同年级差异均有高度显著性。平时睡眠时间为（9．34-0．9）h，周末或节假日为（9．54±1．1）h。Logistic回归分析发现，影响儿童睡眠的因素为看电视时间、家人就寝时间、家族睡眠疾病史及父母或看护人文化程度。[结论]家庭和社会环境对儿童的睡眠起很大作用，建立良好的家庭和社会环境，是改善儿童睡眠状况、降低儿童睡眠障碍发生率的重要措施。     

广州市初中生家庭躯体虐待现状及影响因素分析

目的探讨广州市初中生家庭躯体虐待的流行状况及影响因素,为制定干预措施提供依据。方法在广州市8个城区中随机抽取16所中学4 582名学生,使用自填式问卷了解学生遭受家庭躯体虐待及社会人口学特征、学习表现、学习压力以及学校/亲友支持等情况。结果4 582名初中生近0.5 a在家庭遭受躯体虐待的总发生率为27.3%,其中轻、中、重度躯体虐待发生率分别为11.5%,13.1%和2.7%,平均每人遭受2.54种虐待方式;单因素及多元线性回归分析显示,低年级、学习压力、单亲或重组家庭、母亲大学及以上学历、无单独房间、非汉族是家庭躯体虐待发生的危险因素,亲友支持和学校支持是保护因素。结论广州市11～17岁初中生遭受家庭躯体虐待现象十分普遍。应重点针对学习压力、学校/亲友支持、家庭模式、有无单独房间等可控因素制定保护策略和干预措施。     

西安市小学生睡眠现状调查分析

【目的】了解西安市小学生的睡眠现状，以期对改善儿童睡眠质量有一定帮助。【方法】采用分层随机整群抽样的方法抽取西安市2037名小学生为研究对象，采用修订后的《小学生家庭社会环境与睡眠健康问卷》对儿童家长进行调查。【结果】2037名小学生中睡眠障碍者834例（40．94％），其中男生455例（54．56％），女生379例（45．44％）；1～3年级有睡眠障碍者322例（38．61％），4～6年级512例（61．39％），不同性别、不同年级差异均有非常显著性（P均〈0．01）。且睡眠时间随年级升高而逐渐减少，原因居前三位为失眠（57．3％）、说梦话（15．3％）、打鼾（11．9％）。多因素Logistic回归分析后发现有4个因素进入回归方程，依次为：看电视时间、家人就寝时间、作业过多及父母或照养人文化程度。【结论】西安市小学生睡眠时间不足，睡眠障碍的发生率较高，主要影响因素为学业繁重，学校及家庭施加压力过大。     

唐山市幼儿父母躯体虐待状况及其影响因素分析

目的了解唐山市3~6岁幼儿遭受父母躯体虐待状况及其影响因素,为开展以社区为基础的预防儿童暴力伤害提供科学依据。方法采用方便抽样方法,对唐山市243名3~6岁幼儿父母进行问卷调查。结果最近1a内,60.1%的父母对子女实施过躯体虐待,其中28.8%为非接触性体罚,52.7%为轻度躯体暴力,8.6%为重度躯体暴力,0.4%为极重度躯体暴力。影响幼儿遭受躯体虐待的主要因素有儿童性别、父母是否有不良嗜好、家庭居住地。结论幼儿遭受父母躯体虐待的现象较为普遍,有必要开展有关儿童暴力伤害的早期干预。     

儿童躯体虐待在家庭中的现况和预防

儿童虐待是一个严重的公共卫生问题。儿童躯体虐待是儿童虐待中的一种,对儿童的影响主要包括躯体、心理和社会能力影响。影响躯体虐待发生的因素主要包括性别、年龄、家庭因素及代际相传性。目前应主要从立法执法、社会组织及宣传教育三个方面对儿童躯体虐待进行预防和干预。     

4～14岁儿童行为问题及影响因素分析

【目的】了解4～14岁儿童行为问题及影响因素。【方法】采用Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist，CBCI。)及自制儿童心理卫生调查问卷．对735名4～14岁儿童的行为及相关因素进行调查，并对调查结果进行多元回归分析。【结果】儿童行为问题检出率为11．7％．学龄前儿童行为问题检出率明显高于学龄期儿童。逐步回归分析显示父母关系、居住条件、社会风气、母亲文化程度、家庭人均月收入、父母对子女期望、子女在家劳动情况共7个因素影响着儿童行为发育。【结论】要减少儿童行为问题的发生，家庭、学校、社会必须联合采取综合措施，才能获得满意效果。     

学习困难儿童心理行为问题的研究

采用Conner’s儿童行为问卷对武汉市一所小学4～6年级8～11岁学习困难与学习优秀儿童进行对照研究，结果表明学习困难组与对照组儿童其父母的文化程度、教育态度、教育方式等家庭环境因素的差异具有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。学习困难儿童较多具有冲动──多动、焦虑及品行等问题。提示学校、家庭、环境等因素影响着学生学习积极性的发挥。     

童年期虐待经历与青少年生活满意度的相关性研究

目的探讨青少年童年期不良经历与生活满意度的关系，为成年期生活满意度的提高提供早期防控资料。方法采用无记名问卷调查青少年的人口统计学特征、童年期虐待经历、生活满意度等内容。调查对象来自郎溪县某农村中学的2082名中学生。结果青少年童年期反复重度躯体虐待、反复中度躯体虐待和反复情感虐待的报告率分别为12．2％，66．3％和50．3％。不同年龄、年级和自评学习成绩的学生生活满意度各维度评分差异均有统计学意义。3种虐待经历是家庭满意度、学校满意度、总体生活满意度降低的危险因素，童年期反复中度躯体虐待、反复情感虐待是朋友满意度、住所满意度降低的危险因素。结论童年期反复躯体虐待和反复情感虐待经历是青少年生活满意度的重要负性影响因素。     

儿童发中微量元素与家庭因素的关系

近年来，国内外大量文献报导儿童发中金属元素含量与免疫功能的关系［1］，与儿童厌食、偏食的关系[2]，以及发锌、发铅含量与智商的关系[3，4]。为探讨家庭因素与儿童发中微量元素的关系，我们对合肥市某小学131名学生进行了家庭因素的调查和儿童发中锌、铅、铜、铁元素含量的测定，并探讨二者之间的关系。1对象与方法1．1对象选择合肥市某小学4年级学生131名，年龄8～11岁，男64例；女67例。所有调查对象均无中途转学。1．2方法121调查表设计统一调查表，由学生家长填写。调查表中除一般项目外还设有父母文化程度、父母职业（按脑力和体力…     

Individual,familial and community determinants of child physical abuse among high-school students in China

While many risk factors for child physical abuse are known, little research exists examining these in multilevel contexts including both individual and environmental influences. The authors examined the roles of individual-, family- and community-level factors such as socioeconomic status (SES) in determining the likelihood of child physical abuse in Guangzhou, China. Twenty-four schools were recruited by stratified random sampling, with 6628 junior high-school students aged 13–16 years participating. Parental child physical abuse experience, together with family and community levels of SES among students were measured and their relationships were investigated by applying univariable, multivariable and multilevel logistic regression models. Univariable, multivariable and multilevel logistic regression models were applied. Six-month prevalence of minor, severe and very severe assaults were 23.2%, 15.1% and 2.8%, respectively. A U-shaped association between family SES and likelihood of severe assaults was identified. In the multilevel model, indicators of low family SES, mother's higher occupational and educational status remained significantly independent predictors of physical abuse. Internal migration status was associated with higher risk as was younger age. The authors suggest that previous categories of risk factors for physical abuse may be too simplistic, and that further research on social and environmental influences may usefully inform intervention programs.     

1762名大专学生童年期虐待经历及影响因素分析

目的 了解大学生儿童期虐待发生情况及其影响因素,为制定干预策略提供科学依据.方法 用自填式问卷,对1 762名大专学生就有关儿童时期受虐待经历进行不记名回顾性调查.结果 在被调查的1 762名大学生中,76.2％的人在儿童期有遭受虐待经历,儿童期躯体虐待发生率为59.4％,男生为76.0％,女生为49.2％;精神虐待为61.5％,男生为69.0％,女生为57.0％;性虐待为10.2％,男生为8.1％,女生为11.5％.男生躯体虐待(x2=124.139,P=0.000)和精神虐待(x2=25.338,P=0.000)发生率均高于女生,女生性虐待发生率高于男生(x2=5.387,P=0.020).多因素非条件Logistic回归分析显示:父母婚姻状况不良是发生儿童虐待的危险因素(OR=2.407),女童(OR=0.409)、母亲文化程度高(OR=0.718)是儿童虐待发生的保护因素.结论 儿童虐待现象比较普遍,应加强对儿童虐待问题的重视,促进学生健康成长.     

Alcohol and drug disorders among physically abusive and neglectful parents in a community-based sample.

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of substance use disorders and symptoms between adults reporting child physical abuse or neglect and individually matched control subjects in a community sample. METHODS. In a nested case-control study, 169 adults reporting physical abuse of a child and 209 adults reporting neglect of a child from 11,662 individuals successfully interviewed in a probabilistic survey in four communities were individually matched with control subjects drawn from the participants. Case subjects were compared with control subjects on the number of alcohol- or drug-related symptoms and disorder diagnoses as determined by symptoms from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. RESULTS. Respondents reporting either physical abuse or neglect of children were much more likely than their matched control subjects to report substance abuse or dependence. These differences persisted after potential confounding variables were controlled for. CONCLUSIONS. Parental substance abuse and dependence, independent of confounding factors, are highly associated with child maltreatment. Inconsistent results in previous studies may have arisen from reliance on referred samples and unstandardized assessment methods. Agencies involved in the care of abused or neglected children and their families should consider incorporating routine substance abuse evaluations with treatment, or referral for treatment, where indicated.     

Psychological abuse between parents: associations with child maltreatment from a population‐based sample

Psychological abuse between parents: associations with child maltreatment from a population‐based sample
Chang, J. J. , Theodore, A. D. , Martin, S. L. & Runyan, D. K. ( 2008 ) Child Abuse & Neglect , 32 , 819 – 829 . Objective This study examined the association between partner psychological abuse and child maltreatment perpetration. Methods This cross‐sectional study examined a population‐based sample of mothers with children aged 0–17 years in North and South Carolina (n = 1149). Mothers were asked about the occurrence of potentially neglectful or abusive behaviours towards their children by either themselves or their husband/partner in the past year. Partner psychological abuse was categorized as no psychological abuse (reference), husband perpetrates, wife perpetrates or both perpetrates. Outcome measures for psychological and physical abuse of the child had four categories: no abuse (reference), mother perpetrates, father/father‐figure perpetrates or both parents perpetrates, whereas child neglect was binary. Adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs), adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated with regression models. A relative risk ratio was the ratio of odds ratios derived from multinomial logistic regression. Results Children were at the greatest risk of maltreatment when parents psychologically abused each other versus no abuse: the aRRR for child psychological abuse by the mother only was 16.13 (95% CI 5.11, 50.92) compared with no abuse, controlling for child age, gender, Medicaid welfare and mother's level of education. Both parents psychologically abuse each other versus no abuse also results in an aRRR of 14.57 (95% CI 3.85, 55.16) for child physical abuse by both parents compared with no abuse. When only the husband perpetrates towards the wife, the odds of child neglect was 5.29 times as much as families with no psychological abuse (95% CI 1.36, 20.62). Conclusions Partner psychological abuse was strongly related to child maltreatment. Children experienced a substantially increased risk of maltreatment when partner psychological abuse was present in the homes. Practice implications This study observed that intimate partner psychological abuse significantly increased risk of child maltreatment. Increased public awareness of partner psychological abuse is warranted. Primary prevention should include education about the seriousness of partner psychological abuse in families. Domestic violence and child welfare agencies must recognize the link between partner psychological abuse and child maltreatment and work together to develop effective screening for each of these problems.     

中学生情感、躯体虐待与网络成瘾的相关性研究

目的 探讨中学生情感、躯体虐待与网络成瘾的关系,为网络成瘾的防治提供依据.方法 在合肥市选取5所中学,以班级为单位整群抽取初一、初二、高一和高二共76个班级的学生进行匿名问卷调查,内容包括中学生的社会人口统计学特征、Young网络成瘾量表和亲子冲突策略量表等.在单因素分析的基础上,以网络成瘾作为因变量,儿童虐待作为自变量,以性别、年龄、家庭类型等因素为协变量,进行多因素非条件logistic回归分析.结果 在所有调查的3798名学生中,有81.1%的学生报告发生情感虐待,55.1%的学生报告发生躯体虐待;在所有使用网络的3507名学生中,有182名(5.2%)学生被诊断为网络成瘾.多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,中度躯体虐待和重度躯体虐待OR值及95%CI分别为3.02(1.63～5.58)和4.00(2.01～7.93).结论 中度躯体虐待、重度躯体虐待可能是中学生网络成瘾发生的危险因素.     

Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam

Objective

To examine the prevalence of multiple types of maltreatment (MTM), potentially confounding factors and associations with depression, anxiety and self-esteem among adolescents in Viet Nam.

Methods

In 2006 we conducted a cross-sectional survey of 2591 students (aged 12–18 years; 52.1% female) from randomly-selected classes in eight secondary schools in urban (Hanoi) and rural (Hai Duong) areas of northern Viet Nam (response rate, 94.7%). Sequential multiple regression analyses were performed to estimate the relative influence of individual, family and social characteristics and of eight types of maltreatment, including physical, emotional and sexual abuse and physical or emotional neglect, on adolescent mental health.

Findings

Females reported more neglect and emotional abuse, whereas males reported more physical abuse, but no statistically significant difference was found between genders in the prevalence of sexual abuse. Adolescents were classified as having nil (32.6%), one (25.9%), two (20.7%), three (14.5%) or all four (6.3%) maltreatment types. Linear bivariate associations between MTM and depression, anxiety and low self-esteem were observed. After controlling for demographic and family factors, MTM showed significant independent effects. The proportions of the variance explained by the models ranged from 21% to 28%.

Conclusion

The combined influence of adverse individual and family background factors and of child maltreatment upon mental health in adolescents in Viet Nam is consistent with research in non-Asian countries. Emotional abuse was strongly associated with each health indicator. In Asian communities where child abuse is often construed as severe physical violence, it is important to emphasize the equally pernicious effects of emotional maltreatment.     

中国儿童性虐待的流行病学研究现状：测量工具、流行现状及危险因素分析

目的初步掌握中国0-17岁儿童性虐待的流行病学研究现状。方法通过对近20年（1992-2012年）的国内外文献进行检索,获取较全面的、有代表性的中国儿童性虐待流行病学研究资料,对儿童性虐待研究的测量工具、发生率现状及危险因素等进行系统分析。结果 1测量工具：现有研究比较多的是调查16岁前发生的性虐待,多采用成年人回顾的方式进行调查。常用的测量方法是采用不记名自填式问卷对接触性和非接触性性行为的发生情况进行回顾性调查,也有研究者使用标准化的儿童虐待量表。2发生率现状：男性遭受性虐待的发生率为10.2%-23.0%,女性遭受性虐待的发生率为14.2%-25.5%;在性虐待发生的性别差异方面,尽管不同研究结果存在不一致性,但总体上女性遭受性虐待的发生率高于男性。3危险因素：城市地区儿童遭受性虐待的比例高于农村地区,生活在重组家庭中的儿童性虐待的报告率高于核心家庭,父、母亲经常在家庭中使用暴力、有不良嗜好、体弱多病、家庭关系紧张等是儿童性虐待发生的危险因素。结论有关儿童性虐待问题的测量方法不一致,现有研究多为成人回顾性调查,有必要在测量工具标准化、全国流行现状等方面开展深入研究。     

Child abuse and smoking among young women: the importance of severity, accumulation, and timing.

PURPOSE: We examined the association between severity, accumulation, and timing of abuse in childhood and adolescence and smoking status among young women. METHODS: Retrospective self-reported childhood abuse was ascertained with the modified Conflict Tactics Scale from 91,286 Nurses Health Study II participants in 2001 (68,505 returned; 75.0% response rate). Childhood abuse was categorized by severity (mile/moderate/severe), type (physical/sexual), and timing (childhood/adolescence). Smoking status during adolescence was reported at baseline (1989). Logistic regression was used to predict smoking initiation by age 14 and smoking status between the ages of 15 and 19. RESULTS: A graded association between severity of abuse and early initiation of smoking (by age 14 years) was demonstrated (odds ratio [OR] = 1.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.7-2.1 for severe physical violence). Young women with both physical and sexual abuse were two times more likely to start smoking by age 14 than were those reporting no abuse (OR = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.8-2.3). Although abuse during childhood increased risk for adolescent smoking (OR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.8-2.1) for those with childhood physical and sexual abuse, inclusion of adolescent physical and sexual abuse (OR = 2.2, 95% CI 2.1-2.4) diminished the impact of childhood abuse (OR = 1.1, 95% CI 1.1-1.2). The degree of familial emotional support was protective against smoking, and reduced the impact of abuse by 40% among those with high emotional support versus those without (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: A strong and graded association was observed between both severity and accumulation of abuse and the risk of early initiation of smoking among girls. Smoking status during late adolescence was more strongly associated with adolescent abuse than childhood abuse. Early smoking onset is associated with both heightened risk for disease in adolescence but also increased morbidity and mortality in adulthood. Identifying and intervening in potentially modifiable risk factors for smoking onset in young women, such as early-life physical and sexual abuse, and building familial strengths, such as emotional support, may have significant public health implications.     

A cross-national exploration of societal-level factors associated with child physical abuse and neglect

Children around the world experience violence at the hands of their caregivers at alarming rates. A recent review estimates that a minimum of 50% of children in Asia, Africa, and North America experienced severe physical violence by caregivers in the past year, with large variations between countries. Identifying modifiable country-level factors driving these geographic variations has great potential for achieving population-level reductions in rates of child maltreatment. This study builds on previous research by focusing on caregiver-reported physical abuse and neglect victimisation, examining 22 societal factors representing 11 different constructs among 42 countries from 5 continents at different stages of development. Our findings suggest that gender inequity may be important for both child physical abuse and neglect. Indicators of literacy and development may also be important for child neglect. Given the limitations of the correlational findings and measurement issues, it is critical to continue to investigate societal-level factors of child maltreatment so that interventions and prevention efforts can incorporate strategies that have the greatest potential for population-level impact.     

Speak softly--and forget the stick. Corporal punishment and child physical abuse

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown an association between spanking and child physical abuse. However, the relationship between more frequent and severe corporal punishment and abuse remains unknown. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between reported spanking, spanking frequency, or spanking with an object and the odds of physical abuse in a representative sample of mothers from North and South Carolina. METHODS: This study is a cross-sectional, anonymous telephone survey of adult mothers with children aged <18 years living in the Carolinas in 2002. The analysis was conducted in 2007. Survey responses were used to determine the association between corporal punishment (spanking, spanking frequency, and spanking with an object) and an index of harsh physical punishment consistent with physical abuse (beating, burning, kicking, hitting with an object somewhere other than the buttocks, or shaking a child aged <2 years). RESULTS: Mothers who report that the child was spanked are 2.7 (95% CI=1.2, 6.3) times more likely to report abuse. Increases in the frequency of reported spanking in the last year are also associated with increased odds of abuse (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01, 1.06). Mothers reporting spanking with an object are at markedly increased odds of reporting abuse (OR=8.9, 95% CI=4.1, 19.6). CONCLUSIONS: Although reported spanking increases the odds of reported physical abuse, the relationship between the reported hitting of a child with an object and reported abuse is much stronger. Reduction in this form of discipline through media, educational, and legislative efforts may reduce child physical abuse.