共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染关系的研究

目的探讨吸毒人群共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004-05/07,采用横断面研究调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、吸毒频率、共用注射器静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数以及性行为特征。同时采集血样进行HIV和抗体检测。结果调查吸毒人群451人,HIV感染率为15.1%(68/451),其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17.8%(66/370)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,与HIV感染关系有统计学意义的变量是彝族(OR=2.91;95%CI,1.67～5.10)、至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的总次数(1～19次OR=4.67;95%CI,2.35～9.26;20次及以上OR=4.20;95%CI,1.52～11.61)和至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数7人及其以上(OR=2.17;95%CI,1.01～4.68)。结论吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与其HIV感染有关,需通过降低共用注射器具静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数来控制HIV的传播流行。     

西昌市吸毒人群HIV感染模式研究

目的：了解四川省西昌市吸毒人群吸毒方式及性行为与HIV感染的关系.方法：采用现况调查对四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、伙伴人数和性行为情况与HIV感染的关系进行调查.同时采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果：吸毒人群619人中,HIV感染率为8.6%（53/619）,其中静脉吸毒者的HIV感染率为10.1%（33/327）.在单因素分析和控制其他因素分析中,至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数与HIV感染差异均有统计学意义.趋势性检验发现随着至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数的增加,吸毒人群HIV感染率也在增加.在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,发现与HIV感染差异有统计学意义的变量是共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴总人数（1～3人OR=2.47,95%CI为1.21～5.04;≥4人OR=5.13,95%CI为2.30～11.46）和彝族（OR=3.71,95%CI为2.04～6.75）.结论：吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与HIV感染有关.     

西安地区戒毒人员的吸毒及性行为特征分析

目的：在吸毒人群中适时开展HIV／AIDS预防的健康教育活动。方法：对西安市两所戒毒所256名戒毒人员的吸毒和性行为特征进行了横断面 调查。结果：戒毒人员以男性青壮年为主，无业及个体经商居多，未婚或离婚、分居的比例较大，化程度低。海洛因已是主要毒品，吸食方式以单纯口吸为主，静脉吸毒似有增加趋势。多性伴、非婚或婚外性行为、避孕套正确使用率低、注射器的广泛重复使用等多种有利于HIV／AIDS传播的高危行为在吸毒人群中普遍存在。结论：在当地吸毒人群，特别是静脉吸毒人群中开展HIV／AIDS防治知识的健康教育势在必行。     

四川省吸毒人群艾滋病病毒和梅毒新发感染的队列研究

目的调查四川省某地区静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒（HIV）和梅毒血清抗体阳转情况及其危险因素.方法2002年11月在四川省西昌市以社区为基础招募HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人,在队列每6个月随访时调查静脉吸毒人群高危吸毒行为和性行为情况,并采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测.结果队列随访2年,静脉吸毒人群队列保持率和HIV血清抗体阳转率分别为75.7%和2.53/100人年（95%CI：1.10～3.97）,在多因素Poisson回归模型分析中,民族（RR=12.42,95%CI：2.72～56.74,P=0.0012）、近3个月共用针头或注射器（RR=4.06,95%CI：1.29～12.81,P=0.0168）与HIV血清抗体阳转的关系有统计学意义.该研究队列梅毒血清抗体阳转率为4.71/100人年（95%CI：2.59～6.82）,在多因素Poisson回归模型中,女性（RR=4.42,95%CI：1.78～10 99,P=0.0014）与梅毒血清抗体阳转的关系有统计学意义.结论该地区静脉吸毒人群HIV和梅毒新发感染率高,应采取有效的干预措施以控制HIV的传播流行.     

四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染状况研究

[目的]了解四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染情况及其影响因素。[方法]于2005年10～11月在西昌市对静脉吸毒人群进行调查，调查内容包括社会人口学、毒品使用、共用注射器具静脉吸毒以及性行为情况等．同时采集血样进行梅毒抗体检测。[结果]在招募的325名静脉吸毒者中，梅毒感染率为17．2％（56／325），其中男性和女性的梅毒感染率分别为12．8％（35／273）和40．4％（21／53）。多因素Logistic回归模型分析结果显示，女性（OR：4．95；95％CI：2．49～9．83）、彝族（OR：2．44；95％CI：1．25-4．76）和近1个月与临时性伴发生非保护性性交（OR：2．61；95％CI：1．30～5．24）与静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染的关系有统计学意义。[结论]四川省西昌市静脉吸毒人群梅毒感染率高，迫切需要采取措施来提高该地区静脉吸毒人群中安全套的使用。     

上海市卢湾区社区吸毒人员现况及艾滋病防制方式探讨

1989年云南首次报道艾滋病毒（HIV）感染在注射毒品人群中爆发流行，截至2005年11月，我国吸毒人群中的HIV感染者和艾滋病人约28．8万人，占总数的44．3％。涉及全国31个省（自治区）、直辖市怛。。静脉吸毒成为我国HIV感染的主要传播途径。由于静脉吸毒人员以青壮年为主，以及大部分静脉吸毒人员具有高危性行为，他们成为HIV在吸毒人群和普通人群之间传播的重要桥梁之一。在尚未全面实施针具交换和使用美沙酮替代门诊治疗的情况下，我们结合禁毒在社区吸毒人群中开展艾滋病危险因素和相关行为及HIV感染调查，对HIV高危人群艾滋病预防控制具有一定的现实意义。     

静脉吸毒人群3年随访的HIV新发感染率和保持率研究

[目的]了解静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列3年随访的HIV血清抗体阳转率和队列保持率情况。[方法]于2002年11月，在四川省西昌市从社区招募了HIV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人，队列每6个月随访1次并采集血样进行HIV抗体检测，以及分析队列本底的社会人口学和HIV高危行为特征与队列保持率的关系。[结果]静脉吸毒人群研究队列3年随访的HIV新发感染率为2．26／100人年（95％CI：1．08～3．45）和保持率为68.8％（229／333）。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中，与队列保持率的关系有统计学意义的变量为：彝族（OR：0．35；95％CI：0．21-0．59；P〈0．0001）、6个月回访（OR：3．10；95％CI：1．81-5．31；P〈0．0001）和近3个月静脉吸毒频率高（OR：1．79；95％CI：1．00-3．19；P=0．0485）。[结论]本研究结果表明该地区静脉吸毒人群HIV新发感染率较高，彝族和6个月未随访到的静脉吸毒人群队列保持率低。     

静脉吸毒人群HIV阳转率与队列保持影响因素

目的了解静脉吸毒人群HIV血清抗体阳转率和队列本底的社会人口学和高危行为特征以及6个月随访情况与队列12个月保持率的关系。方法于2002年11月,在四川省西昌市从社区筛查HIV抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群前瞻性研究队列333人。在队列每6个月随访时进行HIV抗体检测来估算HIV血清抗体阳转率和分析队列本底的社会人口学和高危行为特征以及6个月随访情况与队列12个月保持率的关系。结果静脉吸毒人群队列12个月的HIV血清抗体阳转率为3.17×10-2人年(95%CI=0.98~5.37)和保持率为70.3%。在多因素Logistic回归分析中,与队列12个月保持率差异有统计学意义的变量为6个月能随访到(OR=8.74,95%CI=4.95~15.41;P<0.0001)和彝族(OR=0.50,95%CI=0.28~0.87;P<0.0151)。未见静脉吸毒人群队列本底的HIV高危行为因素与队列12个月保持率的关系差异有统计学意义。结论静脉吸毒人群HIV血清抗体阳转率彝族和6个月未随访到的吸毒人群队列12个月的保持率低。     

直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染关系的研究

目的了解四川省凉山彝族自治州地区吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004年5月至7月，从社区中招募吸毒人群调查其社会人口学特征、近3个月直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、近6个月性行为情况。采集研究对象的血样进行HIV抗体检测。结果在调查的吸毒人群中HIV感染率为15．1％（68／451），其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17．8％（66／370）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示，民族（OR为2．40；95％CI为1．39～4．13）、近3个月共用针头和注射器（OR为2．02；95％CI为1．12～3．63）、近3个月共用洗针头或注射器用水（OR，4．00；95％；CI，1．28～12．54）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论四川省凉山彝族自治州吸毒人群HIV感染率高，直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为以及高危性行为普遍，应加强对此类行为的干预。     

2003—2007年台州市吸毒人员HIV感染流行病学分析

静脉吸毒是艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染的主要途径之一。吸毒人群也是艾滋病干预的重点人群。为了解台州市吸毒人员HIV感染状况和流行病学特征，为艾滋病防治的策略制定提供依据。2003年以来，我们在台州市强制戒毒所设立监测哨点，开展了吸毒人员HIV感染状况调查，现将结果报道如下。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.