Abietic acid has an anti-obesity effect in mice fed a high-fat diet

We investigated the anti-obesity effect of abietic acid in mice fed a high-fat diet with emphasis on changes in adipogenesis in epididymal adipose tissues. Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into four groups and fed a normal diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), or HFD plus oral administration of abietic acid (20 mg/kg of body weight/day [LA] or 40 mg/kg of body weight/day [HA]) for 8 weeks. Compared with the HFD group, mice orally administered 40 mg of abietic acid/kg of body weight/day exhibited significantly decreased body weight and adipose tissue weights. Serum triglyceride concentrations in the HA group were significantly lower than those in the HFD group, as were the levels of serum insulin and leptin. Hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed that epididymal adipose tissue mass was decreased by abietic acid administration. Abietic acid also inhibited the protein expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α, and CD36 in epididymal adipose tissues, which are up-regulated by HFDs. These data demonstrate that abietic acid has an anti-obesity effect in mice mediated by the regulation of adipogenesis.     

Purslane extract effects on obesity-induced diabetic rats fed a high-fat diet

Purslane extract in the form of ethanolic formulation is rich in polyphenols, flavonoids and anthocyanin, w-3 fatty acids and melatonin. The present study was designed to investigate the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of purslane using obese diabetic rats. The rats received either regular diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet with additional purslane (150 and 300 mg/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Purslane, co-administered with a high fat diet, significantly inhibited body weight gain, blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, free fatty acids and the atherogenic index levels in a dose dependent manner. Purslane-treated rats at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg body weight improved the insulin resistance index when compared to high fat diet control. In conclusion, purslane ethanolic extract showed effects indicative of potential anti-obesity and anti-diabetic actions in rats fed a high fat obesity-induced diet.     

Inhibitory effects of sweet cherry anthocyanins on the obesity development in C57BL/6 mice

In the present study, purified sweet cherry anthocyanins (CACN) were evaluated to determine their inhibitory effects on adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells and their anti-obesity properties in male C57BL/6 mice fed with high-fat diet (HFD). CACN prevented HFD-induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice. In vivo experiment revealed that 40 and 200?mg/kg of CACN in food reduced the body weight by 5.2% and 11.2%, respectively. CACN supplementation could also reduce the size of adipocytes, leptin secretion, serum glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and liver triglycerides. Furthermore, CACN could effectively reduce the expression levels of IL-6 and TNFα genes, markedly increase the SOD and GPx activity. Our results indicated that CACN slowed down the development of HFD-induced obesity in male C57BL/6 mice.     

绿茶和红茶多酚对大鼠脂肪分化相关基因表达影响的比较研究

目的:比较绿茶多酚(GTP)和红茶多酚(BTP)抗肥胖作用及其分子机制。方法:将实验大鼠分为空白对照组,高脂饲料+GTP组,高脂饲料+BTP组,高脂饲料组,定期检测体重,喂饲3个月后,观察脂肪组织和血脂水平变化,并提取附睾脂肪组织,应用RT-PCR技术观察与脂肪细胞分化相关的基因pref-1,aP2,TNF-α,瘦素,PPAR-γ,C/EBP-α在mRNA水平的表达。结果:GTP和BTP均能明显降低体重,减少脂肪。同时,GTP和BTP均能显著地抑制脂肪细胞特殊标记物aP2,TNF-α,瘦素,但两者之间无统计学差异。此外,GTP还上调前脂肪细胞标记物pref-1,且下调转录因子PPAR-γ。结论:GTP和BTP均可通过调节与脂肪细胞分化相关的基因,逆转脂肪细胞的分化,达到抗肥胖的作用,且GTP抗肥胖作用强于BTP。     

Acer tegmentosum Maxim Inhibits Adipogenesis in 3t3-l1 Adipocytes and Attenuates Lipid Accumulation in Obese Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet

We investigated the effect of Acer tegmentosum Maxim (ATM) on adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells and anti-obesity properties in obese rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Cellular lipid content in DMI (dexamethasone, 3–isobutyl–1–methylxanthine, and insulin mixture)-treated cells increased, while ATM treatment caused a significant reduction in lipid accumulation in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. ATM (60 ug/mL) caused inhibition of adipogenesis via down-regulation of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (C/EBPβ) (48%), C/EBPα (66%), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) (64%) expressions in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, ATM induced a decrease in the expressions of adipocyte-specific genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein-2 (aP2), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Protein kinase B (Akt) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation was also decreased by ATM treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We investigated the anti-obesity effects of ATM on HFD-induced obese rats. Rats fed with an HFD demonstrated elevations in body weight gain, while the administration of ATM reversed body weight (BW) gains and adipose tissue weights in rats fed an HFD. ATM supplementation caused a decrease in the circulating triglyceride and total cholesterol levels and led to inhibition of lipid accumulation in the adipose tissues in HFD-induced obese rats. Epididymal fat exhibited significantly larger adipocytes in the HFD group than it did in the ATM-treated group. These results demonstrate that ATM administration caused a reduction in adiposity via attenuation in adipose tissue mass and adipocyte size.     

减之胶囊对肥胖大鼠减肥作用的实验研究

目的探讨减之胶囊对肥胖大鼠的减肥作用和对脂质代谢的影响.方法首先造肥胖大鼠模型[1],将50～70g SD雄性大鼠随机分为模型对照组和造模组,分别给予普通饲料和高脂饲料,两组大鼠每天的饮食量相同,持续8周.造模成功后,将造模组大鼠随机分成5组,分别以减之胶囊165mg/kg@d、250mg/kg@d、330mg/kg@d,赛尼克60mg/kg@d,蒸馏水每天2ml/只灌胃,共40天,在实验过程中,按时检测各指标.结果减之胶囊能明显降低肥胖大鼠的体重,使其内脏脂肪重量减少,脂肪细胞直径变小,脂肪细胞数(一个视野内)增多;血清总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平明显降低,高密度脂蛋白(HDL)的变化不明显.结论减之胶囊对肥胖大鼠具有明显的减肥及调节和改善脂质代谢的作用.     

Anti-obesity effects of artificial planting blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) anthocyanin in high-fat diet-treated mice

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-obesity effects of artificial planting blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) anthocyanin (BA) in high-fat diet-induced obese male C57BL/6 mice. BA at doses of 50, 100, and 200?mg/kg was supplemented in the daily food of obese C57BL/6 mice during an 8-week experiment. Our findings indicate that consumption of BA at high doses reduced body weight by 19.4%, whereas both low and middle doses did not affect the body weight. Furthermore, BA supplementation at high dose could effectively decrease serum glucose, attenuate epididymal adipocytes, improve lipid profiles, and significantly down-regulate expression levels of TNFα, IL-6 PPARγ, and FAS genes. Therefour, BA might alter bodyweight by suppressing fatty acid synthesis and alleviating inflammation.     

Anti-obesity action of INDUS810, a natural compound from Trigonella foenum-graecum: AMPK-dependent lipolysis effect in adipocytes

ObjectiveWe investigated the anti-obesity effect and underlying action mechanism of INDUS810 isolated from Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fabaceae), an annual herb commonly known as fenugreek and reported to have hypocholesterolemic, antidiabetic, anticancer and gastroprotective properties.MethodsFor obese animal study, 4-week old mice were fed with normal diet or high-fat diet together with or without intraperitoneal injection of INDUS810 (200 mg/kg) twice per week for 15 weeks. 3T3-L1 cells were used to study action mechanism of INDUS810 in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism.ResultsWe found that INDUS810 can reduce high-fat diet-induced weight increase in epididymal white adipose tissue, interscapular brown adipose tissue and liver, as well as serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the insulin sensitivity was significantly improved in INDUS810-treated obese mice. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we found that INDUS810 could inhibit lipid accumulation at either differentiating or mature stages, and increase lipolysis activity in mature adipocytes. Additionally, INDUS810 has no effects on cell viability nor the expressions of adipocyte differentiation markers like fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α. In contrast, INDUS810 can increase protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator 1β, sirtuin 1 and sirtuin 3. Of note, INDUS810 can activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase, which leads to the reduction of lipid contents in adipocytes.ConclusionOur in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that INDUS810 is a potential anti-obesity agent, and this action depends on activate adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase activation.     

围产期壬基酚暴露致子代成年雄性大鼠糖脂代谢紊乱及机制研究

目的探讨围产期壬基酚(nonylphenol,NP)暴露导致成年雄性仔鼠糖脂代谢紊乱及其机制。方法将32只健康成年SPF级SD妊娠大鼠随机分为普通饲料对照(玉米油)组、普通饲料+NP(200 mg/kg)组、高脂高糖饲料(15%猪油、20%白糖、65%普通饲料)对照组、高脂高糖饲料+NP(200 mg/kg)组,每组8只。母鼠从妊娠第6天至产后21 d(PND21,断乳)清晨空腹灌胃染毒NP,染毒容量为5 ml/kg,每天1次。每组随机选取10只雄性仔鼠,于出生70 d后检测胰腺组织中NP、血糖及血清中甘油三酯(triglycerides,TG)、总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC)的水平,并检测胰腺糖代谢相关基因葡萄糖激酶(glucokinase,GCK)和葡萄糖转运蛋白-2(glucose transporter-2,GLUT-2)及脂肪细胞分化关键基因过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorγ,PPARγ)和脂肪酸合成酶(fatty acid sythase,FAS)的表达水平。结果与普通饲料对照组比较,第4、6周高脂高糖饲料对照组和高脂高糖饲料+NP组仔鼠的体重均大于普通饲料对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。第8周时,高脂高糖饲料+NP组仔鼠高脂高糖饲料对照组普通饲料对照组(P0.05),且高脂高糖饲料+NP组仔鼠高脂高糖饲料对照组普通饲料+NP组(P0.05)。与普通饲料对照组比较,普通饲料+NP组及高脂高糖饲料+NP组仔鼠的胰腺NP、血糖及血清TG、TC水平均增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。高脂高糖饲料+NP组仔鼠的胰腺NP、血糖及血清TG、TC水平均高于普通饲料+NP组(P0.05)。各组仔鼠胰腺GCK、GLUT-2基因的表达水平依次为高脂高糖饲料+NP组普通饲料+NP组、高脂高糖饲料对照组普通饲料对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。各组仔鼠脂肪细胞PPARγ、FAS基因的表达水平依次为高脂高糖饲料+NP组普通饲料+NP组高脂高糖饲料对照组普通饲料对照组,除普通饲料+NP组与高脂高糖饲料对照组比较的FAS基因外,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论围产期NP暴露可导致仔鼠糖脂代谢紊乱,其机制可能与NP促进胰腺糖代谢和脂肪细胞分化关键基因表达有关。     

Polychlorinated biphenyl-77 induces adipocyte differentiation and proinflammatory adipokines and promotes obesity and atherosclerosis

BACKGROUND: Obesity, an inflammatory condition linked to cardiovascular disease, is associated with expansion of adipose tissue. Highly prevalent coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) such as 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB-77) accumulate in adipose tissue because of their lipophilicity and increase with obesity. However, the effects of PCBs on adipocytes, obesity, and obesity-associated cardiovascular disease are unknown. OBJECTIVES: In this study we examined in vitro and in vivo effects of PCB-77 on adipocyte differentiation, proinflammatory adipokines, adipocyte morphology, body weight, serum lipids, and atherosclerosis. METHODS: PCB-77 or 2,2',4,4,5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) was incubated with 3T3-L1 adipocytes either during differentiation or in mature adipocytes. Concentration-dependent effects of PCB-77 were contrasted with those of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). For in vivo studies, we treated C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) or aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)(-/-) mice with vehicle or PCB-77 (49 mg/kg, by intraperitoneal injection) and examined body weight gain. In separate studies, we injected ApoE(-/-) mice with vehicle or PCB-77 over a 6-week period and examined body weight, adipocyte size, serum lipids, and atherosclerosis. RESULTS: Low concentrations of PCB-77 or TCDD increased adipocyte differentiation, glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activity, and expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, whereas higher concentrations inhibited adipocyte differentiation. Effects of PCB-77 were abolished by the AhR antagonist alpha-naphthoflavone. PCB-77 promoted the expression and release of various proinflammatory cytokines from 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Administration of PCB-77 increased body weight gain in WT but not AhR(-/-) mice. ApoE(-/-) mice injected with PCB-77 exhibited greater body weight, adipocyte hypertrophy, serum dyslipidemia, and augmented atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that PCB-77 may contribute to the development of obesity and obesity-associated atherosclerosis.     

The protective effects of steamed ginger on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells and adiposity in diet-induced obese mice

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESThe steamed ginger has been shown to have antioxidative effects and a protective effect against obesity. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ethanolic extract of steamed ginger (SGE) on adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model.MATERIALS/METHODSThe protective effects of SGE on adipogenesis were examined in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by measuring lipid accumulations and genes involved in adipogenesis. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND, 10% fat w/w), a high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat w/w), and HFD supplemented with either 40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg of SGE for 12 weeks. Serum chemistry was measured, and the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was determined in the adipose tissue. Histological analysis and micro-computed tomography were performed to identify lipid accumulations in epididymal fat pads.RESULTSIn 3T3-L1 cells, SGE significantly decreased lipid accumulation, with concomitant decreases in the expression of adipogenesis-related genes. SGE significantly attenuated the increase in body, liver, and epididymal adipose tissue weights by HFD. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were significantly lower in SGE fed groups compared to HFD. In adipose tissue, SGE significantly decreased adipocyte size than that of HFD and altered adipogenesis-related genes.CONCLUSIONSIn conclusion, steamed ginger exerted anti-obesity effects by regulating genes involved in adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cell and epididymal adipose tissue of DIO mice.     

Antiobesity effects of kimchi added with Jeju citrus concentrate on high-fat diet-induced obese mice

Citrus fruits contain an abundance of nutrients, including vitamins C and B₆ and hesperidin, which attribute to its beneficial health effects. Previously, kimchi with Jeju citrus concentrate (CK) elicited anti-obesity effects in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Here, we aimed to investigate whether CK exhibits anti-obesity effects by reducing serum and hepatic lipid concentrations and anti-obesity-associated gene expression in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese C57BL/6N mice. Low-dose CK (LDCK, 50 mg/kg) and high-dose CK (HDCK, 200 mg/kg) were orally administered 3 times per week over 8 weeks with HFD diet. Body weight gain, food efficiency ratio, and tissue weight were measured. Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, leptin, and adiponectin concentrations were also assessed. The effect of CK on the lipid profile and lipid accumulation was analyzed. Body and white adipose tissue masses were significantly lower in the LDCK and HDCK groups than in the HFD group. Orally administered CK significantly decreased serum lipid, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic pyruvic transaminase levels. Hepatic lipid content also decreased in the LDCK and HDCK groups. Serum leptin concentrations decreased, whereas serum adiponectin concentrations increased, confirming the anti-obesity effects of LDCK and HDCK. The decrease of hepatic vacuoles and stained lipid droplets indicated inhibition of lipid accumulation. These results support the hypothesis that CK exhibits anti-obesity effects in vivo by reducing lipid accumulation and by regulating anti-obesity-related genes.     

不同钙、铁、锌水平对大鼠营养状况及生殖机能影响的研究

目的：研究喂养边缘缺乏水平和充裕水平钙、铁、锌含量的饲料对大鼠生长发育，营养状况及生殖机能的影响，并探讨三种营养素间的相互作用。方法：采用三因素两水平的正交设计，将四周龄Ｗｉｓｔａｒ雌性大鼠按体重随机分成８组，分别饲以不同钙、铁、锌含量的饲料，１６周后与正常雄鼠合笼交配。以发现阴栓日计为妊娠第０天，妊娠第２０天时处死孕鼠并剥离胎盘和胎鼠，测定各项指标。结果：饲料中不同钙、铁、锌水平对大鼠营养状况有显著影响。大鼠血清铁水平分别受饲料钙、铁水平独立作用的影响，血清锌水平分别受饲料铁、锌水平独立作用的影响，饲料中铁、锌水平及钙与铁的交互作用对大鼠血清碱性磷酸酶的活性有显著影响，红细胞游离原卟啉（ＦＥＰ）含量受饲料铁水平及钙与铁交互作用的影响，饲料中不同钙、铁、锌水平对大鼠血红蛋白含量无显著影响。饲料中不同钙、铁、锌水平对母鼠生殖机能未见显著影响。结论：边缘缺乏水平的钙、铁、锌对大鼠的生殖机能无显著影响，但对大鼠营养状况有直接影响，导致体内营养素储备降低，尤其是处于边缘缺乏水平的铁和锌更容易受到饲料中其它元素的影响而加剧营养缺乏。     

Genistein mediates the anti-adipogenic actions of Sophora japonica L. extracts

Previous studies showed that feeding diets containing the mature fruits of Sophora japonica L. prevented body weight gain and reduced fat mass in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. This observation has led to the hypothesis that extracts from S. japonica L. may inhibit adipocyte differentiation of preadipocytes. To elucidate the possible mechanisms for the anti-obesity action of S. japonica L., its effects on adipocyte differentiation were investigated in C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells and 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. The mature fruit of S. japonica L. was partitioned with ethanol, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and butanol to identify the active fractions. The EtOAc fraction extracts inhibited morphological differentiation and lipid accumulation in the C3H10T1/2 and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Molecular studies indicated that the EtOAc fraction extracts also reduced the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and other adipocyte markers. Furthermore, among the fractions, the EtOAc fraction extracts had the highest total phenolic contents, suggesting that the polyphenols in the EtOAc fractions mediated the anti-adipogenic effects. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography identified genistein, a known anti-adipogenic compound, as the probable mediator of the anti-adipogenic effects of the EtOAc fractions. This work validates the beneficial roles of S. japonica L. in controlling body weight and obesity-related metabolic diseases.     

Improvement of Hypertriglyceridemia by Roasted Nelumbinis folium in High Fat/High Cholesterol Diet Rat Model

Hypertriglyceridemia is a condition characterized by high triglyceride levels and is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases. The present study was designed to investigate the inhibitory effect of roasted Nelumbinis folium (RN), which is a medicinal substance produced by heating lotus leaves, on lipid metabolism in high fat/cholesterol (HFC) diet-induced hypertriglyceridemia. Except for those in the control group, Sprague–Dawley rats were fed an HFC diet for four weeks to induce hypertriglyceridemia. During the next nine weeks, the control, regular diet; HFC, HFC diet, FLU, fluvastatin (3 mg/kg/day); RNL, RN (100 mg/kg/day); RNH, RN (200 mg/kg/day) were orally administered together with the diet, and the experiments were conducted for a total of 13 weeks. The weight of the epididymal adipose tissue, liver, and heart of rats in the HFC diet group significantly increased compared to those in the control group but improved in the RN-treated group. It was also confirmed that vascular function, which is damaged by an HFC diet, was improved after RN treatment. The levels of insulin, glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein increased in the HFC diet group compared to those in the control group, while the administration of RN attenuated these parameters. In addition, the administration of RN significantly reduced the gene expression of both LXR and SREBP-1, which indicated the inhibitory effect of the biosynthesis of triglycerides caused by RN. The results indicated that RN administration resulted in an improvement in the overall lipid metabolism and a decrease in the concentration of triglycerides in the HFC diet-induced rat model of hypertriglyceridemia. Therefore, our findings suggest that the RN can be a candidate material to provide a new direction for treating hypertriglyceridemia.     

Maternal-fetal folate transfer: effect of ethanol and dietary folate deficiency

The effects of acute ethanol treatment and dietary folate deficiency on maternal-fetal folate transfer were studied to asses the hypothesis that the potentiation of ethanol's toxic effect on the fetus during ongoing folate deficiency was due to the impairment of folate transfer. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either a folate-deficient diet (0.2 mg/kg) or a folate-sufficient diet (2 mg/kg) for an average of 11 weeks before pregnancy and continued until gestation day 11 when they were sacrificed. On gestation day 11, pregnant rats were treated with either ethanol (2.5 g/kg body weight) or isocaloric sucrose (control) followed by an intravenous administration of 3H-folate (2 muCi/100 g body weight) at 120 minutes. At 210 minutes, maternal blood and feto-placental tissues were removed for radioactivity measurement. Folate status and ethanol treatment had no effect on the distribution of 3H-folate in maternal circulation. However, contrary to the hypothesis, the uptake of 3H-folate by feto-placental tissues was increased in folate deficiency and by ethanol treatment, indicating that folate transfer was not impaired by the ethanol treatment. Other possibilities are discussed.     

Anti-obesity effect of an isoflavone fatty acid ester on obese mice induced by high fat diet and its potential mechanism

Background  

The novel compound 1a is one of the isoflavone fatty acid esters. In order to investigate the anti-obesity effect of compound 1a and its potential mechanism of influence in adipocyte differentiation, Obese male C57BL/6J mice induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and rat preadipocytes (3T3-L1 cell) were used.