男男性行为者艾滋病防治知识知晓及与人口学特征的关系

目的了解男男性行为者（MSM）艾滋病防治知识知晓现况,分析人口学特征影响因素。方法采用应答者趋动招募抽样法（RDS）,在MSM活动场所定时、定点进行艾滋病防治知识知晓情况等的招募和寻问式匿名现场调查。结果共调查400人,艾滋病防治知识平均总知晓率为92.1%,其中认为蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病知晓率最低为75.0%,其余均在90%以上。不同文化程度（H=24.257,P=0.000）、职业（χ^2=332.096,P=0.000）、年龄（H=16.222,P=0.001）、异性婚姻状况（χ^2=39.950,P=0.000）、性取向（χ^2=52.294,P=0.000）、经济收入（H=8.927,P=0.030）、户籍和民族（χ^2=8.056、5.332,P=0.046、0.021）艾滋病防治知识知晓率差异有统计学意义。防治知识知晓率不同人口学特征组间比较,大专及以上较小学及以下、初中组高（Z=-2.804、-4.144,P=0.005、0.000）,学生较工人及商业服务和其他组、干部职员较其他组高（χ^2=5.906、169.126、79.938,P=0.005、0.000、0.000）,年龄〈20岁较20-岁、30-岁组高（Z=-3.870、-2.304,P=0.000、0.021）,未婚较已婚组高（Z=-3.870,P=0.000）,同性性取向者较异性、双性和不确定者高（χ^2=10.354、47.373、5.008,P=0.001、0.000、0.025）,月收入≤1 000元者较无收入、1 001-元、〉3 000元者低（Z=-2.353、-2.126、-2.550,P=0.019、0.033、0.011）,本市、本省外市户籍者较外省者高（χ^2=7.605、5.895,P=0.006、0.015）,汉族较其他少数民族高。结论绵阳市MSM艾滋病防治知识知晓率较高,但不平衡,仍存在盲点和薄弱环节,应积极采取措施,针对特殊＂亚群＂深入开展健康教育,提高覆盖率和整体知晓率,进一步促进艾滋病防治意识的建立和行为改变。     

天津市MSM人群艾滋病知晓情况的网络调查和影响因素

目的通过网络问卷的方式调查天津市男男性行为(MSM)人群对艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况并分析其影响因素。方法选择不记名的网络调查方法在天津市网络论坛上收集4 026份MSM艾滋病相关知识问卷开展影响因素分析。结果天津市MSM人群关于艾滋病的总体知晓率为95.03%,其中"男男同性性行为人群是我国目前受艾滋病危害最严重的人群"这一问题的知晓率最低,为85.5%;不同年龄、与异性婚姻状况、不同民族受访人群知晓率差异无统计学意义(P0.05);不同户籍、文化程度、性取向受访人群知晓率差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。结论天津市MSM人群对艾滋病相关问题的知晓总体较高,但仍需要进一步加大艾滋病知识的普及力度。天津市MSM人群对艾滋病相关知识知晓率高于外省市,文化程度越高知晓率越高,同性恋群体的知晓率比异性恋高。     

绵阳市男男性行为人群随访队列艾滋病知识及相关行为变化研究

目的了解绵阳市男男性行为者(MSM)随访队列艾滋病知晓及高危行为变化动态。方法 2009年采用应答推动抽样法(RDS)在绵阳招募调查符合条件的艾滋病病毒(HIV)阴性的MSM建立随访研究队列,1年后进行相关行为学随访调查,分析知识知晓及相关行为变化。结果在155例随访者中,平均年龄(27.0±7.8)岁,艾滋病知识知晓率平均97.0%,较基线的95.5%显著上升(χ2=4.499,P=0.034)。随访较基线调查,近1年做过HIV检测,HIV知识信息来自宣传材料、互联网的比例上升显著(χ2=7.315、4.209、10.356,P=0.007、0.040、0.001);寻找性伴场所变化差异有统计学意义(χ2=15.918,P=0.003),酒吧型减少,公园型、网络型上升。近1周平均男男肛交次数、近6月性伴居住城市数分别从基线的1.77次、2.92个下降为随访的0.80次、1.33个,差异有统计学意义(t=4.329、24.270,P均=0.000)。近6月男男肛交做"0"、口交安全套使用率差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.939、8.001,P=0.029、0.018),肛交做"0"每次使用安全套从42.2%上升到51.0%,口交从11.1%下降到3.3%。近6月男男肛交数、女性性行为、商业性行为,近1次、近6月男男肛交、阴道交及做"1"肛交安全套使用率差异无统计学意义。结论绵阳市MSM研究队列艾滋病知晓率提高,高危行为有一定改变,但多性伴、无保护性行为仍较明显,应继续加大行为干预力度。     

西藏某高校藏汉族大学生艾滋病知识知晓情况

了解藏族大学生艾滋病知识知晓情况,为开展艾滋病健康教育提供科学合理的依据.方法 采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取西藏某高校学生1 902名进行问卷调查.结果 被调查学生艾滋病知识总知晓率为58.8%,藏族大学生知晓率(55.2%)低于汉族大学生(70.3%),差异有统计学意义(x2 =98.655,P<0.01);艾滋病传播途径知晓水平比较,汉族大学生知晓率(82.3%)高于藏族大学生(69.6%),差异有统计学意义(x2=169.533,P<0.01);艾滋病非传播途径知晓水平比较,汉族大学生知晓率(58.4%)高于藏族大学生(43.4%),差异有统计学意义(x2=190.519,P<0.01);艾滋病预防知识知晓水平比较,汉族大学生知晓率(69.6%)高于藏族大学生(49.4%),差异有统计学意义(x2=287.418,P<0.01).结论 藏族大学生对艾滋病知识有一定了解,但总体程度不高.应结合具体情况,有重点、有针对性地加强藏族大学生艾滋病健康教育.     

绵阳市MSM艾滋病知识及不同地区肛交保护性和影响因素

目的了解男男性行为人群(MSM)艾滋病知识知晓和不同地区肛交保护性现状,分析影响因素。方法 2015的3-10月,以绵阳市9个县(市、区)MSM为对象,在固定场所和知情同意下,用滚雪球抽样法,进行调查对象招募和自填式行为学调查及血清学检测。结果共调查1 271例,艾滋病知识知晓率98.2%(1 248/1 271),肛交保护性近1次92.7%(1 036/1 117)、近6月82.7%(924/1 117),不同地区差异有统计学意义(分别有=58.488、100.040,P均0.001)。近6月肛交人群中有保护性和无保护性艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染率分别为4.7%(43/924)、9.8%(19/193)(=8.207,P=0.004)。多因素分析:文化程度、婚姻状况、艾滋病知识、认识当地MSM朋友数、压力感受、近1周肛交次数是肛交保护性的独立影响因素(P均0.05)。结论绵阳市MSM艾滋病知识知晓率、性行为保护性较高,地区间不平衡。肛交保护性与人口学特征、知识知晓、肛交频率、压力感受相关。应关注压力感受对性行为保护性的影响。     

基于微信虚拟社区的四川省居民癌症防治核心知识知晓情况分析

目的 了解基于微信虚拟社区的四川省居民癌症防治核心知识知晓情况。方法 采用方便抽样,通过 “四川省癌症防治中心”官方微信公众号发布匿名电子问卷进行横断面调查,收集≥18 岁四川省常住居民癌症防治核心知识知晓情况,并采用决策树模型对其影响因素进行分析。结果 共回收四川省微信虚拟社区居民的有效问卷3 806份,总体癌症防治核心知识知晓率为69.55%。不同性别、年龄组、经济区以及不同职业居民知晓情况的差异具有统计学意义（x2=27.254,P＜0.001;x2=169.594,P＜0.001;x2=14.493,P=0.006;x2=314.582,P＜0.001）;知晓率随着文化程度的增高而增高（x2趋势=383.007,P＜0.001）。决策树模型结果显示文化程度、经济区、职业和性别为癌症防治知识知晓的影响因素,文化程度与知晓率的关联性最强。结论 四川省微信虚拟社区居民的癌症防治核心知识的总体知晓水平较高,文化程度、经济区、职业和性别与知晓情况有关联。     

男男性行为者艾滋病知识知晓与社会网络和预防服务的关系

目的了解男男性行为者（MSM）艾滋病知识知晓现况,分析社会网络及艾滋病预防服务对知晓率的影响。方法 2009～06/09,采用应答者趋动招募抽样法（RDS）,在MSM活动场所定时、定点进行艾滋病防治知识知晓、社会网络、预防服务等情况的招募和寻问式匿名现场调查。结果共调查400人,艾滋病防治知识平均总知晓率为92.1%,获取知识主要途径互联网62.8%、朋友57.0%、电视44.2%、宣传材料35.3%。不同主要寻找性伴场所者艾滋病防治知识知晓率差异有统计学意义（H=21.254,P〈0.01）,以联网最高,其次为酒吧/歌舞厅/茶室/会所,以浴室/桑拿/按摩最低,其次是公园/公厕/草地;认识MSM朋友人数与知晓率相关性有统计学意义（rs=0.142,P〈0.01）,认识朋友多,知晓率相对较高;不同介绍参加调查关系知晓率差异有统计学意义（H=7.905,P〈0.05）,熟人介绍者最高,其次是好朋友,性伴介绍最低。近半年是否接受过HIV检测、知道检测结果、安全套发放、润湿剂发放、同伴教育、防艾宣传资料发放知晓率差异有统计学意义（Z=-3.358、-2.308、-3.028、-3.106、-3.531、-4.019,P〈0.05）,接受过相应预防性服务者知晓率相对较高;是否以互联网、朋友、宣传材料为主要艾滋病防治知识来源者知晓率差异有统计学意义（Z=-2.754、-3.08、-2.196,P〈0.05）,以此为主要来源者知晓率较高,为有效宣传来源途径。结论绵阳市MSM艾滋病防治知识知晓率较高,但不平衡,受社会活动网络、接受艾滋病预防服务因素的影响,应针对性深入开展健康教育,提整体知晓率。     

宿迁市6类人群梅毒预防知识知晓率调查

目的 了解宿迁市不同人群梅毒预防知识知晓情况,为梅毒防控健康教育工作提供科学依据.方法 2020年6-7月,对宿迁市城市居民300人、农村居民300人、流动人口400人、在校学生400人、暗娼800人、男男性行为者(MSM)400人,开展梅毒预防知识知晓率调查.结果 调查2600人,梅毒相关知识知晓率为95.46％,其中城市居民和在校学生最高(均为100.00％),农村居民最低(85.67％),不同人群知晓率差异有统计学意义(x2=180.59,P＜0.01).男性知晓率(93.88％)低子女性(96.80％),≤24岁、25～＜35岁、35～＜45岁组知晓率较高,分别为98.75％、97.85％、93.46％,≥45岁组相对较低(75.86％),大专及以上文化程度知晓率最高(98.49％),小学及以下最低(65.93％),不同性别、年龄、文化程度间知晓率差异均有统计学意义(x2=12.71、218.96、395.76,P值均＜0.05).通过宣传材料获取知识途径占58.96％,网络和宣传活动分别占57.96％、54.30％.结论 宿迁市不同人群梅毒知识知晓率较高,仍应根据人群特点开展多形式针对性宣传活动.     

广州市番禺区成年常住居民艾滋病认知水平及影响因素调查分析

目的我国艾滋病疫情已由高危人群向普通人群扩散。本研究对广州市番禺区成年常住居民艾滋病知识知晓状况开展横断面调查,分析相关影响因素,为针对性的制定常住居民艾滋病知识宣教策略提供参考。方法 2019-01-2019-06采用分层抽样方法,在广州市番禺区选取20个社区(行政村),每个社区抽取在当地连续居住>6个月、年龄≥16岁及未诊断艾滋病的50名居民作为调查对象。调查居民艾滋病知识现状,分析艾滋病知识知晓情况影响因素。结果共计调查1 000名,回收有效问卷995份。调查的常住居民对艾滋病知识总知晓率为77.49%,其中"蚊虫叮咬不会传播艾滋病"知晓率(68.74%)最低,"与艾滋病患者共用注射器有可能感染艾滋病"知晓率(90.45%)最高。单因素分析发现,不同年龄(χ~2=34.847,P<0.001)、不同文化程度(χ~2=81.649,P<0.001)、不同民族(χ~2=5.286,P=0.021)、不同职业(χ~2=23.769,P<0.001)及不同户籍(χ~2=259.778,P<0.001)是社区居民艾滋病知识总知晓率影响因素。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,艾滋病知识知晓率的主要影响因素为文化程度(OR=2.656,95%CI为1.906～3.701)、年龄(OR=1.703,95%CI为1.133～2.558)和户籍(OR=1.509,95%CI为1.089～2.092)。结论广州市番禺区成年常住居民艾滋病认知水平较低,应加强相关宣教工作,重点开展针对文化程度低、年龄长及外地户籍人群的艾滋病知识推广。     

绵阳市县级MSM艾滋病知识知晓及预防服务覆盖促进效果分析

目的了解绵阳市县级男男性行为者(MSM)艾滋病知识知晓、预防服务覆盖变化趋势,评价促进效果。方法以绵阳市辖区9个县(市、区)MSM为对象,在知情同意下,采用滚雪球抽样法,用相同问卷,分别进行基线、期中和终期的自填式匿名行为学调查,比较艾滋病知识知晓、预防服务覆盖变化。结果基线、期中、终期分别合格调查820、833和861例,人口学特征一致(均P0.05)。艾滋病知识平均知晓率为97.2%,不同调查时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05),但与人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病患者共餐不会传染、输入HIV感染者/艾滋病患者血液会传染、与HIV感染者/艾滋病患者共用针具会传染、固定性伴可降低传播危险知晓率不同,差异有统计学意义(均P0.01)。近1年接受过同伴教育呈上升趋势,接受过安全套宣传和发放/艾滋病咨询检测呈下降趋势(均P0.01)。自报近1年患过性病呈下降趋势(P0.05)。结论该市县级MSM艾滋病防治网络运行良好,艾滋病知识知晓率达较高水平,预防服务覆盖面提高,性病感染得到初步控制,但存在一定波动性,应进一步巩固加强。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.