我国学校和托幼机构传染病防制管理现状调查

[目的]了解我国学校和托幼机构传染病管理现状,发现传染病在学校和托幼机构的管理的薄弱环节,为今后加强学校传染病管理工作奠定基础.[方法]采用多阶段抽样方法对我国的学校和托幼机构进行抽样,对抽中的学校和托幼机构进行问卷调查和访谈.[结果]共抽取280所学校和托幼机构;其中80.71%的学校有传染病报告制度;72.50%的学校有晨检制度,60.71%的学校有晨检记录;30.00%的学校缺勤登记记录完好;40.85%的学校没有按规定设置校医;97.47%的学校食堂工作人员有健康证.[结论]城市学校的各种管理制度以及执行情况总体上好于农村地区的学校;学校和托幼机构的有关传染病的防制制度较为完善.但仍存在着一定的不足;各地应进一步加强学校的传染病的管理工作,提高学校传染病防控能力.     

我国学校传染病流行/暴发现状及其影响因素分析

目的 了解我国学校和托幼机构传染病流行/暴发现状及影响因素,为加强学校传染病防控工作奠定基础.方法 采用多阶段抽样方法对我国学校和托幼机构进行抽样,对抽中的280所学校和托幼机构进行问卷调查和访谈.结果 2005-2006年学校传染病流行/暴发报告发生率为12.86%,农村中学的发生率最高,为30.43%;主要病种为水痘、腮腺炎、流感.学校使用自备水、无缺勤登记制度、食堂工作人员无健康证以及使用非卫生厕所是学校传染病流行/暴发的危险因素.结论 影响学校发生传染病流行/暴发的主要因素包括学校的管理状况及硬件配置.各地应进一步加强学校的卫生监督工作,提高学校传染病的防控能力.     

南宁市传染病突发公共卫生事件流行病学特征分析

目的 对南宁市传染病突发公共卫生事件的流行病学特征进行分析,为制定防制策略和措施提供科学依据.方法 应用描述性流行病学方法对南宁市2004～2011年上半年突发公共卫生事件资料进行分析.结果 2004～2011年上半年,南宁市共报告传染病突发公共卫生事件453起,累计发病32088例,平均罹患率为2.55％.以呼吸道传染病事件为主,占事件总起数的83.22％.呈现3～6月和9～12月两个发病高峰,学校和托幼机构是传染病突发公共卫生事件的主要发生场所,学生和幼托儿童是高发人群.城镇传染病事件以呼吸道传染病事件为主,农村则以肠道传染病事件为主.结论 加强学校、托幼机构的呼吸道传染病监测和管理是当前防制工作的重点.     

银川市西夏区学校传染病防治管理现状与对策

[目的]了解银川市西夏区学校传染病防治管理现状,为加强学校传染病监督管理,建立有效监管模式提供对策。[方法]采用调查表对西夏区128所大中小学校和托幼机构传染病防治管理情况进行调查。[结果]托幼机构主管校长负责制建有率和传染病防治管理人员落实率低于大中专学校。而民办托幼机构因病缺课规范登记和常规消毒管理规范率最低。中小学校医院或卫生保健室设置率及传染病防治管理人员落实率最低,均存在有传染病聚集暴发的隐患。各类学校传染病管理组织和疫情登记报告工作不完善,制度措施的落实相对较差,但预防接种证查验工作相对较好。大中专学校校医院或卫生保健室传染病管理工作最差。[结论]应加强学校传染病防治管理法制化建设,加强监督检查和指导宣传,建立长效监管模式。     

深圳市2009-2012年学校及托幼机构传染病暴发疫情分析

目的了解深圳市2009-2012年学校及托幼机构传染病暴发疫情流行病学特征,为做好学校及托幼机构传染病疫情防制提供科学依据。方法收集深圳市2009-2012年学校及托幼机构传染病暴发疫情资料,运用描述性流行病学方法对数据进行分析。结果深圳市2009-2012年学校及托幼机构共报告传染病暴发疫情1308起,发病10443例,发病率为4.50%。其中疫情高峰出现在3、6、9和12月,占70%以上;疫情在小学发生最多,占45.87%;以呼吸道传染病为主,占68.27%;主要病种有流行性感冒、手足口病、水痘、流行性腮腺炎。结论深圳市小学和托幼机构是传染病的高发场所,应加强其呼吸道和肠道传染病的预防控制工作。     

崇明县儿童凭证入托入园入学制度执行情况和管理措施

崇明县为控制和杜绝学校、托幼机构计划免疫相应传染病的发生和流行 ,依据《中华人民共和国传染病防治法》第十二条“国家对儿童实行预防接种证制度” ,《上海市传染病防治监督处罚办法》第十四条 ,于 1994年起 ,把托幼机构、中小学校执行凭《儿童预防接种证》入托入园入学制度纳入卫生监督管理 ,每年对新生入学的凭证建卡执行情况执法检查通过“一管二帮、管帮结合”方法 ,不断增大监督力度 ,结果新生凭证入学执行率 ,从 1994年 50 %呈稳步上升态势 ,至 1998年抽查各校执行率已达10 0 % ,新生凭证建卡率 1994年为 6 0 85% ,如今上升至 99 …     

深圳市福田区2010年学校传染病暴发疫情流行病学分析

目的分析深圳市福田区2010年学校传染病暴发疫情的流行特征,为有效预防和控制学校暴发疫情提供科学依据。方法收集整理2010年该区发生的46起学校传染病暴发疫情资料,并运用描述流行病学方法进行综合分析。结果 2010年福田区共发生学校暴发疫情46起,发病总人数为375人,罹患率10.38%;病种以流行性感冒、急性出血性结膜炎、手足口病为主;疫情主要发生在小学。结论应加强学校和托幼机构的传染病防制工作,落实早发现、早报告制度,采取分级防控等策略控制暴发疫情的发生。     

河南省入托入学儿童预防接种证查验状况

了解河南省2013年城乡入托入学儿童预防接种证查验工作的开展情况,为完善预防接种证查验制度和监督体系及加强学校传染病防控提供科学依据.方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,从河南省4个城区各抽取小学及托幼机构12所,4个县区各抽取县城、乡镇和农村的小学及托幼机构12所,对2013年预防接种证查验工作进行调查.结果 全省192所小学及托幼机构中,2013年应查验人数35 934人,实际查验25 307人,查验率为70.4%,持证率为73.0%,实际补证人数608人,补证率为8.9%.脊灰(OPV)、白破(DT)、甲肝(HAV)和流脑(EMV)的补种率高于85%,其余疫苗的补种率较低.农村教育机构接种证查验率高于城市教育机构(x2=5.167,P<0.05),托幼机构接种证查验率高于小学(x2=67.755,P<0.05),农村学校及公立学校的预防接种证查验制度建立率高于城区及民办学校(x2值分别为43.392,5.064,P值均<0.05),正常入托入学儿童接种证查验率高于中途转入儿童(x2=38.572,P<0.05).结论 河南省预防接种证查验率较低,部分学校预防接种证查验制度还不够完善,需进一步加强特别是民办教育机构的指导和管理.     

2009—2013年深圳市学校及托幼机构传染病突发公共卫生事件流行病学分析及风险评估

目的通过对深圳市2009—2013年学校及托幼机构传染病突发公共卫生事件进行流行病学分析,为科学制定学校及托幼机构传染病防控策略及开展风险评估提供参考依据。方法对深圳市2009—2013年报告的学校及托幼机构传染病突发公共卫生事件进行三间分布分析,风险评估采取风险分析矩阵法(AS/NZS4360:1999)。结果 2009—2013年累计报告学校及托幼机构传染病突发公共卫生事件82起,发病2 282例,平均罹患率为4.33%。其中以流行性感冒、水痘、手足口病和流行性腮腺炎等疫情为主(91.5%),4—6和12月是高发月份(75.6%),主要集中在龙岗区、南山区和宝安区(72.0%),发病规模以6~30人为主(69.5%)。2014年学校及托幼机构传染病突发公共卫生事件风险评估结果为极高风险事件1个、高风险事件3个和中风险事件2个。结论学校及托幼机构是传染病突发公共卫生事件的高发场所,主要以呼吸道疾病和手足口病为主,应进一步加强重点传染病的防控。     

潍坊高新区学校托幼机构传染病防治现状调查

目的了解潍坊高新区学校、托幼机构传染病防治工作现状,为加强学校传染病防治工作提供参考。方法根据国家有关法律法规和学校传染病疫情报告工作规范制定调查表,采用查阅资料、询问调查和现场查看相结合的方法,对该区内65所学校和托幼机构进行调查。结果传染病管理组织、传染病登记报告制度、消毒隔离制度等措施落实较好;有学生"晨检"制度的占96.92%,有学生因病缺课登记追查制度的占96.92%,有检查考评制度的占13.85%。结论该区还应加强学校传染病管理工作,建立健全学校传染病管理考核评估体系、学生"晨检"制度和学生因病缺课登记追查制度。     

Salmonellas in pigs and animal feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark

A comparison has been made between the incidence of salmonellas in pigs and feeding stuffs in England and Wales and in Denmark. In Denmark there is veterinary legislation requiring the sterilization of imported and home produced feed ingredients of animal origin. There is no such legislation in England and Wales. In Denmark 0·3% of resterilized imported meat and bone meal was contaminated with salmonellas. This compared with 23% of meat and bone meal in England and Wales and 20-27% of other ingredients of animal origin. In England and Wales salmonellas were isolated from 7% of caecal samples and 6% of lymph node samples, while in Denmark they were isolated from 3% of caecal samples and 4% of lymph node samples. In England and Wales 25 serotypes were found in both pigs and feeds and these included nearly all the most prevalent human pathogens. In Denmark four of the six serotypes in pigs had been found in resterilized feed. One notable difference between the two studies was the very wide range of serotypes found in pigs in England and Wales and the narrow range in Denmark. A second was that Salmonella typhimurium formed 15% of all Salmonella strains isolated from pigs in England and Wales, and 60% of those in Denmark.     

Lunasin is prevalent in barley and is bioavailable and bioactive in in vivo and in vitro studies

Lunasin, a unique 43-amino acid peptide found in a number of seeds, has been shown to be chemopreventive in mammalian cells and in a skin cancer mouse model. To elucidate the role of cereals in cancer prevention, we report here the prevalence, bioavailability, and bioactivity of lunasin from barley. Lunasin is present in all cultivars of barley analyzed. The liver and kidney of rats fed with lunasin-enriched barley (LEB) show the presence of lunasin in Western blot. Lunasin extracted from the kidney and liver inhibits the activities of HATs (histone acetyl transferases), yGCN5 by 20% and 18% at 100 nM, and PCAF activity by 25% and 24% at 100 nM, confirming that the peptide is intact and bioactive. Purified barley lunasin localizes in the nuclei of NIH 3T3 cells. Barley lunasin added to NIH 3T3 cells in the presence of the chemical carcinogen MCA activates the expression of tumor suppressors p21 and p15 by 45% and 47%, decreases cyclin D1 by 98%, and inhibits Rb hyperphosphorylation by 45% compared with the MCA treatment alone. We conclude that lunasin is prevalent in barley, bioavailable, and bioactive and that consumption of barley could play an important role of cancer prevention in barley-consuming populations.     

Prevalence and Trends in Overweight in Mexican-American Adults and Children

Overweight and obesity have been increasing in many countries. Our objective is to describe the trends in overweight and obesity occurring in the Mexican-American population in the United States. Data on measured height and weight for Mexican Americans come from the following surveys: the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES, 1982–84), the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III, 1988–94), and NHANES 1999–2002. In 1999–2002, 73% of Mexican-American adults were overweight and 33% were obese. Obesity increased between NHANES III and NHANES 1999–2002, from 24% to 27% for men and from 35% to 38% for women. Increases were also seen for children and adolescents. The Mexican-American population in the United States, both children and adults, is showing trends in overweight and obesity over time that are similar to those seen in other segments of the U.S. population and indeed in many countries     

Lead and cadmium in soil and Isopoda woodlice in Croatia

The aim of the study was to determine lead and cadmium concentrations in Isopoda woodlice and soil and to estimate their relation in the environment and the possibility of the use of isopods as biological indicators of pollution. Samples of isopods and soil were collected at two locations in Northern Croatia and analyzed for lead and cadmium. One location was in the forest, and another in the meadow near the road. Isopods were dry- ashed and soil was extracted with nitric acid. Elements were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results revealed that the two locations were significantly different in lead and cadmium in extracted soil and isopods. Lead concentration in extracted soil was 34.6 mg/kg dry weight in the forest and 43.3 mg/kg dry weight in the meadow near the road. Respective cadmium values were 0.147 and 0.180 mg/kg. Lead concentrations in isopods were 2.40 and 4.22 mg/kg dry weights, and cadmium 0.757 and 0.411 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. Correlation of lead or cadmium between isopods and soil irrespective of location gave significant and linear relations for both elements.     

环孢素A及其在产科和生殖领域应用的研究

环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,CsA)是一种大环内酯类免疫抑制剂,广泛应用于器官移植后排斥反应和自身免疫性疾病的防治.近年对CsA在产科和生殖领域的应用展开了一系列研究,CsA不仅能从多方面诱导母胎免疫耐受,还能促进滋养细胞增殖、抑制凋亡,增强其运动、迁移和侵袭能力,从而对妊娠起到双重调节作用,有望成为原因不明...     

Management of pregnancy and childbirth in England and Wales and in France

This paper reviews national data on obstetric and neonatal practices in England and Wales, and in France between 1970 and 1980. The data have been derived from national statistics and surveys on national samples of births in 1970, 1975 and 1980 in England and Wales, and 1972, 1976 and 1981 in France. The analysis shows that there was no major difference in pregnancy outcome, but wide variations in medical practices, and their trend over time. The main differences were: in England and Wales a higher number of antenatal visits, a higher percentage of inpatient admissions during pregnancy, a higher rate of induction, more episiotomies, a higher rate of resuscitation at birth, and admission to neonatal special care units; in France, a higher rate of caesarean sections before and during labour, some evidence of a more active management of labour, and a longer hospital post-natal stay. These differences in practice reflect differences in objectives and assessment of the effectiveness of care between the two countries: they point out the need for better monitoring and evaluation of obstetric and neonatal practices.     

Research and teaching in social and preventive medicine and in public health

Summary Both public health and social and preventive medicine are characterised by the common goal of promoting, maintaining and improving health and preventing disease, and both are concerned with a population-related, preventive and environmental perspective. But whereas public health is interdisciplinary and goes far beyond the medical focus, social and preventive medicine is medically based and forms a bridge between public health and medical practice. Research in a department of social and preventive medicine serves to support preventive and medico-social activities in medical practice as well as in public health. This is illustrated by results from research conducted at the author's department during the last twenty years. Examples are research in support of smoking cessation activities, and research used for the planning of care for the elderly. Both the research and the teaching activities of the department take into account the population focus of public health as well as the focus on individual medicine in clinical practice.

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Forschung und Lehre in Sozial-und Präventivmedizin und öffentlicher Gesundheit

Zusammenfassung Sowohl das Gebiet der öffentlichen Gesundheit als auch dasjenige der Sozial-und Präventivmedizin sind durch das Ziel der Förderung, Erhaltung und Verbesserung der Gesundheit sowie der Krankheitsvorbeugung gekennzeichnet, und beide beschäftigen sich mit einer bevölkerungsbezogenen, präventiven und umweltbezogenen Perspektive. Aber während die öffentliche Gesundheit stark interdisziplinär ist und weit über den medizinischen Fokus hinausreicht, ist die Sozial-und Präventivmedizin ein medizinisches Fach und stellt eine Brücke zwischen der öffentlichen Gesundheit und der ärztlichen Praxis dar. Die Forschung in einem Institut für Sozial-und Präventivmedizin dient der Förderung präventiver und sozialmedizinischer Tätigkeiten in der ärztlichen Praxis wie auch in der öffentlichen Gesundheit. Dies wird durch die Forschungstätigkeit des Instituts des Autors aus den letzten 20 Jahren illustriert, wobei Beispiele aus den Gebieten der Förderung der Raucherentwöhnung und der Betreuung behinderter Betagter dargestellt werden. Sowohl in den Forschungs-als auch in den Lehrtätigkeiten des Instituts finden der Bevölkerungsbezug der öffentlichen Gesundheit wie auch der individualmedizinische Ansatz der ärztlichen Praxis ihren Ausdruck.

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La recherche et l'ensignement en médecine sociale et préventive et en santé publique

Résumé La santé publique aussi bien que la médecine sociale et préventive sont caractérisées par le but commun de promouvoir, maintenir et améliorer l'état de santé et de prévenir les maladies, et elles s'orientent vers une perspective de population, de prévention et environnementale. Mais la santé publique est interdisciplinaire et va loin au-delà de la médecine, tandis que la médecine sociale et préventive est basée sur la médecine et représente le lien entre la santé publique et la pratique médicale. La recherche d'un institut de médecine sociale et préventive sert à appuyer les activités préventives et médico-sociales au cabinet médical aussi bien qu'en santé publique. Cela est illustré par des résultats de recherches conduites dans les vingt années passées à l'institut de l'auteur, et les exemples sont tirés de la recherche en appui de la promotion de la cessation de fumée et de la planification de la prise en charge des personnes âgées et handicapées. Les activités de recherche et de l'enseignement de l'institut tiennent compte de la perspective de population cacactéristique de la santé publique, aussi bien que de la dimension de médecine individuelle caractéristique de la pratique clinique.

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Paper presented at a symposium on The Public Health Perspective of Social and Preventive Medicine, in celebration of the 20th anniversary of the Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Berne, 25 June 1992 in Berne.