脑卒中患者生存率及其影响因素的7年随访研究

目的对脑卒中患者7年随访，描述患者病后生存情况，并分析生存的影响因素。方法以1995年11月至1996年12月天津医科大学总医院神经内科就诊的脑卒中新发病例189例为研究对象，随访患者的复发、死亡及其他结局。整个随访工作2003年10月完成。应用Kaplan—Meier法进行生存率分析。应用Cox比例风险模型对影响患者生存与复发的因素进行单因素和多因素分析。结果随访期间，共82例患者死亡，其中因脑卒中（包括首发与复发）死亡58例，因心脏病死亡8例。患者1年生存率为79．86％，3年生存率为65．46％，7年生存率为57．46％。影响患者生存的主要因素有：年龄（RR=1．065，P〈0．001），首次发病前参加体育锻炼（RR=0．308，P〈0．001），既往有高血压病史（RR=1．785，P〈0．05）和脑卒中病史（RR=2．493，P〈0．001），与病情严重程度有关的因素如脑损害面积（RR=1．031，P〈0．001）；患者的生存情况还与出院时情况，以及出院后的康复与治疗、复发情况有关系；研究还发现，社会心理因素诸如对康复有无信心、病后有无压抑感与负面生活刺激、亲友帮助等因素对于患者的生存也有作用。结论既往有高血压病史与脑卒中病史，发病时脑损伤情况严重对于脑卒中患者的生存影响较大；发病前坚持锻炼，出院后坚持康复与治疗者预后好；复发患者生存率比未复发者低；社会心理因素对生存影响也有较大作用。     

211例宫颈腺癌治疗患者生存预后影响因素分析

目的了解宫颈腺癌治疗患者生存预后的影响因素,为预防和治疗宫颈腺癌提供依据。方法选取2008—2013年6月在浙江省肿瘤医院接受治疗的211例宫颈腺癌患者,根据病例资料和随访情况,估计生存率并分析其影响因素。结果 211例宫颈腺癌治疗患者随访10~81个月,中位数为49个月。43例患者因宫颈腺癌死亡,占20.38%。宫颈腺癌1年生存率为96.2%,3年生存率为88.6%,5年生存率为74.7%。多因素Cox分析显示,年龄(RR=4.940,95%CI:1.925~12.678)、盆腔淋巴结转移(RR=2.391,95%CI:1.311~4.360)和腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移(RR=6.344,95%CI:1.007~39.990)、FIGO分期(与I期相比,Ⅲ期:RR=5.315,95%CI:2.760~12.203;Ⅳ期:RR=9.932,95%CI:2.905~18.846)是宫颈腺癌患者生存的独立危险因素。结论宫颈腺癌患者的年龄、FIGO分期、盆腔淋巴结转移及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移是影响宫颈腺癌患者生存的危险因素。     

上海市松江区缺血性脑卒中患者急性期治疗后死亡危险因素回顾性研究

目的 对上海市松江区某三级综合性医院（A院）和某二级综合性医院（B院）自2009年1月1日～2011年1月1日期间入院治疗的新发缺血性脑卒中病例进行随访,描述患者预后生存情况,同时分析死亡危险因素.方法 以问卷调查的形式随访患者所在社区医生.随访至2012年1月.采用Kaplan-Meier法分析生存率,生存曲线比较采用Log-Rank检验,危险因素分析采用Cox比例风险模型分析.结果 随访时间最长为35个月,平均随访时间为22.4个月,失访32例,死亡85例,患者1年、2年、3年生存率分别为为89％、80％、61％.结论 高龄、急性期出院NIH-SS评分高和无康复干预是缺血性脑卒中患者死亡的主要危险因素.系统规范的康复治疗可有效延长患者的生存时间.     

90例原发性肝癌患者预后因素分析

目的探讨广西原发性肝癌患者预后影响因素,为肝癌患者临床诊疗和预后随访提供科学依据。方法以2015年1月1日至12月31日在某三甲医院收治的90例原发性肝癌患者作为研究对象,收集人口学资料、临床指标和预后随访信息,运用寿命表法计算生存率,采用Kaplan-Meier法中的Log-Rank检验和多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析影响患者术后生存的危险因素。结果共随访到90例,生存时间中位数为27.70个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为96.43%、35.71%、0.06%。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示患者的肿瘤数目、是否有癌栓、细胞分化程度、甲胎蛋白(AFP)含量、治疗方式、肝外转移是影响患者生存时间的危险因素(P0.05)。多因素Cox比例风险回归模型分析发现患者的肿瘤多发(RR=7.652,95%CI:2.813-20.816)、AFP≥400 ng/m L(RR=2.965,95%CI:1.464-6.003)、细胞分化程度低(RR=3.959,95%CI:1.350-11.612)以及存在肝外转移(RR=6.350,95%CI:2.460-16.392)是影响肝癌患者生存的影响因素(P0.05)。结论广西为原发性肝癌高发地区,预后影响因素多样,应重视对患者的随访及复发转移的早期诊断和治疗,有助于提高肝癌患者的长期生存率。     

乙肝肝硬化患者肝病死亡的回顾性队列研究

目的分析乙型肝炎(乙肝)肝硬化患者因肝病死亡的影响因素,为改善乙肝肝硬化预后提供依据。方法选择2016年1月1日—2018年1月1日期间在南京市第二医院住院治疗的乙肝肝硬化患者为研究对象,收集一般资料,临床资料和实验室资料,以肝病死亡为结局变量,随访终止于2018年1月1日。采用多因素Cox回归模型分析乙肝肝硬化患者肝病死亡的影响因素。结果 209例乙肝肝硬化患者随访176.54人年,其中43例因肝病死亡,人年死亡率为26.22/100人年。多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,Child-Pugh C级(RR=5.501,95%CI:1.740～16.201)、饮酒史(RR=6.461, 95%CI:2.072～19.923)、自发性腹膜炎(RR=13.370, 95%CI:3.282～53.231)、肝性脑病(RR=2.450,95%CI:1.223～4.510)、上消化道出血(RR=3.333,95%CI:1.171～9.209)是乙肝肝硬化患者肝病死亡的危险因素。结论饮酒史、Child-Pugh C级、自发性腹膜炎、肝性脑病和上消化道出血是乙肝肝硬化患者肝病死亡的影响因素。     

商洛市艾滋病抗病毒治疗病例生存率及影响因素分析

目的了解陕西省商洛市高效抗反转录病毒治疗(HAART)艾滋病病毒感染者和艾滋病患者(HIV/AIDS)的生存率及影响因素,为提高艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果提供依据。方法以2010—2018年在商洛市首次接受HAART治疗的≥18岁HIV/AIDS病例为研究对象。采用寿命表法分析HIV/AIDS病例的生存率、死亡率和中位数生存时间;采用Cox比例风险回归模型分析HAART治疗HIV/AIDS病例生存时间的影响因素。结果共调查286例HIV/AIDS病例,因AIDS死亡27例。治疗后1年内、4年和8年的累计生存率分别为93.95%、89.71%和88.39%。多因素Cox比例风险回归分析结果显示,首次接受HAART治疗时年龄≥30岁(RR:4.208～24.095,95%CI:1.219～79.491)比18～29岁组死亡风险高;AIDS患者(RR=38.590,95%CI:15.451～96.382)比HIV感染者死亡风险高;同性性接触感染(RR=3.425,95%CI:1.385～8.470)和其他途径感染(RR=10.299,95%CI:3.602～29.446)比异性性接触感染死亡风险高;基线CD4+T淋巴细胞数≥200个/μL (RR:0.133～0.170,95%CI:0.048～0.604)比200个/μL死亡风险低。结论商洛市HAART治疗HIV/AIDS病例生存率较高;首次接受治疗时年龄、病程、感染途径和基线CD4+T淋巴细胞数影响HIV/AIDS病例的生存时间。     

辽宁省2003-2015年7255例艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者的生存分析

目的 探讨艾滋病（acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS）患者高效抗逆转录病毒治疗（highly active antiretroviral therapy,HAART）后的生存率及其影响因素。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法,收集辽宁省2003-2015年7 255例接受HAART的人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）感染者和AIDS患者的相关信息,用寿命表法分析其生存率,用Cox回归模型分析生存时间的影响因素。结果 共收集7 255例HIV/AIDS为研究对象,HAART后1、3、5年的累积生存率分别为97%、95%、93%,6～12年的累积生存率均为92%;其中HAART后艾滋病相关死亡269例,总病死率为1.99/100人年;Cox回归模型多因素分析显示,年龄30～59岁（HR=0.330,95%CI:0.203～0.538）、>59岁组（HR=0.569,95%CI:0.395～0.820）与<30岁组相比死亡风险低;文化程度初中（HR=0.503,95%CI:0.324～0.780）、高中及中专（HR=0.284,95%CI:0.200～0.405）、大专及以上组（HR=0.254,95%CI:0.169～0.381）与小学及以下组相比死亡风险低,感染途径为异性传播组与同性传播组相比死亡风险低（HR=0.540,95%CI:0.383～0.763）;基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数≥200个/μl组与<50个/μl组相比死亡风险低（HR=0.316,95%CI:0.201～0.499）;BMI≥24.0 kg/m2组与<18.5 kg/m2组相比死亡风险低（HR=0.459,95%CI:0.344～0.611）。结论 辽宁省艾滋病抗病毒治疗效果稳定,5年生存率水平较高。疾病早期进行规范治疗是降低患者死亡风险、提高生存率的有效措施。     

急性心肌梗死住院患者脑卒中危险因素的研究

目的 探讨急性心肌梗死（心梗）住院患者脑卒中发病率和脑卒中的危险因素。方法 回顾性调查住院心梗患者，收集人口，临床，溶栓抗栓治疗和脑卒中发病资料，应用单因素和多因素非条件logistic回归分析。结果 2133例急性心梗住院患者脑卒中的发病率为4.59%。多因素非条件逐步logistic回归分析显示，前壁心梗是急性惦梗患者发生脑卒中最强的危险因素（RR=7.04)，其余的依次为高血压病史（RR=3.41)，心房纤颤（RR=2.22)，脑卒中病史（RR=1.69)，高龄（RR=1.04)和入院时心率（RR=1.03)。溶栓治疗是保护性因素（RR=0.12)。结论 急性心梗住院患者脑卒中发病率较高，溶栓剂可减低脑卒中发病率，高龄，高血压病史，脑卒中史，心房纤颤，入院时心率增快和前壁心梗是急性心梗患者脑卒中的危险因素。     

2004—2022年河南省新乡市15岁以上接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者生存状况及影响因素分析

目的 了解河南省新乡市15岁以上接受艾滋病抗病毒治疗患者的生存状况及影响因素。方法 从中国疾病预防控制信息系统免费艾滋病抗病毒治疗（ART）数据库中选取2004—2022年新乡市15岁以上HIV/AIDS患者，采用回顾性队列研究方法，分析患者生存状况，采用Cox比例风险模型探讨接受ART患者死亡风险的相关影响因素。结果共纳入研究对象2 274例，中位生存时间为18.0年，接受ART治疗满1年的患者累计生存率为93%。多因素Cox比例风险模型分析显示，接受治疗时的年龄30～<50岁组（AHR=2.316,95%CI:1.283～4.180）及≥50岁（AHR=4.227,95%CI:2.296～7.782）,WHO临床分期为Ⅲ期（AHR=1.771,95%CI:1.306～2.401）及Ⅳ期（AHR=1.837,95%CI:1.285～2.626），初始治疗方案为齐多夫定+去羟肌苷+奈韦拉平（AHR=1.901,95%CI:1.169～3.092）、奈韦拉平+拉米夫定+司他夫定及其他（AHR=2.368,95%CI:1.404～3.992）者死亡风险较高；已婚有配偶者（AHR=0....     

174例蛛网膜下腔出血患者生存率及死亡的相关危险因素历史性队列研究

目的 描述蛛网膜下腔出血(SAH)患者生存状况,探讨死亡的相关危险因素.方法 对174例患者的年龄、既往史、出血累及脑区、实验室检查指标、治疗方式、并发症与预后等进行随访调查,通过Kaplan-Meier生存分析和Cox比例风险模型分析,明确患者生存状况及死亡的相关危险因素.结果 共164例患者完成随访调查[失访10例(5.75%)],其中死亡66例,最长随访时间为5.64年;患者28天生存率70.60%,1年生存率63.40%,3～5年生存率57.20%;应用尼膜同、行动脉瘤夹闭和栓塞治疗可以显著降低患者的死亡风险;而高龄、长期吸烟、低钠血症、急性期白细胞增高、再出血和脑血管痉挛等将显著增加患者的死亡风险.结论 高龄、急性期白细胞增高、并发低钠血症、消化道出血、再出血和脑血管痉挛的SAH患者预后不良;给予尼膜同、行动脉瘤夹闭或栓塞治疗可以降低动脉瘤性SAH患者的死亡风险.     

缺血性脑卒中复发危险因素分析及预测模型的构建

目的 探讨影响缺血性脑卒中复发的危险因素并建立Cox比例风险回归模型.方法 回顾性收集2008-2009年河北联合大学附属医院神经内科确诊的连续性初发缺血性脑卒中患者为研究对象,同时随访患者的复发情况,于2010年6月30日完成随访工作,应用Kaplan-Meier法进行复发率分析,应用Cox比例风险回归模型对影响患者复发的危险因素进行单因素和多因素分析,建立复发模型.结果 随访期间共79例患者复发,患者1年复发率为12.75%,2年复发率为18.87%,经Cox比例风险回归模型单因素及多因素分析显示,年龄(X1)(RR=1.025,95%CI:1.003～1.048)、高血压史(X2)(RR=1.976,95%CI:1.014～3.851)、家族卒中史(X3)(RR=2.647,95%CI:1.175～5.961)、总胆固醇(X4)(RR=1.485,95%CI:1.214～1.817)、ESRS评分(X5)(RR=1.327,95%CI:1.057～1.666)和病情进展(X6)(RR=1.889,95%CI:1.123～3.178)是影响患者复发的独立危险因素,建立复发模型的个体预后指数(PI)为0.025X1+0.681X2+0.973X3+0.395X4+0.283X5+0.63X6.PI值越小,复发危险性越低;PI值越大,复发危险性越高.结论 年龄、高血压史、家族卒中史、总胆固醇、ESRS评分和病情进展是缺血性脑卒中患者复发的独立危险因素,并成功建立复发模型及个体PI方程.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the risk factors and establish the Cox' s regression model on the recurrence of ischemic stroke. Methods We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with ischemic stroke admitted to the Neurology Department of the Hebei United University Affiliated Hospital between January 1,2008 and December 31,2009. Cases had been followed since the onset of ischemic stroke. The follow-up program was finished in June 30, 2010. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to describe the recurrence rate. Monovariant and multivariate Cox' s proportional hazard regression model were used to analyze the risk factors associated to the episodes of recurrence.And then, a recurrence model was set up. Results During the period of follow-up program, 79 cases were relapsed,with the recurrence rates as 12.75% in one year and 18.87% in two years. Monovariant and multivariate Cox' s proportional hazard regression model showed that the independent risk factors that were associated with the recurrence appeared to be age (X1)(RR=1.025,95% CI: 1.003-1.048),history of hypertension (X2) (RR= 1.976, 95% CI: 1.014-3.851), history of family strokes (X3) (RR=2.647,95%CI: 1.175-5.961), total cholesterol amount (X4) (RR= 1.485,95%CI: 1.214-1.817), ESRS total scores (X5) (RR= 1.327,95%CI: 1.057-1.666) and progression of the disease (X6) (RR= 1.889,95%CI: 1.123-3.178). Personal prognosis index (PI) of the recurrence model was as follows: PI=0.025X1 + 0.681X2+ 0.973X3 + 0.395X4+ 0.283X5 + 0.636X6. The smaller the personal prognosis index was, the lower the recurrence risk appeared, while the bigger the personal prognosis index was, the higher the recurrence risk appeared. Conclusion Age, history of hypertension, total cholesterol amount, total scores of ESRS, together with the disease progression were the independent risk factors associated with the recurrence episodes of ischemic stroke. Both recurrence model and the personal prognosis index equation were successful constructed.     

缺血性卒中功能预后及其影响因素的回顾性研究

目的对缺血性卒中患者进行随访,观察功能预后情况并对其影响因素进行分析。方法回顾性收集2002年1月～2005年6月第四军医大学西京医院神经内科确诊的连续性缺血性卒中病例作为研究对象,采用电话、信访等方式随访,改良Rankin评分为结局指标,2006年1月完成随访工作。对影响功能预后的因素进行单因素和多元logistic回归分析。结果846例缺血性卒中病例中,不符合纳入标准169例,排除60例,资料不全者128例。随访时间最长47个月,失访55例（11.2%）,最终纳入分析434例,其中预后良好者244例（56.2%）,预后不良者190例（43.8%）。单因素及多元logistic回归分析显示,年龄（OR=3.51;95%CI：2.10～5.85）、教育程度（OR=0.69;95%CI：0.57～0.83）、脑卒中史（OR=2.48;95%CI：1.44～4.27）、NIHSS评分（OR=2.62;95%CI：1.58～4.33）和缺血性脑卒中预后不良明显相关。结论高龄、教育程度低、有脑卒中史、NIHSS评分高是不良预后的主要影响因素。     

Stroke burden in Mexican Americans: the impact of mortality following stroke

PURPOSE: To estimate ethnic-specific all-cause mortality risk following ischemic stroke and to compare mortality risk by ethnicity. METHODS: DATA from the Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi Project, a population-based stroke surveillance study, were used. Stroke cases between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2002 were identified from emergency department (ED) and hospital sources (n = 1,234). Deaths for the same period were identified from the surveillance of stroke cases, the Texas Department of Health, the coroner, and the Social Security Death Index. Ethnic-specific all-cause cumulative mortality risk was estimated at 28 days and 36 months using Kaplan Meier analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to compare mortality risk by ethnicity. RESULTS: Cumulative 28-day all-cause mortality risk for Mexican Americans (MAs) was 7.8% and for non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) was 13.5%. Cumulative 36-month all-cause mortality risk was 31.3% in MAs and 47.2% in NHWs. MAs had lower 28-day (RR = 0.58; 95% CI: 0.41, 0.84) and 36-month all-cause mortality risk (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.64, 0.98) compared with NHWs, adjusted for confounders. CONCLUSIONS: Better survival after stroke in MAs is surprising considering their similar stroke subtype and severity compared with NHWs. Social or psychological factors, which may explain this difference, should be explored.     

Smoking predicts long-term mortality in stroke: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective population study

BACKGROUND.: While the relationship between risk factors and stroke is well established, there is less information about the risk factors and survival after stroke. We examined the independent association between cardiovascular and modifiable lifestyle risk factors and subsequent mortality in people with stroke. METHODS.: 308 free-living men and women with stroke at baseline survey in 1993-1997 participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk were followed up for long-term mortality (average follow-up 7.5 years). Using Cox's proportional hazards model, we assessed the relationships between an individual's age, sex, cardiovascular risk profile including systolic blood pressure, body mass index, cholesterol, history of diabetes and lifestyle behaviors smoking and alcohol consumption and subsequent mortality up to July 2004. RESULTS.: There were a total of 100 deaths during follow-up (total person years = 2318). Advancing age (RR 1.72, 95%CI: 1.42, 2.09) and current smoking (RR 2.27, 95%CI: 1.12, 4.57) predicted higher risk while female sex was associated with reduced risk (RR 0.51, 95%CI; 0.31, 0.84) of subsequent mortality after stroke independently of other risk factors investigated. CONCLUSIONS.: Our findings may provide further empirical encouragement for smoking cessation after stroke.     

The metabolic syndrome and risk of stroke in a rural community in Japan

PURPOSE: To clarify the association between the metabolic syndrome (MS) and stroke incidence with a prospective cohort study in a rural community. METHODS: We selected 4,627 people aged > or =40 years without any past history of stroke from total 4,672 participants of health checkups during 1996 to 1998 in O City, Ehime prefecture. These were followed until Dec 31, 2002 and assessed for incident stroke based on the stroke registration system in the whole community. MS was defined using baseline data for waist circumference and three risk factors: elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance. Sex and age-adjusted relative risks (RR) for incident stroke were estimated using Cox's proportional hazard model, and population attributable risks (PAR) were also calculated. RESULTS: During the mean 5.7 year-follow-up, 88 incident strokes (50 in men and 38 in women) were recorded; 11.4% cerebral hemorrhage; 5.7% subarachnoid hemorrhage; and 83.0% cerebral infarction. Percentages of individuals with MS in the stroke and non-stroke groups were 6.8% and 6.4%, respectively, with no significant different between the two. The highest PAR was found among individuals with a normal waist and one risk factor (36.3%). The sex and age-adjusted RR for MS and incident stroke was not significantly elevated, using subjects with a normal waist circumference and 0 risk factors as a reference group (RR, 1.00); however, the RR of persons with a normal waist level plus one or more risks was 2.53 (95% CI, 1.14-5.58), and that for individuals with a high waist circumference and > or = 1 risk factors, including MS, was 2.66 (95% CI, 1.14-6.21). CONCLUSION: The risk of incident stroke is increased in people with risk factor aggregation, regardless of visceral fat conditions. Since the PAR was higher for people with a normal waist circumference than a high waist circumference in this population, the results suggest that a health policy focusing on MS for stroke prevention would not be effective in rural communities in Japan.     

Psychotropic medication use and risk of hormone-related cancers: the New York University Women's Health Study

BACKGROUND: The use of psychotropic medications may increase the risk of hormone-related cancers in females through increased gonadotropin secretion, but the data from epidemiologic studies are limited to evaluate the hypothesis. METHODS: The association between the use of psychotropic medications and cancer incidence was studied in a prospective cohort study that involves 15,270 women who participated in mammographic screening. The relative risks (RR) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (CIs) for cancer associated with the use of psychotropic medications were estimated by the Cox's proportional hazard model. RESULTS: During an average of 7.3 years of follow-up, 1,130 incident cases of cancer were identified, including 566 breast, 67 endometrial and 47 ovarian cancers. The use of any type of psychotropic medication at baseline was associated with increased risks of breast [relative risk (RR) = 1.39, 95 per cent CI 1.11-1.74], endometrial (RR=1.71; 95 per cent CI 0.93-3.14) and ovarian (RR= 1.48, 95 per cent CI 0.69-3.16) cancers, whereas no increase in risk was observed for other cancers (RR = 1.06). When the subjects were divided by menopausal status at baseline, premenopausal women tended to have higher risk of all hormone-related cancers (RR = 1.73, 95 per cent CI 1.27-2.35) than postmenopausal women (RR=1.23, 95 per cent CI 0.94-1.62). The magnitude of the RR associated with the use of these medications did not change by length of follow-up. Analysis by type of medication did not find that the association was limited to specific types. CONCLUSION: The observed association needs to be confirmed in further studies based on more detailed medication history.     

Relations between dietary sodium and potassium intakes and mortality from cardiovascular disease: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risks

BACKGROUND: Limited evidence is available about the relations between sodium and potassium intakes and cardiovascular disease in the general population. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate relations between sodium and potassium intakes and cardiovascular disease in Asian populations whose mean sodium intake is generally high. DESIGN: Between 1988 and 1990, a total of 58,730 Japanese subjects (n = 23,119 men and 35,611 women) aged 40-79 y with no history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or cancer completed a lifestyle questionnaire including food intake frequency under the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk sponsored by the Ministry of Education, Sports and Science. RESULTS: After 745,161 person-years of follow-up, we documented 986 deaths from stroke (153 subarachnoid hemorrhages, 227 intraparenchymal hemorrhages, and 510 ischemic strokes) and 424 deaths from coronary heart disease. Sodium intake was positively associated with mortality from total stroke, ischemic stroke, and total cardiovascular disease. The multivariable hazard ratio for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of sodium intake after adjustment for age, sex, and cardiovascular disease risk factors was 1.55 (95% CI: 1.21, 2.00; P for trend < 0.001) for total stroke, 2.04 (95% CI: 1.41, 2.94; P for trend < 0.001) for ischemic stroke, and 1.42 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.69; P for trend < 0.001) for total cardiovascular disease. Potassium intake was inversely associated with mortality from coronary heart disease and total cardiovascular disease. The multivariable hazard ratio for the highest versus the lowest quintiles of potassium intake was 0.65 (95% CI: 0.39, 1.06; P for trend = 0.083) for coronary heart disease and 0.73 (95% CI: 0.59, 0.92; P for trend = 0.018) for total cardiovascular disease, and these associations were more evident for women than for men. CONCLUSIONS: A high sodium intake and a low potassium intake may increase the risk of mortality from cardiovascular disease.     

Body mass index and cardiovascular disease mortality in Japan: the Ohsaki Study

OBJECTIVE: Although there is a clear positive association between obesity and the incidence and severity of cardiovascular disease, the association between underweight and cardiovascular disease is unclear. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular disease in Japan, where the proportion of the population that is underweight is relatively high. METHOD: A total of 43,916 Japanese adults (21,003 men and 22,913 women) aged 40 to 79 years who had no history of cancer, ischemic heart disease (IHD), or stroke participated in the baseline survey in 1994. Hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for death due to total cardiovascular disease, all strokes, ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and IHD were calculated according to BMI by using Cox's proportional hazards regression models. The 22.5-24.9 kg/m(2) BMI category was used as the reference category in all analyses. RESULTS: There were U-shaped associations between BMI and total cardiovascular disease, all stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and IHD mortality, and a J-shaped association between BMI and ischemic stroke mortality. Participants with a BMI <18.5 kg/m(2) had a significantly increased risk of total cardiovascular disease, all stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and IHD mortality, and the multivariate HR (95% CI) was 1.62 (1.19-2.19), 1.50 (1.02-2.21), 2.11 (1.07-4.17), 1.83 (1.11-3.01), respectively. CONCLUSION: Underweight was substantially associated with hemorrhagic stroke and IHD mortality in Japan, while obesity was associated with increased risk of total cardiovascular disease mortality and mortality from individual cardiovascular diseases.     

Obesity and mortality in a prospective study of a middle-aged industrial population

BACKGROUND: Although obesity is an established risk factor for coronary heart disease and stroke mortality, its role as a risk factor for other causes of death has not been extensively investigated, particularly in an industrial population. METHODS: This prospective mortality study included 20 years of follow up of middle-aged industrial workers (n = 7139) at Shell Oil Company's manufacturing and research facilities. Baseline health risk factor data as of December 31, 1983, and mortality data as of December 31, 2003, were extracted from the company's Health Surveillance System. Relative risks (RRs) for selected causes of death by body mass index (BMI) category were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status as well as other potential risk factors, ie, cholesterol, hypertension, and fasting blood glucose. RESULTS: Compared with employees with BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 kg/m, those with BMI of 30 kg/m or greater had a statistically increased RR (adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status) for all causes (RR, 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03-1.51), coronary heart diseases (RR, 2.29; 95% CI = 1.50-3.50), cardiovascular diseases (RR, 2.22; 95% CI = 1.51-3.27), diabetes (RR, 16.97; 95% CI = 2.11-136.44), and accidental deaths (RR, 2.64; 95% CI = 1.23-5.66). After adjusting for additional covariates, coronary heart diseases and cardiovascular diseases remained statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Obesity was associated with increased death rates for all causes, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and all accidents. Overweight individuals had a statistically lower cancer rate. Death rates for lung cancer and respiratory disease were lower among overweight/obese employees but did not reach statistical significance. Reductions of employee obesity can be an effective means of reducing these causes of death.