义乌市学龄前儿童血清微量营养素水平调查

目的了解学龄前儿童血清微量营养素水平,为进一步改善学龄前儿童营养状况提出合理建议。方法对学龄前期儿童开展抽样调查,并检测其血清微量营养素水平,使用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行结果分析。结果调查对象的血清维生素A、铜、锌、钙、镁、铁的中位数分别为(1.90±1.05)μmol/L,(23.3±3.64)mmol/L,(84.3±39.4)μmol/L,(1.66±0.33)mmol/L,(1.59±0.46)mmol/L,(8.90±2.48)mmol/L。血清维生素A、铜、锌、钙、镁、铁在参考值范围内的儿童分别占65.92%、99.53%、89.94%、95.15%、96.92%和97.87%。血清维生素A在各年龄组的参考值范围内的分布差异、在城镇和农村的参考值范围内的分布差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应根据儿童不同的年龄段,适时开展微量营养素水平检测,以期早发现、早预防学龄前儿童的微量营养素缺乏,及时有效地补给各种营养素。     

超两成城市儿童维生素A缺乏

近日，中国学生营养与健康促进会发布的《中国儿童少年营养与健康2012报告》显示，我国城市儿童仍然存在铁、维生素A、钙、锌等微量营养素摄入不足的问题，“隐性饥饿”问题依然没有得到根本解决。6～12岁学生贫血患病率为13．3％，13～17岁学生为14.8％。7～12岁城市儿童维生素A缺乏率为26．4％，农村学生高达48．3％。专家指出，铁缺乏会使儿童青少年认知能力降低、学习能力降低、     

学龄前儿童血清铁水平及影响因素分析

目的 调查深圳市学龄前儿童血清铁营养素状况及其影响因素，为制定保护儿童健康措施提供科学依据。方法 采用分阶段整群随机抽样方法，抽取深圳市3所托幼机构的300名学龄前儿童作为调查对象，进行问卷调查和血清铁检测。用SPSS10．0统计分析软件进行描述性分析和单因素、多因素非条件Logistic逐步回归分析。结果 (1)深圳市学龄前儿童血清铁的平均水平中位数为12．60μmol／L，最小值为4．20μmol／L，最大值为49．00μmol／l。。男女性别间有显著性差异(t=2．369，P=0．018)，男性高于女性；不同年龄间差异无显著性意义(F=1．090。P=0．353)。(2)血清铁含量低于正常水平的占37．54％，男女性别间无显著性差异(χ2=0．4586，P=0．498)。(3)影响血清铁营养状况有6个主要因素，其中添加铁剂、添加鱼肝油、母乳喂养方式和母亲文化程度高是保护因素；近半年曾患贫血和近2月曾患呼吸道疾病是危险因素。结论 深圳市学龄前儿童中存在不同程度的血清铁缺乏状况，血清铁缺乏与多种因素有关。     

学龄前儿童发锌,发钙水平及相关因素分析

目的：了解学龄前儿童发锌、发钙水平及其相关影响因素。方法：采用原子吸收光谱法测定学龄前儿童发锌、发钙含量，采用称重法进行为期5天膳食调查。结果：发锌、发钙含量分别为121．8±49．50μg／和792．25±432．32μg／g；锌、钙不足率分别为37．4％和39．2％；发锌含量正常与不足两者间发钙水平（846．81±481．02μg／g、683．06±240．32μg／g）及钙不足率（31．3％和52．5％）均有显著性差异。锌、钙的每人日膳食摄入量分别占RDA的95．33％、42．35％；植物性食物来源分别为69．44％、67．06％。结论：锌、钙的食物来源不合理，锌可能与钙的代谢有关，在补钙时应注意同时补锌。     

闽南山区学龄前儿童5种微量元素检测结果分析

目的通过对闽南山区405例学龄前儿童5种微量元素的检测,了解其微量元素水平,为建立合理的膳食结构提供依据。方法使用原子吸收光谱仪对405例学龄前儿童进行铜、锌、钙、镁、铁5种元素的检测,并用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计分析。结果 405例学龄前儿童微量元素检测,发现在1岁~3岁年龄段儿童中锌含量的平均值低于正常值水平,在1岁年龄段的儿童铁含量的平均值低于正常值水平;在不同学龄组段学龄前儿童微量元素的检测中,以锌、钙、铁缺乏差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。同时在不同学龄组段学龄前儿童中,以锌和铁微量元素缺乏最为明显,分别为65.93%和34.07%,并且随着年龄的增加,缺乏比例逐渐下降。结论学龄前儿童锌、铁缺乏较为严重,尤其以3岁以下的儿童为主。重视微量元素的监测和合理饮食的指导至关重要。     

包头市415名学龄前儿童的营养状况评价

目的　了解学龄前儿童的营养状况。方法　对包头市某日托幼儿园的儿童生长发育和营养状况进行了评价。结果　儿童的身高、体重分别为 (10 7 5± 7 3)cm、(18 0± 3 3)kg。年龄别身高 (HAZ)、年龄别体重 (WAZ)、身高别体重 (WHZ)分别为 0 0 4 5± 0 987、0 0 0 3± 1 116、0 0 0 8± 1 0 0 8。学龄前儿童低体重率 (WHZ<- 2 )为 1 2 % ,生长迟缓率 (HAZ <- 2 )为 1 0 % ,超重率 (WAZ >2 )为 4 6 %。血红蛋白浓度为 (12 9 7±10 3)g L ,贫血的患病率为 5 5 %。血清铁蛋白 (SF)含量为 (4 8 6± 2 9 2 ) μg L ,铁缺乏率为 2 6 2 %。血清视黄醇浓度为 (1 72± 0 5 2 ) μmol L ,亚临床维生素A缺乏率为 11 1%。血清 2 5 OH D3含量为 (4 1 98± 2 4 6 0 )nmol L ,边缘性维生素D的缺乏率为 18 4 %。各年龄组间、各年龄组男女孩之间 ,血红蛋白、血清铁蛋白、血清视黄醇、血清 2 5 OH D3的含量无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。贫血患病率、铁缺乏率、亚临床维生素A缺乏率、边缘性维生素D缺乏率 ,各年龄组间、各年龄组内男女间也无显著差异 (P >0 0 5 )。结论　所调查的儿童生长发育状况较好 ,低体重、生长迟缓的发生率在城市已明显减少 ,但超重问题开始显现出来。微量营养素铁、维生素A、维生素D的缺乏或边     

2006年新乡市某铁路幼儿园儿童膳食营养与身体发育状况调查

[目的]了解学龄前儿童膳食营养与身体发育状况，以便为指导儿童合理膳食提供科学依据。[方法]2006年9月，对新乡市某铁路幼儿园部分3～6岁儿童进行调查。[结果]调查350人，膳食中三大营养素供给的热能基本合理，钙、锌、维生素A、维生素B1分别占推荐摄入量的33．45％、51．80％、62．57％、55．00％。调查298人，身高、体重处于中等的分别占90．90％、85．30％，营养不良率为7．05％，超重率为8．39％。肥胖率为3．36％。检测298人，贫血率为1．34％；检测139人，发铜、发铁、发锌、发钙含量不足者分别占9．35％、7．19％、25．20％、59．71％。[结论]调查的学龄前儿童膳食营养与身体发育状况良好，但某些营养素摄入不足。     

新乡铁路地区学龄前儿童发中微量元素测定

目的了解学龄前儿童头发中铜、铁、锌、钙含量水平,以期能正确指导学龄前儿童合理配餐、及时补充微量元素,使体内微量元素含量水平保持在一个适宜的范围内,以促进幼儿的健康成长。方法随机整群抽取该地区一家托幼机构的学龄前儿童139名为调查对象,样品消化用微波消解法,使用原子吸收光谱法测定发中微量元素。结果发锌、发钙含量随着年龄的增长而增加。男、女钙缺乏率分别为94．9％、35．096,锌缺乏率分别为32．2％、23．8％。男、女儿童间发中铜、锌、钙含量差异均有统计学意义,铁含量差异无统计学意义。结论该地区幼儿园儿童缺钙、缺锌现象严重,应调整膳食结构,增加钙、锌含量较高食物的摄入。     

警惕孩子的“隐性饥饿”

目前,儿童蛋白质一能量缺乏所致的营养不良已显著减少,但微量营养素缺乏仍然在世界各地广泛存在,并且在发展中国家更为严峻。维生素A、维生素D、铁、锌、钙等的缺乏威胁着儿童的正常生长发育乃至儿童的生存。世界卫生组织将微量营养素缺乏称之为“隐性饥饿”。     

饮食与儿童生长发育状况调查

目的 了解饮食及儿童生长发育状况。方法 对上海市某寄宿制示范幼儿园4～6岁222名寄宿制儿童进行饮食调查及生长发育评价。结果 各营养素的供给量中，平均能量、蛋白质、铁、硒、维生素A、维生素Bz、维生素PP、维生素C的供给接近或超过饮食营养素参考摄人量标准；钙、锌及维生素B1的供给不足，分别达饮食营养素参考摄入量的85．02％、62．81％、77．14％；能量来源中，蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物分别为15．27％、30．06％、54.87％；蛋白质来源中优质蛋白超过50％。营养正常儿童比例为77．03％；营养不良、超重及肥胖儿童比例分别为0．90％、14．86％、6.31％。结论 儿童营养过剩和微量营养素钙、锌、维生素B1的供给不足应引起重视，本研究为以后的营养干预提供了实验依据。     

陕西农村0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、铁、锌含量及其与贫血关系的研究

目的 了解陕西部分农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、铁、锌状况, 探讨其与血红蛋白含量的关系。方法 采取随机整群抽样的方法对陕西澄城县和富平县农村336名出生至18个月婴幼儿, 检测其血清维生素A、铁、锌状况和血红蛋白含量, 并对贫血与非贫血儿童血清中三种微量元素进行比较。结果 336名0~18个月婴幼儿贫血118例, 贫血检出率为35.12%, 血清维生素A、铁、锌缺乏率分别为67.27%、29.1%和90.9%;贫血组血清VitA、铁、锌的平均含量(0.54 μmol/L、881.21 μg/L, 610.01 μg/L)明显低于非贫血组(0.81 μmol/L、1 227.93 μg/L, 679.40 μg/L), 且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 陕西农村地区0~18月龄婴幼儿血清维生素A、Fe、Zn缺乏现象较为普遍, 贫血儿童血清维生素A、铁、锌含量显著低于非贫血儿童, 有显著相关性。     

Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status regarding vitamin A, iron and anthropometric indices and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. Micronutrient, haematological, anthropometric and dietary indicators were used to assess nutritional status during a cross-sectional survey. The setting was a low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km northwest of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The subjects were children aged 2-5 years (n = 164), and their caregivers (n = 137). Of the preschool children, 50% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 micrograms/dL), 54% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 33% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 10 micrograms/L), and 21% were stunted (Z-score for height-for-age < -2SD). Of the caregivers, 30% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 30 micrograms/dL), 44% were anaemic (Hb < 11 micrograms/dL), 19% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 12 micrograms/L), and 40% and 26% were overweight (BMI > or = 24 and < 30) and obese (BMI > or = 30), respectively. The children and caregivers consumed a cereal-based diet, with phutu (a stiff porridge made with maize meal), rice and bread as staple foods. Quantitative dietary analysis showed that the dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates (approximately 70% of total energy), while fat intake was within the prudent dietary guideline of 30% of total energy intake. Median dietary intakes were below 50% of the RDA for calcium, zinc (children only), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin (children only) and vitamin B12. These preschool children and their caregivers consumed a high carbohydrate diet deficient in most of the essential micronutrients. The poor quality of the diet was reflected in a poor vitamin A and iron status, and one-fifth of the children showed linear growth retardation. Nutrition education and intervention programmes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus not only on quantity, but also quality of the diet.     

Nutritional status and dietary intakes of children aged 2–5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community

The objective of this study was to determine the nutritional status regarding vitamin A, iron and anthropometric indices and dietary intakes of children aged 2-5 years and their caregivers in a rural South African community. Micronutrient, haematological, anthropometric and dietary indicators were used to assess nutritional status during a cross-sectional survey. The setting was a low socioeconomic rural African community (Ndunakazi), approximately 60 km northwest of the coastal city of Durban in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. The subjects were children aged 2-5 years (n = 164), and their caregivers (n = 137). Of the preschool children, 50% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 20 μ g/dL), 54% were anaemic (Hb < 11 μ g/dL), 33% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels < 10 μ g/L), and 21% were stunted (Z-score for height-for-age < -2SD). Of the caregivers, 30% had a low vitamin A status (serum retinol < 30 μ g/dL), 44% were anaemic (Hb < 11 μ g/dL), 19% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin levels <12 μ g/L), and 40% and 26% were overweight (BMI ≥ 24 and <30) and obese (BMI ≥ 30), respectively. The children and caregivers consumed a cereal-based diet, with phutu (a stiff porridge made with maize meal), rice and bread as staple foods. Quantitative dietary analysis showed that the dietary intakes were high in carbohydrates (~70% of total energy), while fat intake was within the prudent dietary guideline of 30% of total energy intake. Median dietary intakes were below 50% of the RDA for calcium, zinc (children only), vitamin A, riboflavin, niacin (children only) and vitamin B 12. These preschool children and their caregivers consumed a high carbohydrate diet deficient in most of the essential micronutrients. The poor quality of the diet was reflected in a poor vitamin A and iron status, and one-fifth of the children showed linear growth retardation. Nutrition education and intervention programmes should address micronutrient deficiencies, with the focus not only on quantity, but also quality of the diet.     

Co-existing micronutrient deficiencies among stunted Cambodian infants and toddlers

The prevalence of malnutrition in Cambodia is among the highest in Southeast Asia, and diarrhea and pneumonia are the leading causes of death among children. Whether these adverse health outcomes are associated with co-existing micronutrient deficiencies is uncertain. We have determined the prevalence of anaemia, as well as iron, zinc, and vitamin A deficiency and their co-existence among stunted children (77 females; 110 males) aged 6-36 mos. Non-fasting morning venipuncture blood samples were taken and analyzed for haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin (via IMx system), retinol (via HPLC), and Zn (via AAS), C-reactive protein (CRP) (via turbidimetry) and Hb type (AA, AE, or EE) (via Hb gel electrophoresis). Children with CRP>or=5.0 mg/L (n=34) were excluded. Zinc deficiency defined as serum Zn<9.9 micromol/L had the highest prevalence (73.2%), followed by anaemia (71%) (Hb<110 g/L), and then vitamin A deficiency (28.4%) (serum retinol<0.70 micromol/L). Of the anaemic children, only 21% had iron deficiency anaemia, and 6% had depleted iron stores. Age, log serum ferritin, and Hb type were significant predictors of Hb in the AA and AE children. Serum retinol was unrelated to haemoglobin or serum zinc. The prevalence of two or more micronutrient deficiencies (low Hb, serum retinol, and/or serum zinc) was 44%. Nearly 10% had low values for all three indices, and 18% had just one low value. In conclusion, anaemia, and deficiencies of iron, zinc, and vitamin A are severe public health problems among these stunted Cambodian children. Intervention strategies addressing multiple micronutrient deficiencies are needed.     

Multiple micronutrient deficiencies persist during early childhood in Mongolia

Data on the prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies in children in Mongolia is limited. We therefore determined the prevalence of anaemia, iron deficiency anaemia (IDA), and deficiencies of iron, folate, vitamin A, zinc, selenium, and vitamin D among young Mongolian children. Anthropometry and non-fasting morning blood samples were collected from 243 children aged 6-36 months from 4 districts in Ulaanbaatar and 4 rural capitols for haemoglobin (Hb), serum ferritin, folate, retinol, zinc, selenium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) assays. Children with alpha-1-glycoprotein >1.2mg/L (n=27) indicative of chronic infection were excluded, except for folate, selenium, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D assays. Of the children 14.5% were stunted and none were wasted. Zn deficiency (serum Zn <9.9 micromol/L) had the highest prevalence (74%), followed by vitamin D deficiency 61% (serum 25-OHD<25 nmol/L). The prevalence of anaemia (24%) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) (16%) was lower, with the oldest children (24-36 mos) at lowest risk. Twenty one percent of the children had low iron stores, and 33% had vitamin A deficiencies (serum retinol < 0.70 micromol/L), even though two thirds had received vitamin A supplements. Serum selenium values were low, perhaps associated with low soil selenium concentrations. In contrast, no children in Ulaanbaatar and only 4% in the provincial capitols had low serum folate values (<6.8 nmol/L). Regional differences (p<0.05) existed for anaemia, deficiencies of vitamin A, folate, and selenium, but not for zinc or IDA. Of the children, 78% were at risk of > or = two coexisting micronutrient deficiencies emphasizing the need for multimicronutrient interventions in Mongolia.     

锌及复合微量营养素的营养干预对学龄前儿童认知功能的影响

相同年龄段（６～７岁）学龄前儿童２８０名，男、女各半，分为锌组（Ｚｎ组）、锌加复合微量营养素组（ＺｎＭ组）和单纯补充微量营养素组（Ｍ组），每组８０人，另外４０名儿童为对照组，采用双盲法进行营养干预实验，实验周期为１０周。结果显示，重庆市城区学龄前儿童近８０％处于边缘性锌缺乏状态，一半以上儿童血铅超过０．４８３μｍｏｌ／Ｌ的安全标准，经过１０周营养干预后，发现每日补充１６ｍｇ锌的同时再添加多种复合微量营养素能有效增加儿童血锌含量、降低血铅水平，同时明显增强儿童的认知功能，而单纯补锌效果并不理想。本研究儿童认知功能的改善可能与体内良好的锌营养状况、铅负荷减少有关。     

Endemic goiter with iodine sufficiency: a possible role for the consumption of pearl millet in the etiology of endemic goiter

BACKGROUND: Deficiencies of iodine, iron, and vitamin A are the 3 most common micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries, although control programs, when properly implemented, can be effective. OBJECTIVE: We investigated these deficiencies and their possible interaction in preschool children in the southern Blue Nile area of Sudan. DESIGN: Goiter, signs of vitamin A deficiency, and biochemical markers of thyroid, vitamin A, and iron status were assessed in 984 children aged 1-6 y. RESULTS: The goiter rate was 22. 3%. The median urinary iodine concentration was 0.79 micromol/L and 19.3% of the children had a concentration >1.57 micromol/L. Although serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine concentrations were within reference ranges, the median thyrotropin concentration was 3.78 mIU/L and 44% of the children had thyrotropin concentrations above normal. The mean urinary thiocyanate concentration was high (259 +/- 121 micromol/L). The prevalences of Bitot spots and night blindness were 2.94% and 2.64%, respectively, and 32% of the subjects had serum retinol binding protein concentrations <15 mg/L. A significant positive correlation was observed between thyrotropin and retinol binding protein. Whereas 88% of the children had hemoglobin concentrations <1.86 mmol/L, only 13.5% had serum ferritin concentrations below the cutoff of 12 microg/L and 95% had serum transferrin concentrations above the cutoff of 2.50 g/L. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that goiter is endemic in this region of Sudan despite iodine sufficiency and that both anemia and vitamin A deficiency are health problems in the area. Moreover, consumption of millet, vitamin A deficiency, and protein-energy malnutrition are possible etiologic factors in this endemic area.     

学龄前儿童全血中5种微量元素含量分析

目的:调查学龄前儿童全血微量元素的现状,为制定合理的膳食结构,保障学龄前儿童正常的生长发育,预防严重疾病的发生提供依据。方法:采用多通道原子吸收光谱仪测定2 000名学龄前儿童末梢全血锌、钙、镁、铁、铜含量。对不同性别、年龄、居住地进行t检验,并对铁、钙及锌的全血含量进行相关性分析。结果:2 000名学龄前儿童中以铁、锌、钙缺乏为主,铁缺乏占42.17%,锌缺乏占38.83%,钙缺乏占20.83%。微量元素缺乏在不同性别和年龄间差异无统计学意义。城乡儿童各种微量元素缺乏分别占31.33%和47.65%,并以钙、铁缺乏的差异显著(P<0.05)。全血中钙含量和锌含量之间呈负相关(P<0.01),回归系数为-25.093,相关系数为0.225;锌含量和铁含量之间呈正相关(P<0.01),回归系数为6.328,相关系数为0.749。结论:学龄前儿童锌、铁、钙缺乏较为普遍,且农村多于城市。全血中锌和铁以及锌和钙含量之间均具有相关性。     

Potential for misclassification of micronutrient status in children participating in a Head Start program

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate relations among measures of iron and zinc status, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocytes in low-income children participating in the Head Start program. DESIGN: Cross-sectional correlational study with samples collected at Head Start centers in May 2003. SUBJECTS/SETTING: Forty-seven children (aged 3 to 5 years) attending Head Start centers in three rural communities. MEASURES: Zinc, ferritin, CRP, and complete blood count were analyzed in nonfasting blood samples. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Correlations were computed among leukocyte levels, CRP levels, and measures of micronutrient status. Children having two abnormal measures (ie, leukocytes and CRP) were compared by univariate analysis of variance with children having zero or one abnormal measure. RESULTS: Most (72%) of the children had elevated CRP levels. Four percent were anemic (hemoglobin<11.0 g/dL [<110 g/L]); 11% had low iron stores (serum ferritin相似文献