公立医院践行社会责任的探索

概括了公立医院社会责任的概念和公立医院社会责任的分级模型,并在此基础之上,介绍了天津市人民医院履行社会责任的实践:积极完成上级部门交派的医疗、公共卫生任务,履行基本社会责任;积极开展对口帮扶,承担中级社会责任;开展大肠癌筛查工作,实现高级社会责任。对公立医院践行社会责任提出建议:深化思想认识,主动承担社会责任;结合自身优势,探寻符合自身特点的公益项目;加大政府投入,完善公立医院补偿机制。     

公立医院领导干部经济责任审计评价指标体系研究——以甘肃省某三甲医院为例

根据近年来公立医院领导干部在履行经济责任中出现的问题,梳理国内外研究成果,运用层次分析法,从遵守法律责任、财务管理责任、绩效管理责任、社会责任四个层面构建了一套完备的公立医院领导干部经济责任审计评价指标体系,并结合案例分析提出相应的建议,对今后评价公立医院领导干部经济责任履行情况具有一定的借鉴作用。     

浅析公立医院社会责任的实践

公立医院要始终把社会责任放在第一位,公立医院未来的竞争将是履行社会责任的竞争,社会责任是医院服务的竞争资本,是医院获得核心竞争力的关键。质量管理、成本管理、综合满意、文化建设是公立医院履行社会责任的有效路径,社会效益和经济效益的双赢是公立医院履行社会责任的最佳体现。     

新时期大型公立医院社会责任价值取向与实现路径

分析了大型公立医院公益性、绩效管理和社会责任等不同价值取向的区别及矛盾冲突,认为社会责任不是对公益性和绩效管理的扬弃,而是兼容并蓄。根据大型公立医院的功能定位及事业单位分类改革等环境的变化,认为大型公立医院与县级及以下公立医疗卫生机构价值取向应该有所区别,应选择社会责任价值取向,并基于社会责任理论提出大型公立医院社会责任的内涵、社会责任的履行和评价机制,实现大型公立医院的社会责任价值。     

公立医院社会公益职能弱化的原因及其治理对策

我国公立医院提供了大量具有社会功能性质的任务,但在运行中也出现一些问题,如应有的功能和责任履行不到位,布局、规模和结构不尽合理,职工收入与经济效益挂钩等.政府为公立医院提供良好的政治、经济、政策环境,是促使公立医院体现公益性、履行社会责任的重要保证.公立医院要加强行业自律,提高运营绩效.     

公立医院社会责任与法律保障关系探讨

随着公立医院改革试点的指导意见确立,公立医院发展面临前所未有的挑战。围绕公立医院社会责任以及运用法律保障公立医院更好地履行社会责任等方面进行分析,具有探讨性地提出一些观点。同时对如何保障公立医院的合法权益,如何为公立医院、医务人员提供良性的执业环境等方面从法律角度,结合我国目前新医改方案出台、公立医院面临新一轮改革的形势,提出一些建议与意见。深化医药卫生体制改革是确保公立医院履行社会责任的有效途径之一,目的是建立中国特色的基本医疗卫生制度,保证城乡居民公平,享有安全、有效、方便、价廉的基本医疗卫生服务。这不仅是解决当前医患矛盾也是确保公立医院履行职责的治本之策、久安之道。     

我国政府举办公立医院的理论依据和职责研究

根据人权理论、价值观、福利经济学、人力资本、公共产品等基本理论,公平提供基本医疗卫生服务、保障人群健康是政府不可推卸的责任,而举办公立医院,是政府履行保障人群健康职责的有效途径之一。根据社会组织学、公共选择、社会主义优越性等理论,我国公立医院具有公益属性,应当承担社会功能和责任。政府为公立医院提供良好的政治、经济、政策环境,是促使公立医院体现公益性、履行社会责任的重要保证,也是政府履行职责的表现形式。然而,目前我国各级政府及其相关部门在履行举办公立医院的职责方面存在许多问题,主要有：各级政府之间的职责没有完全理清;政府相关部门没有理顺关系,存在多头管理问题;卫生、财政、人事、物价等政府主要相关部门对公立医院的监管、经费投入、编制核定、医疗服务价格制定等职责落实不到位。     

公立医院与社会责任

公立医院作为政府投资设立的非营利组织，应该承担一定的社会责任，但是，如何理解公立医院的社会责任是需要研究的问题。本文通过分析公立医院承担社会责任的现状，探讨公立医院承担社会责任的方式，旨在增强医院的社会责任意识，构建和谐医患关系。     

广东省不同等级公立医院社会责任现状分析

目的探讨广东省不同等级公立医院在履行社会责任方面存在的差异,为提升社会责任履行水平提出建议。方法 2016年下半年对广东省公立医院进行问卷调查,采用SPSS 22.0进行数据处理分析,对数据变量进行重新编码、分组、计算等。在数据处理中,采用卡方检验或FISHER确切概率检验分析不同等级医院在六个维度的社会责任行为上是否存在差异。结果通过比较不同等级公立医院社会责任现状发现,在组织结构及社会责任行为层面、员工层面、患者层面、政府层面不同等级医院存在差异。结论一二级医院应重视社会责任的履行,进一步将社会责任纳入医院的发展战略规划,从医院管理层面加强社会责任工作的开展,进一步规范医院管理;加强重视临床业务运转和患者满意度,加强完成政府指令性任务,要在支援帮扶方面投入更多的力量和资源,在兼顾自身运营效率的同时,从事产生更多社会效益的活动。政府应加大对医院的财政补助投入力度,进一步推进分级诊疗制度建设,缩小不同等级公立医院间履行社会责任水平的差距。     

在构建和谐社会中履行公立医院的责任

结合高州市人民医院的做法,对在构建和谐社会中如何履行公立医院的责任进行了探讨：一是建立学习型医院,树立公立医院的责任意识;二是缓解＂看病难、看病贵＂,履行公立医院的责任;三是化解矛盾,建立政府、医院、患者的和谐关系.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.