阿斯匹林预防老年缺血性脑血管病多中心前瞻性对照研究

５８４例老年轻型缺血性卒中（ＭＩＳ）或ＴＩＡ病人随机分为阿斯匹林（ＡＳＡ）组３０１例与对照组２８３例，随访１２～６０（平均３０．２）月的结果发现：ＡＳＡ组卒中发生率与死亡发生率（１０．６％与４．３％）均低于对照组（１４．９％与７．１％），但均未达统计学差异性（Ｐ＞０．０５），ＡＳＡ组卒中与死亡危险性较对照组降低３２％〔相对危险性（ＲＲ）为０．６８，９５％可信区间为０．４６～１．０１〕；ＡＳＡ组卒中、血管性死亡及心肌梗塞发生率（２０．６％）显著低于对照组（３１．１％）（Ｐ＜０．００５），ＡＳＡ组卒中、血管性死亡及心肌梗塞危险性较对照组降低３３．８％（ＲＲ为０．６６，９５％可信区间为０．４８～０．９２）；ＡＳＡ组副作用发生率为１８．９％，严重副作用为２．７％。     

1994年对云南省瑞丽等地HIV感染者定群研究及KAP调查

１９９４年对已建立两年的吸毒者ＨＩＶ感染定群研究现场──云南省德宏州瑞丽市、陇川县及潞西县再次进行追踪调查，共调查吸毒者５２２名，全部采集了血样，其中１９９２年和１９９３年进入定群研究的静注毒品ＨＩＶ阴性者分别为２６名及３９名，检测结果１０名血清转呈阳性。瑞丽市、陇川县及潞西县静注者血清阳转率（／百观察人年）分别为２５．０％、１６．３％及０．０％。１９９４年新进入定群研究的静注者中有１０５名采集到血样，发现ＩＩＩＶ阳性４６名。瑞丽、陇川及潞西的ＨＩＶ感染率分别为６１．８％、３８．５％及０．０％。本次对５２２名吸毒者进行ＫＡＰ调查结果显示，民族、职业、文化程度与ＨＩＶ感染率之间有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．０１）。潞西县ＨＩＶ阳性率低，可能与以汉族为主、文化程度高、很少去缅甸有关。     

1993年云南省瑞丽等地吸毒者艾滋病病毒感染定群研究

１９９３年３月对已建立一年的吸毒者定群研究现场──云南省德宏州瑞丽市、陇川县及潞西县再次进行调查。本次调查７５５例吸毒者及１０２例配偶。从１９９２年进入定群研究ＨＩＶ阴性的８９例静脉吸毒者中，１９９３年又采到血样有５４例，其中９例血清转阳。瑞丽市、陇川县及潞西县１９９２年和１９９３年静注者血清阳转率（／百观察人年）分别为４３．２％及４０．０％，１２．２％及１２．２％，０％及０％。１９９３年新进入定群研究的１１６例静注者中，采集到血样的有１０４例，发现ＨＩＶ阳性３８例。上述三市县１９９２年及１９９３年入定群研究的静注者的ＨＩＶ感染率分别为８１．８％及８５．７％，４４．６％及４０．０％，５．１％及０％。可以看出血清阳转率的高低与ＨＩＶ感染率高低相吻合。ＨＩＶ阳性者的配偶１９９０、１９９２及１９９３年的ＨＩＶ感染率分别为３．１％、９．８％和７．４％，有上升趋势。潞西县ＨＩＶ阳性者少，静脉注射出现时间晚，但近年来静脉吸毒者比例上升快，值得注意。     

橡胶职业暴露与肝癌关系的病例—队列研究

为研究橡胶职业暴露与肝癌之间的关系，应用标化死亡率和病例队列研究对上海某橡胶厂轮胎和胶鞋制造工人进行了２３年（１９７３～１９９５）的随访调查，结果表明，全队列人群总的死亡率低于普通人群，但按工种分组分析，发现男性胶鞋工种肝癌死亡超额明显［ＳＭＲ为１０（２／２．０），９５％ＣＩ＝２．４３～１０８．３］；病例—队列准似然多因素分析表明，胶鞋和机修工种的肝癌危险度较高，但无统计学显著性；非职业因素中，家庭燃煤肝癌危险度增高（ＲＲ＝３．０５，９５％ＣＩ：１．２８～７．２８）。认为，橡胶工人总的肝癌危险度稍低于普通人群，但某些工种的肝癌ＲＲ增高，分析可能与滑石和溶剂暴露有关     

河南省某农村丙型肝炎病毒感染的随访研究

于１９９４年１月对河南省某农村进行了ＨＣＶ感染的横断面调查，并于其后第８和第１４个月进行了２次随访调查。结果表明，１９９４年１月该人群抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率为２６．６％（１６４／６９２），其中，有献浆史者抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率（８６．６％）显著高于无献浆史者（３．２％，Ｐ＜０．０１）；献浆次数、年限与抗－ＨＣＶ阳性率之间存在正效应剂量，反应关系（Ｐ＜０．０１）。随访期间，有献浆史者ＨＣＶ的新感染率（２２．６％）显著高于无献浆史者（０．２％，ＲＲ＝９５．０，Ｐ＜０．０１）；一方为抗，ＨＣＶ阳性的配偶的ＨＣＶ新感染率（１１．１％）较双方均为抗－ＨＣＶ阴性的配偶（３．５％）高３倍以上（ＲＲ＝３２２，Ｐ＞０．０５）；３名新感染者与其配偶（原为ＨＣＶＲＮＡ阳性）的ＨＣＶ基因型一致，且其中１名新感染者无经血暴露史，提示经性传播的可能性。该人群抗－ＨＣＶ年阴转率为１．０％，年阳转率为１．６％；２７．５％￣４１．６％的ＨＣＶ感染者伴有ＡＬＴ异常。结论：献血浆是当地人群ＨＣＶ感染的主要危险因素，并可能存在性传播。     

浙江省吸毒人员HIV,HBV,HCV感染的血清学研究

为了解浙江省吸毒人员ＨＩＶ、ＨＢＶ、ＨＣＶ感染情况,收集浙江省戒毒人员血浆１８２份,其中静脉吸毒者（ＩＶＤＵｓ）６４份,非静脉吸毒者（ＮＩＶＤＵｓ）１１８份。用ＥＬＩＳＡ法检测抗ＨＩＶ,用ＥＩＡ法检测ＨＢＶ标志物和抗ＨＣＶ。结果发现,浙江省吸毒戒毒人员抗ＨＩＶ阳性率为０％,ＩＶＤＵｓ组ＨＢＶ总感染率为６７．１８％（４３／６４）,ＨＢｓＡｇ携带率为１０．９３％（７／６４）,ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性７．８１％（５／６４）,抗ＨＣＶ阳性２１．８８％（１４／６４）;ＮＩＶＤＵｓ组ＨＢＶ总感染率为７１．１９％（８４／１１８）,ＨＢｓＡｇ携带率为１５．２５％（１８／１１８）,ＨＢｅＡｇ携带率为１５．２５％（１８／１１８）,ＨＢｅＡｇ阳性５．９３％（７／１１８）,抗ＨＣＶ阳性０．８４％（１／１８）。ＨＢＶ标志物阳性率ＩＶＤＵｓ和ＮＩＶＤＵｓ间无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）,抗ＨＣＶ阳性率两组间有非常显著性差异（Ｐ＜０．００１）。结果提示,浙江省为ＨＩＶ感染低发区,为ＨＢＶ感染高流行区,静脉吸毒为ＨＣＶ感染的高危因素     

吸烟,饮酒与肺癌死亡关系的前瞻性定群研究

从１９８２年６月开始至１９９４年末对邹城市３个乡镇２９个村的２０岁以上男女村民５８０３人进行前瞻性定群观察吸烟、饮酒与死亡的动态情况。结果表明，男女吸烟者死亡率为３７．１３／１０万人年，不吸烟者为１２．３８／１０万人年，ＲＲ＝３．０，９５％ＣＩ为１．５１～５．９５（χ２＝１０．９０，Ｐ＝０．０００９６），ＡＲ＝３．３４／１０万人年，ＡＲ％＝６６．６６％，ＰＡＲ＝３．３４／１０万，ＰＡＲ％＝２１．２５％。每日吸烟量、吸烟年限与肺癌死亡间存在明显的剂量效应关系（Ｐ＜０．００１）。每日吸烟４０支以上者的ＲＲ值是不吸烟者的７．９１倍，吸烟４０年以上者的ＲＲ值是不吸烟者的５．２５～７．６７倍。而饮酒与肺癌的死亡无联系（Ｐ＞０．０５）。吸烟与饮酒无协同致肺癌作用。     

吸烟,饮酒与食管癌死亡关系的前瞻性定群研究

于１９８２年６月对３个乡镇２９个村的２０岁以上男女村民１５８０３人前瞻性定群观察吸烟、饮酒与死亡的动态情况。结果表明，吸烟者食管癌死亡率１１４．８７／１０万人年，不吸烟者５２．９１／１０万人年，ＲＲ为２．１７，９５％ＣＩ为１．５３～３．０７（χ２＝２０．１１，Ｐ＝０．０００００７３），ＡＲ＝６１．９６／１０万人年，ＡＲ％＝５３．９４％。每日吸烟量与食管癌死亡之间存在明显的剂量－效应关系（Ｐ＜０．００１）。食管癌的死亡率，饮酒者为１０３．６３／１０万人年，不饮酒者为６７．２５／１０万人年，ＲＲ为１．５３，９５％ＣＩ为１．０８～２．１６（χ２＝５．９４，Ｐ＝０．０１４８）。食管癌死亡率随饮酒年限增加而升高（Ｐ＜０．００１），但与饮酒量不呈剂量－效应关系（Ｐ＞０．０５），单纯饮酒而不吸烟也未发现与食管癌有关。     

武汉市前列腺癌的流行病学研究

本文在武汉市１９９０～１９９２年前列腺癌的发病及死亡报告的基础上进行了１∶１配比的病例对照研究，结果显示武汉市前列腺癌的发病率和死亡率分别为１．３７／１０万和０．７５／１０万，世界人口年平均标化发病率和死亡率分别为１．１０／１０万和０．６６／１０万。泌尿系统病史（ＯＲ＝５．４２，９５％可信区间＝１．５６～１８．８３）、子女数超过３个（ＯＲ＝２．４３，９５％可信区间＝１．１７～５．０２）、每周性交超过３次（ＯＲ＝３．３８，９５％可信区间＝１．５１～７．５８）、滥用药物（ＯＲ＝４．１１，９５％可信区间＝１．６５～１０．２５）、体质指数高（ＯＲ＝２．５８，９５％可信区间＝１．３０～５．１１）等是前列腺癌的危险因素，而体力劳动（ＯＲ＝０．３５，９５％可信区间＝０．１７～０．７１）、初次遗精年龄晚于１８岁（ＯＲ＝０．２０，９５％可信区间＝０．０８～０．５２）等是其保护性因素。     

广西吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率调查

目的 了解广西百色地区吸毒人群中ＨＩＶ感染的流行情况及ＨＩＶ感染有关的危险因素。方法 对上述地区３２５名吸毒人员进行调查和血清ＨＩＶ抗体检测。结果 共检出ＨＩＶ感染者１１６例,ＨＩＶ感染率为３５．７％。与ＨＩＶ感染有关的危险因素主要是静脉注射吸瘃共用注射器,有静注毒品史者ＨＩＶ感染率为４０．９％,无静注史者为４．３％,广西吸毒人群中共用注射器现象十分严重,占７６．７％。结论 广西吸毒人群ＨＩＶ感染     

Evidence for a sexually transmitted cofactor for AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of homosexual men.

We examined factors associated with the subsequent development of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in a cohort of 353 homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Cumulative incidence curves for the development of Kaposi's sarcoma and opportunistic infection were stratified over a wide range of variables at enrollment, including those related to demographics, sexual behavior, illicit drug use, and medical history. We found no strong associations between any of these variables and the development of opportunistic infection, but two were related to Kaposi's sarcoma: use of nitrite inhalants (relative risk, 2.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-5.0) and high numbers of sexual contacts during the period 1978-1982 in the AIDS epidemic centers of San Francisco, Los Angeles, and/or New York (relative risk, 3.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-7.6). The latter variables remained independently associated with risk of Kaposi's sarcoma even after multivariate adjustment for a number of classical HIV risk factors. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that Kaposi's sarcoma is caused by a sexually transmitted cofactor that has remained more prevalent in the original epidemic centers. The effect of nitrites could be due to an independent biological mechanism or to enhancement of transmission of the cofactor.     

人类免疫缺陷病毒感染孕产妇所产婴儿死亡的影响因素分析

目的 了解我国获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)高流行地区人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染孕产妇所产婴儿死亡的影响因素.方法 结合2004年建立的HIV感染孕产妇及所产婴儿随访研究队列,于2008年8-11月对我国4省7县区2004年1月至2007年11月HIV感染孕产妇所产婴儿的死亡状况及其影响因素进行调查.实际收集了498对HIV感染孕产妇及所产婴儿的相关信息.采用单因素和多因素Cox比例风险模型对HIV感染孕产妇所产婴儿死亡的影响因素进行分析.结果 498名婴儿,总观察人年数为406.22人年,死亡45例,死亡密度为110.78/1000人年.单因素分析结果显示,母亲孕产期处于AIDS前期或发病期(RR=1.971,95%CI值:1.143～3.396)、孕产妇生存状况(RR=3.062,95%CI值:1.097～8.550)、经产妇(RR=0.517,95%CI值:0.278～0.961)、自然分娩(RR=0.561,95%CI值:0.345～0.910)、早产(RR=5.302,95%CI值:2.944～9.547)、低出生体重(RR=4.920,95%CI值:2.691～8.994)、母子预防性服用抗逆转录病毒药物(RR=0.227,95%CI值:0.121～0.428)及婴儿感染HIV(RR=5.870,95%CI值:3.232～10.660)等因素影响HIV感染孕产妇所产婴儿的死亡.进一步的多因素分析显示,处于AIDS前期或发病期的孕产妇较处于AIDS潜伏期者所产婴儿死亡危险增加(RR=6.99,95%CI值:1.92～25.64);孕产期CD4~+T淋巴细胞计数低于200个/μl的孕产妇,所产婴儿发生死亡的危险增加(RR=2.05,95%CI值:1.01～4.15);母子未预防性服用抗逆转录病毒药物增加婴儿死亡的危险(RR=6.17,95%CI值:1.62～23.26);早产婴儿死亡危险是足月产婴儿的2.87倍(95%CI值:1.12～7.35);HIV感染婴儿死亡危险是非HIV感染婴儿的9.87倍(95%CI值:3.81～25.62).结论 提高HIV感染孕产妇自身免疫力,降低HIV母婴传播率及HIV感染孕产妇所产婴儿早产、低出生体重的发生率有助于降低婴儿死亡率.     

Gender differences in HIV progression to AIDS and death in industrialized countries: slower disease progression following HIV seroconversion in women

To evaluate sex differences in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression before (pre-1997) and after (1997-2006) introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, the authors used data from a collaboration of 23 HIV seroconverter cohort studies from Europe, Australia, and Canada restricted to the 6,923 seroconverters infected through injecting drug use and sex between men and women. Within a competing risk framework, they used Cox proportional hazards models allowing for late entry to evaluate sex differences in time from HIV seroconversion to death, to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and to each first AIDS-defining disease and death without AIDS. While no significant sex differences were found before 1997, from 1997 onward, women had a lower risk of AIDS (adjusted cumulative relative risk (aCRR) = 0.76, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.63, 0.90) and death (adjusted hazard ratio = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.82) than men did. Compared with men, women also had lower risks of AIDS dementia complex (aCRR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.74), tuberculosis (aCRR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.39, 0.92), Kaposi's sarcoma (aCRR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.99), lymphomas (aCRR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.23, 0.96), and death without AIDS (aCRR = 0.74, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.98). Sex differences in HIV disease progression have become larger and statistically significant in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, supporting a stronger impact of health interventions among women.     

Trends in mortality from pulmonary tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS co-infection in rural South Africa (Agincourt)

This study investigates trends and age-and-sex patterns of mortality in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and PTB/HIV co-infection in a rural population of South Africa. The PTB/HIV mortality emerged in 1994, and has been rising ever since (men: P=0.001; women: P=0.020, test for trend). In the last 2 years, for both sexes combined, 63% (95% CI 51-74%) of PTB deaths were attributable to HIV/AIDS. PTB/HIV death rate was higher in men than in women for all ages combined (RR(MH)=2.48, 95% CI 1.53-4.04, P<0.001). PTB/HIV death rate was also higher in younger individuals (<25 years) compared with PTB without HIV/AIDS (P=0.033), and the median age at death from PTB/HIV in women (28 years) was lower than in men (38 years, P=0.002). While mortality from PTB without HIV remained constant over time, HIV/AIDS explained the rise in PTB mortality. In the last 3 years, the HIV/AIDS epidemic has caused the number of persons dying of PTB to increase by +117%, with the mortality excess being higher in women (+164%) than in men (+103%, P=0.001). Combined PTB and HIV programme activities need to be reinforced to respond to the increase in PTB mortality, particularly in women.     

Methods to assess population effectiveness of therapies in human immunodeficiency virus incident and prevalent cohorts

Two methods are presented for measuring population effectiveness (i.e., reduction of disease in a population in which only some receive treatment) of antiretroviral therapy among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected men at risk for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and followed between January 1, 1986, and June 30, 1999, in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Method I, requiring use of a seroincident cohort, estimates relative hazards of AIDS for persons at equal duration of infection. Method II, allowing use of a seroprevalent cohort, estimates relative hazards since the beginning of therapy eras for persons starting at equal levels of prognostic markers of disease stage (CD4 cell count and HIV type 1 RNA). The follow-up interval was divided into four calendar periods to characterize different eras of antiretroviral therapy. For method I, the relative hazards were 1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.93, 2.49), 0.91 (95% CI: 0.66, 1.26), and 0.30 (95% CI: 0.18, 0.51) for the eras of no therapy, dual nucleoside therapy, and potent combination antiretroviral therapy, respectively (monotherapy was the reference era). For method II, the corresponding relative hazards were 1.52 (95% CI: 1.10, 2.09), 1.03 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.38), and 0.31 (95% CI: 0.21, 0.45). These results extend the measurement of population effectiveness from incident to prevalent cohorts and demonstrate the ability of cohort studies to complement information provided by clinical trials.     

Effectiveness of highly active antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 infected women

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on mortality, morbidity, and markers of HIV disease progression in HIV infected women. DESIGN: Data collected from the Women's Interagency HIV Study, a prospective cohort study that enrolled women between October 1994 and November 1995. SETTING: Six clinical consortia based in five cities in the United States (New York, NY; Washington, DC; Los Angeles, CA; San Francisco, CA; and Chicago, IL). PARTICIPANTS: A total of 1691 HIV seropositive women with a study visit after April 1996. MAIN RESULTS: Beginning in April 1996, the self reported use of HAART increased over time, with more than 50% of the cohort reporting HAART use in 1999. There was a 23% decline per semester in the incidence of AIDS from April 1996 (95% confidence intervals (CI) -29% to -16%). Furthermore, there was a 21% decline of the semiannual mortality rates among those with AIDS at baseline (95% CI -27% to -14%) and an 11% decline among those AIDS free at baseline (95% CI -3% to -18%). CD4+ lymphocyte counts either increased (women with baseline AIDS) or stabilised (women without baseline AIDS) after April 1996, and HIV RNA levels dramatically declined in both groups, although the percentage of women with HIV RNA above 4000 cps/ml remained stable at approximately 40% since mid-1997. CONCLUSIONS: Despite concerns regarding the use of antiretroviral therapies in this population, the use of therapies led to improved immunological function, suppressed HIV disease activity, and dramatic declines in morbidity and mortality.     

Retrospective cohort mortality study of workers engaged in motion picture film processing

OBJECTIVE: To assess potential health risks associated with work in a large motion picture film-processing facility. METHODS: A retrospective cohort mortality study was conducted during 1960-2000 among 2646 film workers. Job family categories, created from detailed employee work history information, were used to evaluate chemical exposure patterns. RESULTS: Overall mortality was as expected (standardized mortality ratio [SMR] = 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-1.2). Statistically significant associations were found for suicides (SMR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2-3.0) among the hourly workers and AIDS (SMR = 5.3; 95% CI = 1.7-12.3) among the administrative workers. Film developers had increases of respiratory cancer (SMR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.1-3.0) and suicides (SMR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.0-4.7), whereas film assemblers had an increase in suicides (SMR = 2.4; 95% CI = 1.2-4.4) only. CONCLUSIONS: Excess deaths resulting from suicides and AIDS among the workforce suggest that nonoccupational influences may be involved in the mortality of this cohort and warrant further investigations.     

Impact of HIV infection on mortality and accuracy of AIDS reporting on death certificates.

To assess the impact of HIV infection on mortality and the accuracy of AIDS reporting on death certificates, we analyzed data from 6704 homosexual and bisexual men in the San Francisco City Clinic cohort. Identification of AIDS cases and deaths in the cohort was determined through multiple sources, including the national AIDS surveillance registry and the National Death Index. Through 1990, 1518 deaths had been reported in the cohort and 1292 death certificates obtained. Of the 1292 death certificates, 1162 were for known AIDS cases, but 9% of the AIDS cases did not have HIV infection or AIDS noted on the death certificate. Only 0.7% of the decedents had AIDS listed as a cause of death and had not been reported to AIDS surveillance. AIDS and HIV infection was the leading cause of death in the cohort, with the highest proportionate mortality ratio (85%) and standardized mortality ratio (153 in 1987), and the largest number of years of potential life lost (32,008 years). The devastating impact of HIV infection on mortality is increasing and will require continued efforts to prevent and treat HIV infection.     

Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or death using marginal structural models

To estimate the net (i.e., overall) effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on time to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or death, the authors used inverse probability-of-treatment weighted estimation of a marginal structural model, which can appropriately adjust for time-varying confounders affected by prior treatment or exposure. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men and women (n = 1,498) were followed in two ongoing cohort studies between 1995 and 2002. Sixty-one percent (n = 918) of the participants initiated HAART during 6,763 person-years of follow-up, and 382 developed AIDS or died. Strong confounding by indication for HAART was apparent; the unadjusted hazard ratio for AIDS or death was 0.98. The hazard ratio from a standard time-dependent Cox model that included time-varying CD4 cell count, HIV RNA level, and other time-varying and fixed covariates as regressors was 0.81 (95% confidence interval: 0.61, 1.07). In contrast, the hazard ratio from a marginal structural survival model was 0.54 (robust 95% confidence interval: 0.38, 0.78), suggesting a clinically meaningful net benefit of HAART. Standard Cox analysis failed to detect a clear net benefit, because it does not appropriately adjust for time-dependent covariates, such as HIV RNA level and CD4 cell count, that are simultaneously confounders and intermediate variables.     

Mortality among Hispanic drug users in Puerto Rico

This paper assesses mortality rate for a cohort of drug users in Puerto Rico compared with that of the Island's general population, examining causes of death and estimating relative risk of death. Date and cause of death were obtained from death certificates during 1998. Vital status was confirmed through contact with subjects, family, and friends. HIV/AIDS was the major cause of death (47.7%), followed by homicide (14.6%), and accidental poisoning (6.3%). Females had higher relative risk of death than males in all age categories. Not living with a sex partner and not receiving drug treatment were related to higher mortality due to HIV/AIDS. Drug injection was the only variable explaining relative risk of death due to overdose. Puerto Rico needs to continue developing programs to prevent HIV/AIDS among drug users. Special attention should be given to young women, who appear to be in greatest need of programs to prevent early mortality.