哺乳期与非哺乳期乳腺脓肿病原菌分布及耐药性比较

目的分析哺乳期与非哺乳期乳腺脓肿病原菌分布及耐药性,指导临床用药。方法回顾性分析2013年1月-2015年12月湖州市妇幼保健院送检220例乳腺脓肿脓液标本。结果哺乳期乳腺脓肿分离92株致病菌,其中革兰阳性菌89株,革兰阴性菌3株;非哺乳期乳腺脓肿分离77株致病菌,其中革兰阳性菌58株,革兰阴性菌18株,真菌1株。哺乳期分离金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率为97.22%,红霉素耐药率为66.67%,克林霉素耐药率为65.28%;非哺乳期分离金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率为100.00%,红霉素耐药率为78.57%,克林霉素耐药率为78.57%。结论乳腺脓肿细菌感染绝大多数为革兰阳性球菌,哺乳期以金黄色葡萄球菌最为常见,非哺乳期以金黄色葡萄球菌和凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌为主,其对青霉素、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率高,不适合作为常规治疗药物。临床治疗应以细菌培养结果为指导,合理使用,避免乱用和滥用抗菌药物。     

住院患儿MSSA与MRSA的分布特点及耐药性

目的比较住院患儿甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)与耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的分布及耐药特点,为临床经验治疗提供依据。方法回顾性分析2011—2015年某院住院患儿分离的金黄色葡萄球菌及其临床资料,比较MSSA与MRSA的分布及耐药特点。结果共分离金黄色葡萄球菌919株,其中MSSA632株(68.77%),MRSA 287株(31.23%)。MSSA与MRSA感染患儿中29d~1岁婴儿组所占比率最高,分别为65.03%、64.11%。MSSA和MRSA标本主要来自痰(80.38%、79.09%)。MSSA和MRSA主要分布科室均为儿童呼吸科(50.73%、45.89%)和儿童神经内科(22.98%、26.84%)。MSSA对除青霉素和红霉素外的抗菌药物耐药率均20.00%;MRSA对青霉素、苯唑西林、红霉素及克林霉素的耐药率均40.00%;MRSA对四环素、红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、呋喃妥因及利福平的耐药率均高于MSSA。结论住院患儿分离的金黄色葡萄球菌以MSSA为主,1岁以内婴儿为主要分离人群;呼吸道标本来源的MSSA和MRSA主要分布科室相似,MRSA的耐药率普遍高于MSSA。     

金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株耐药谱研究

目的 调查2007年深圳市分离自生熟食品及餐具中金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药情况及对红霉素和克林霉素的诱导耐药性. 方法 用国标方法分离鉴定金黄色葡萄球菌,VITEK2 Compact生化验证,用K-B法进行药敏试验,用D试验检测红霉素对克林霉素的诱导耐药性. 结果从食品及餐具涂抹拭子中分离的53株金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、氨苄西林及阿莫西林/棒酸表现很高的耐药性,耐药率达80%以上;对万古霉素、替考拉宁、甲氧西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑啉、头孢噻吩、头孢西丁7种药物均敏感;对红霉索和克林霉素同时耐药占11.3%.D试验阳性占所检测菌株11.3%;在单一纸片红霉素耐药(中介)而克林霉素敏感的菌株中,D试验阳性即对克林霉素具有诱导耐药性为25%.结论 金黄色葡萄球菌食品分离株绝大部分为MSSA,除青霉素类外耐药率较低;在红霉素耐药(中介)、克林霉素敏感菌株中克林霉素诱导耐药率为25%,开展D试验检测可给临床提供具有参考价值的数据.     

临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的调查与耐药性分析

目的了解医院临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的分布及耐药性,为临床治疗相关感染提供参考依据。方法收集2013年1-12月医院临床送检各类培养标本中分离金黄色葡萄球菌共676株,采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK-2Compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析系统对菌株进行细菌鉴定和药物敏感性检测,并用Excel软件进行数据分析。结果 2013年各种临床标本分离金黄色葡萄球菌共676株,标本分布主要以痰液为主占61.69%,其次是分泌物和脓液,分别占17.44%和8.73%;临床科室分布依次是儿科、耳鼻喉头颈外科和新生儿室,分别占19.53%、11.54%和8.28%;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为24.41%,诱导克林霉素耐药菌株检出率为18.64%;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、替加环素、喹奴普汀/达福普汀、利奈唑胺的耐药率最低,均为0,对红霉素、克林霉素和四环素耐药率较高,MRSA对红霉素、克林霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星等耐药率均比甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)高,且两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌对红霉素、克林霉素和四环素的耐药性已比较高,应注意在临床的合理使用;MRSA表现出耐药性高、多药耐药的特性,应加强监测控制,防止其流行传播。     

临床不同标本分离金黄色葡萄球菌的药物敏感性

目的了解某院金黄色葡萄球菌感染分布及药物敏感性。方法对2011年1月-2012年8月该院分离的520株金黄色葡萄球菌标本来源和药敏结果进行分析。结果520株金黄色葡萄球菌中,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）总检出率为23.27%(121/520),其中痰标本MRSA检出率最高,达80.82%,其次是尿液（33.33%）、血液（25.00%）、引流物标本（18.31%）,皮肤组织检出率最低,仅11.38%。未发现对万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌;金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、呋喃妥因均较敏感。皮肤组织来源的MRSA对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、利福平、四环素的敏感率高于其他标本来源的MRSA（P＜0.05）;对红霉素、克林霉素敏感率低于其他标本来源MRSA（P＜0.05）。MRSA对青霉素完全耐药,其中社区感染MRSA对庆大霉素、左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、莫西沙星、利福平、四环素的敏感率高于医院感染MRSA（P＜0.05）;对红霉素、克林霉素、复方磺胺甲口恶唑的敏感率低于医院感染MRSA（P＜0.05）。结论金黄色葡萄球菌是该院分离的重要病原菌,耐药性强,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

653株金黄色葡萄球菌临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解黄色葡萄球菌(SAU)医院感染临床分布及耐药情况,指导临床合理应用抗生素,为提高治疗效果提供依据。方法从2011年1月-2012年12月临床各类标本中分离的653株金黄色葡萄球菌,应用VITEK-2Compact微生物全自动分析系统进行鉴定,采用GPS-AST药敏卡对16种抗菌药物进行药敏试验。结果 653株金黄色葡萄球菌,包括其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)213株占32.57%(213/653)。药物敏感试验结果显示653株金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑烷、替加环素及喹奴普丁/达福普丁100%敏感,呋喃妥因敏感性也高达99.85%,对苯唑西林、红霉素及克林霉素敏感率分别为80.77%、36.54%、37.18%。但青霉素G耐药率为92.79%%,有55株对红霉素和克林霉素同时耐药;D-试验结果显示诱导试验阳性率为35.26%(55/156)。结论 653株金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率为92.27%,提示该种药物已不适合应用本地区SAU感染的治疗,存在多重耐药情况,加强对MRSA的日常监测工作,及时采取有效措施控制MRSA的流行和散播十分重要。     

医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌耐药表型与耐药基因研究

目的研究医院感染耐药金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药表型及耐药基因,以期为临床防治医院感染提供参考。方法选取2011年1月-2013年1月医院感染患者送检标本中分离的120株金黄色葡萄球菌,根据美国临床实验室标准化研究所(CLSI)标准操作规程以及聚合酶链反应(PCR)分析金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药表型与耐药基因。结果金黄色葡萄球菌耐药率较高的抗菌药物为青霉素、红霉素、庆大霉素、克林霉素、四环素、环丙沙星,耐药率分别为100.00%、98.83%、80.00%、76.67%、76.67%、75.83%,对万古霉素、利奈唑胺较敏感;金黄色葡萄球菌各耐药表型中,以Ⅵ型97.50%的耐药率最高,其次分别为Ⅴ型(67.50%)、Ⅳ型(60.00%);金黄色葡萄球菌各耐药基因中,以mecA98.83%的耐药率最高,且金黄色葡萄球菌耐药基因的耐药性与金黄色葡萄球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性一致。结论医院感染金黄色葡萄球菌对多数抗菌药物的耐药率较高,对万古霉素高度敏感;耐药表型以Ⅵ、Ⅴ、Ⅳ型为主,耐药基因以tetK及mecA为主。     

金黄色葡萄球菌克林霉素诱导耐药率

目的探讨金黄色葡萄球菌（SA）克林霉素诱导耐药的发生情况,指导临床用药。方法分析某院2013年1月-2014年12月住院及门诊患者送检的各类临床标本检出的SA。采用K B法进行药敏试验,并以双纸片法（D 抑菌圈试验）分析红霉素诱导克林霉素耐药发生情况。结果共检出779株SA,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（MRSA）占74.20%。SA对红霉素耐药、克林霉素敏感有195株,占25.03%,其中D试验阳性147株,克林霉素诱导耐药率75.38%,MRSA和甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌（MSSA）D 抑菌圈试验阳性率分别为78.62%和61.11%。结论克林霉素诱导耐药率较高,选择克林霉素治疗红霉素耐药SA感染时应谨慎。     

金黄色葡萄球菌感染儿童的现状调查和耐药性分析

目的研究儿童感染金黄色葡萄球菌的耐药现况,比较新生儿MRSA与普通儿童MRSA耐药情况,为临床儿科合理使用抗生素提供依据。方法对2013年-2016年14岁以下儿童标本分离的482株金黄色葡萄球菌进行鉴定和药敏分析,调查不同来源菌株的耐药情况,以及新生儿和普通儿科的分离株进行耐药比较分析。结果从482株菌株中分离到100株MRSA,占20.75%,以呼吸道标本为主(354株,占73.44%),MRSA占18.64%,咽拭子分离MRSA比率高于痰液;新生儿更容易感染MRSA,普通儿科对红霉素和克林霉素耐药率高于新生儿且耐药谱广。结论儿童感染金黄色葡萄球菌以呼吸道为主,特别是咽拭子等上呼吸道标本可疑MRSA定植值得引起注意,新生儿的易感性,耐药谱变宽,使得临床加强耐药监控,控制感染刻不容缓。     

868例乳腺脓液标本病原菌分布和耐药性分析

目的 分析乳腺疾病患者乳腺脓液标本的病原菌分布和对常见抗菌药物的耐药性，为临床治疗提供依据。方法 回顾分析2017年—2021年丽水市中心医院乳腺外科门诊和病房送检的乳腺脓液标本病原菌及其药敏结果。结果 868份标本病原菌检出率为33.5%(291/868),以金黄色葡萄球菌和克罗彭施泰特棒杆菌为主，分别占33.3%(97/291)和33.0%(96/291),其中耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)占10.7%(31/291)。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素G、红霉素和克林霉素耐药率分别为87.63%、58.76%和26.80%, MRSA对青霉素G、红霉素、克林霉素耐药率高于非耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)、凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(CNS)(P<0.05)。克罗彭施泰特棒杆菌对青霉素G、红霉素和克林霉素耐药率分别为13.68%、60.00%和54.73%。结论 不同乳腺疾病患者病原菌分布有差异，不同病原菌的耐药情况有所不同，为提高早期治疗效果应尽早送检标本培养。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

2019年中国肿瘤流行病学研究进展

恶性肿瘤已成为中国居民的主要死因之一。近些年来,中国政府积极推进肿瘤预防和控制领域的研究工作,取得了很大的进步。本文简要汇总中国在肿瘤流行病学领域的研究进展,具体包括2019年的肿瘤负担、癌症危险因素及其干预、筛查和早期发现、癌症防治专项行动(2019-2022年)方案等方面,以期为我国肿瘤防治工作的有效开展提供技术支撑和理论依据。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

2012年绵阳市蔬菜中农药残留状况

目的 了解绵阳市2012年市售蔬菜中农药残留情况,为食用蔬菜监管提供依据.方法 全部样品均按照GB/T 5009-2003的方法进行农药的残留检测.依据GB 2763-2005《食品中农药最大残留限量》进行判定.结果 2012年共检测蔬菜165份,农药检出率和超标率分别为72.12％和23.64％.豆类、根茎类、叶菜类、瓜果菜类和食用菌类蔬菜检测农药残留超标率分别为8.00％、23.53％、36.00％、5.26％和27.03％,差异有统计学意义(x2=11.41,P＜0.01).不同种类农药超标率差异有统计学意义(x2 =62.42,P＜0.01).夏季和冬季蔬菜农药超标率差异无统计学意义(x2=3.44,P＞0.05).结论 绵阳市叶菜类蔬菜中农药残留情况较为严重,应采取有效措施,加强蔬菜的监督管理,从源头禁止高毒农药的使用,加大蔬菜种植、销售环节的监测,确保市民食用蔬菜的安全.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.