兰州市0～3岁儿童饮食行为问题流行病学分析

目的了解兰州市0~3岁儿童饮食行为问题的现状及抚养者的应对状态,为进一步开展此类问题的干预提供科学依据。方法分层随机整群抽取兰州市4 389例0~3岁儿童,完成《儿童饮食行为调查问卷》,调查儿童的社会人口学资料、儿童饮食行为问题以及儿童抚养人的应对状态。结果兰州市0~3岁儿童饮食行为问题的检出率为67.62%,2~3岁检出率达最高水平,各年龄组儿童饮食行为问题最显著的均为"不良进食习惯",表现为"吃饭时伴随其他行为"、"吃饭地点不固定",仅有45.7%的抚养者认为儿保医生对饮食行为问题的处理有帮助。结论兰州市0~3岁儿童饮食行为问题的流行水平较高,临床医生应切实做好儿童饮食行为的早期干预。     

兰州市181名2~3岁儿童行为问题调查分析

目的 了解兰州市2～3岁幼儿期儿童行为问题的现状及影响因素,促进儿童心理健康。方法 采用Achenbach 2~3岁儿童行为量表(CBCL)中国标准化版本(家长用)和自编相关因素调查表对兰州市181名儿童进行调查。结果 兰州市2～3岁儿童行为问题检出率为15.5%,其中男童检出率14.3%,女童检出率17.1%;男女童在行为问题各因子上的差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在社交退缩、抑郁、睡眠问题、躯体诉述、破坏行为、内向性和总行为问题因子上的得分显著高于常模(P＜0.01);在攻击行为、外向性因子上的得分显著低于常模(P＜0.001);父母文化程度是儿童行为问题的一个重要影响因素。结论 兰州市2～3岁儿童行为问题较为突出,尤其是社交退缩、内向性问题,有必要加强早期综合发展指导,开展综合性干预。     

合肥市包河区婴幼儿饮食行为影响因素分析

目的了解合肥市包河区1~3岁儿童的饮食行为问题的影响因素。方法采用横断面调查,对儿童抚养人进行问卷调查,包括儿童的社会人口学特征、儿童的家庭基本情况、儿童的饮食行为问题、儿童抚养人的喂养行为问题。结果单因素分析结果显示:2~3岁儿童组饮食行为问题检出率高于1岁~儿童组(χ2=14.085,P0.05);男孩饮食行为问题检出率为54.1%,高于女孩45.6%(χ2=10.045,P0.05);抚养人存在喂养问题组中儿童饮食行为问题检出率(75.2%)要高于无喂养问题组(30.3%)(χ2=280.345,P0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,儿童是否存在饮食行为问题的危险因素是:性别为男;保护因素是:小年龄组儿童、抚养人无喂养行为问题。结论儿童保健工作者在日常保健工作中应注重儿童饮食行为的家庭指导,开展饮食行为干预,减少儿童不良饮食行为发生率。     

哈尔滨市0~3岁儿童饮食行为问题现状及影响因素分析

【目的】 了解哈尔滨市0~3岁儿童的饮食行为问题现况及其影响因素,为进一步进行早期干预提供科学依据。 【方法】 整群抽取哈尔滨市四个行政区0~3岁儿童1 538人,完成《儿童饮食行为调查问卷》,包括儿童一般资料,饮食行为特点,抚养人的喂养行为以及抚养人对饮食行为问题的应对四个方面内容。 【结果】 哈尔滨0~3岁儿童饮食行为问题的检出率为46.6％。3岁以下的儿童更多的表现出“不良进食习惯”(χ²=13.37,P=0.004),2岁及以上儿童的“胃口差”的问题更严重(χ²＝7.97,P=0.047)。儿童饮食行为问题的检出顺位结果表明,检出率由高到低依次为:“吃饭地点不固定”、“吃饭时做其他事情”、“道具辅助进食”,均属于不良进食习惯。多因素分析显示,父亲学历为初中及以下的儿童更容易发生饮食行为问题;收入对于儿童饮食问题产生的影响则取决于父亲的文化程度,对于父亲教育水平为高中的儿童,家庭月收入越高,儿童发生饮食行为问题可能性越大。 【结论】 哈尔滨0~3岁儿童中饮食行为问题较为多见,应有针对性的进行科学的健康教育,建立良好的喂养态度和喂养方式,在以家庭、社区为中心的环境中进行合理的饮食行为干预,使儿童形成良好的饮食行为习惯。     

成都市18～34岁男性青年性暴力现况及相关危险因素分析

目的 了解成都市18 ～ 34岁男性青年性暴力现况及相关危险因素,为预防和减少性暴力、性暴力所致各种危害的发生提供科学依据.方法 采用多阶段随机抽样方法,以成都市18 ～ 34岁青年男性为调查对象,进行入户自填式问卷调查,利用logistic多元回归方法分析性暴力的危险因素.结果 成都市18 ～ 34岁男性青年性暴力检出率为17.8％.儿童期目睹家庭暴力(P＜0.01)、儿童躯体虐待(P＜0.01)、酒精滥用(P＜0.01)、焦虑(P＜0.01)、不良婚姻状况(离婚/丧偶/分居等)(P＜0.01)、已婚(P＜0.05)、抑郁(P＜0.05)可能是调查人群性暴力的危险因素.结论 成都市男性青年性暴力问题不容忽视,应对高危人群实施针对性的干预.     

兰州市学龄前儿童心理行为问题现状调查

目的调查兰州市学龄前儿童心理行为问题发生现状,初步探讨兰州市学龄前儿童心理行为问题的影响因素。方法采用多阶段整群分层抽样法抽取兰州市部分幼儿园大、中、小班3~6岁学龄前儿童1 292名;采用Conners父母症状问卷(PSQ)对学龄前儿童进行调查。结果兰州市学龄前儿童心理行为问题总检出率为15.63%,男童和女童心理行为问题检出率分别为21.71%和8.94%,男童心理行为问题检出率高于女童(P0.05)。不同年龄组女童学习问题检出率比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不同年龄组男童学习问题、心神障碍、多动-冲动检出率比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);留守儿童多动-冲动检出率高于非留守儿童(P0.05);非母乳喂养儿童多动指数异常率高于母乳喂养儿童(P0.05)。结论兰州市学龄前儿童心理行为问题值得关注,不同人群心理行为问题表现不同。     

蚌埠市4～6岁儿童饮食行为现状及家庭影响因素分析

目的 了解蚌埠市4～6岁儿童的饮食行为现状及其家庭影响因素,为制定营养干预措施提供依据.方法 采用随机分层整群抽样的方法,在蚌埠市东市区、中市区和西市区各选取1所幼儿园,选择其中的4～6岁儿童478人,对其父母进行问卷调查,采用Logistic回归分析饮食的家庭影响因素.结果 所有调查儿童中,有42.92％偏食,45.75％挑食,74.73％吃零食,82.35％喜欢喝含乳饮料.Logistic回归分析显示,母亲文化程度、提示孩子吃某种食物以及强迫孩子吃某种食物与儿童挑食、偏食行为均相关(均有P＜0.05);母亲文化程度、儿童是否独生子女与儿童吃早餐相关(均有P ＜0.05).结论 偏食、挑食及是否早餐是学龄前儿童存在的主要饮食行为问题,应提高父母的营养知识和示范意识,以促进儿童养成健康饮食行为.     

广东省阳江市公众狂犬病知识、态度和行为状况及影响因素

目的 了解公众的狂犬病防治知识、态度和行为及其影响因素. 方法 自行设计调查问卷,由被访者采用匿名方式填写问卷,从而了解其一般情况、狂犬病知识、养犬的应对态度和行为、被犬伤后的态度和行为,对相关数据进行统计分析. 结果 回收有效问卷1058份.被访者年龄最小18岁,最大77岁,平均年龄(35.51±12.19)岁.狂犬病知识知晓率为46.69％ (494/1058).多因素Logistic分析显示,年龄小于30岁(OR=0.497,P＜0.05)及30～39岁(OR=0.625,P＜0.05)、文化程度初中及以下(OR=0.490,P＜0.05)、职业以工人及商人(OR =0.483,P＜0.05)及其他职业(OR=0.435,P＜0.05)是影响知识知晓的因素.被访者的态度和行为回答正确率为41.78％(442/1058),其中知识知晓者占52.02％(257/494),知识不知晓者占32.80％(185/564),两者差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05). 结论 阳江市公众狂犬病知识知晓率低,年龄、文化程度、职业是影响知识知晓的因素,狂犬病知识是否知晓是影响态度和行为的因素.     

少年儿童行为问题与家庭、学校因素关系

目的 了解合肥市城区儿童少年行为问题的现状，分析儿童少年行为问题与家庭及学校社会环境因素的关系。方法采用Achenbach儿童行为量表（家长用表）对合肥市6～18岁的1978名儿童少年及其家庭和学校环境因素进行调查，并用SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果检出有行为问题的儿童少年194名，检出率为9．8％。其中中学组检出率为10．5％，小学组为8．7％；男生检出率为10．1％，女生为9．4％，中、小学及男、女生间行为问题检出率差异无统计学意义。检出率较高的行为是分裂样、交往不良、攻击性、违纪、多动等。影响儿童少年行为问题的家庭危险因素主要有：单亲抚养，家庭中其他孩子有行为、学业问题，父母有心理问题，家庭氛围差，家长对孩子学业不满意等；学校危险因素主要为：不喜欢上学、与同学关系不融洽、与成人相处有问题、孩子完成作业有困难等。结论家庭和学校环境中的多种因素与儿童少年行为问题相关。     

陕西省部分地区3岁以下儿童体格发育影响因素研究

目的 了解陕西省部分地区3岁以下儿童体格发育的相关影响因素,为进一步实施干预措施提供理论依据.方法 2012年7至12月随机整群抽取陕西省西安市和宝鸡市的2 479名3岁以下儿童,对其体格发育情况进行调查,按照人体标准测量方法测量其身高、体重,采用调查问卷了解儿童情况、家庭情况及父母情况,并对结果进行分析.结果 影响3岁以下儿童体格发育的因素主要有:儿童性别(t=-6.017～-2.136,均P＜0.05)、出生体重(t=2.216～5.724,均P＜0.05)、出生身长(t=2.291 ～5.045,均P＜0.05)、分娩方式(t=2.270 ～3.323,均P＜0.05)、家庭人口数(t=-2.684 ～-6.680,均P＜0.05)、居住地(t=-5.512 ～-2.452,均P＜0.05)以及父母亲文化程度(t=2.228 ～3.830,均P＜0.05;t =2.120 ～3.681,均P＜0.05).出生体重及出生身长较高,居住在城市,父母亲文化程度较高,分娩方式为顺产的儿童,其体格发育较好,且男童的体格发育均高于女童;而家庭人口数较多会对儿童的体格发育产生不利影响.结论 家庭和父母情况对3岁以下儿童体格发育的影响作用比较突出,是影响3岁以下儿童体格发育不可忽视的因素,文化程度较低的儿童父母是儿童保健健康教育的重点人群.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.