贵州省瓮安县农村人群高血压患病率及危险因素

目的调查贵州省瓮安县农村居民高血压患病情况并分析其危险因素。方法以整群抽样法对瓮安县5个行政村25周岁及其以上常住居民1468人，进行健康体检和高血压危险因素问卷调查；采用SAS软件进行单因素和多因素分析。结果瓮安县农民高血压总标化患病率21．25％。单因素分析显示年龄、文化水平、饮酒、体质指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、家族史等与高血压患病有关。经Logisti逐步回归分析显示，性别、年龄、体质指数、腰臀比、饮酒、高血压家族史为高血压患病危险因素，在调查中仅有5％的人知道高血压的诊断标准。结论瓮安县农村居民高血压患病率较高，应注重加强高血压防治知识宣传，从饮食及行为习惯等方面预防高血压。     

鹿寨县居民高血压危险因素调查

目的：了解居民高血压危险因素流行趋势,为制定相应干预措施提供依据。方法：选择鹿寨县辖区内15-69岁常住居民为调查对象,共抽取525名居民,对其家庭情况、个人情况和体格进行调查分析。结果：525名居民主要使用植物油（48．1％）;性别组：男性吸烟率、饮酒率、高血压发生率、伤害情况均高于女性;男性体力活动缺乏、肥胖、超重、精神因素低于女性;而膳食不合理与性别无关;年龄组：吸烟率、饮酒率40-49岁人群最高,分别为40．7％、77．2％;膳食不合理、体力活动缺乏、高血压、肥胖、超重、精神因素随年龄增加而增加;伤害随年龄增加而降低;学历组：居民高血压危险因素与学历无关。结论：高血压发生是多种危险因素共同作用引起的,应把全人群干预策略与高危人群干预策略相结合,对高血压危险因素实施综合干预措施,有利于控制危险性因素水平,降低高血压发生率。     

盐城地区居民高血压及危险因素调查

目的 了解盐城地区居民高血压流行现状及其主要危险因素，为制定相应干预措施提供科学依据。方法 对居住在该地区5年以上(含5年)、35岁以上的居民，采用多阶段整群随机油样的方法，进行一般情况、既往病史、家族史、相关危险因素、身高体重以及血压的调查。结果 高血压的患病率为21．64％，标化率为21．15％，男性高于女性，并且随年龄的增高而增长，城市高于农村。居民高血压知晓率、治疗率和控制率分别为32．36％，18．25％，7．31％，城市高于农村。经Logistic多元回归分析，表明盐城地区居民罹患高血压的主要危险因素为超重、家族史、生活紧张、职业性体力活动过少、年龄、吸烟及饮酒等，而足够蔬菜水果的摄入、性别、睡眠质量好、经常性体育锻炼等为保护性因素。结论 盐城地区居民高血压患病率虽略低于1991年全国抽样调查的结果，但仍然是严重影响当地居民的主要公共卫生问题。     

吸烟、饮酒与蒙古族高血压的关联性

目的 探讨吸烟、饮酒与蒙古族高血压的关联及关联强度。方法 对2589名≥20岁的蒙古族居民进行血压的测量及吸烟、饮酒等因素的调查，采取单因素X^2及多因素非条件Logistic回归模型分析，以OR值作为评价关联及关联强度的指标，用Mantel—HaenszelX^2趋势检验法分析饮酒与高血压间的剂量-反应关系。结果 单因素分析结果显示，年龄、性别（男性）、吸烟、饮酒、超重[体质指数（BMI）≥25]、腹型肥胖[腰臀比（WHR）≥0．9]、高血糖（血糖≥6．1）以及高血压家族史与高血压相关联（P〈0．05）。经Logistic回归模型分析，调整了年龄、性别、BMI、WHR、血糖和家族史等因素后，吸烟与高血压的关联差异无统计学意义（OR；0．823，P〉0．05），而饮酒与高血压之间的关联差异有统计学意义（OR=1．705，P〈0．0001）。剂量-反应关系分析结果显示，蒙古族人群患高血压的危险性有随着饮酒量的增加而增高的趋势。结论 饮酒可能是蒙古族高血压的独立危险因素，随着饮酒量的增加患高血压的危险性增高，而吸烟可能不是蒙古族高血压的危险因素。     

宜兴市居民2型糖尿病危险因素分析

目的 探讨影响2型糖尿病患病危险因素.方法 随机整群抽取宜兴市1 862人问卷调查,对2型糖尿病相关因素进行单因素和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析.结果 单因素Logistic回归分析显示,抽样地区与2型糖尿病患病有密切关系的因素为:年龄、饮酒、BMI、腰臀比、血清甘油三酯、高血压家族史、体力活动及主食等.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=1.43,P＜0.01)、BMI(OR=1.07,P＜0.01)、腰臀比(OR=13.11,P=0.04)、血清甘油三酯(OR=1.16,P＜0.01)、高血压家族史(OR=2.75,P＜0.01)、体力活动(OR=0.47,P＜0.01)及主食(OR=1.25,P＜0.01)对糖尿病患者有影响.结论 2型糖尿病与年龄,饮酒、BMI、腰臀比、血清甘油三酯、高血压家族史、体力活动及主食等因素相关.     

自然人群中高血压危险因素研究

目的：调查研究扬州市自然人群中高血压患病情况及危险因素,方法：采用流行病学调查方法,对调查变量进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析。结果：15－74岁人群高血压患病率为19．78％（男性22．92％,女性17．69％）,标化患病率为16．15％（男性18．70％,女性14．65％）,单因素分析显示与高血压患病显著相关的危险因素有：性别,年龄,职业,文化程度,饮酒,吸烟,吃肉类型,蛋摄入量,婚姻状况,绝经,睡眠质量,友邻谈心,血糖值,体重指数,腰／臂围比,家族史（高血压病,糖尿病,脑血管病,肥胖）,多因素Logistic回归分析显示,影响高血压患病的独立危险因素有：性别,年龄,职业,文化程度,饮酒,鸡蛋摄入量,婚姻状况,高血压病家族史,脑血管病家族史,体重指数,腰／臂比,血糖值。结论：高血压病是多因素综合作用所致,高血压病重点防治人群是35岁以上,有高血压病和脑血管病家族史,超重肥胖,离婚丧偶,吸烟,高脂高胆固醇摄入,血糖浓度高的人群。     

新疆博尔塔拉州居民肥胖及其危险因素分析

目的了解新疆博尔塔拉州维吾尔、哈萨克、蒙古、汉等4个民族中30岁以上人群的超重肥胖流行状况及其与心血管危险因素的关系，为肥胖防治提供科学依据。方法采用随机整群抽样方法，对新疆博尔塔拉州4个民族30岁以上居民共3732人进行流行病学调查。结果居民超重和肥胖率分别为36．02％和27．39％；城市肥胖率高于农村；男、女性超重与肥胖总体上的差异无统计学意义，但超重率男性高于女性，肥胖率则女性高于男性。蒙古族居民超重和肥胖的危险最大，维吾尔族和汉族次之，哈萨克族最小；蒙古族男性和维吾尔族女性的肥胖问题较突出。影响各民族超重和肥胖率的因素主要是性别，民族，年龄，城乡，职业，文化程度，饮酒和肉食等，其中男性超重与肥胖者合并的危险因素多。结论新疆博尔塔拉州人群中超重和肥胖患病率较高，尤其是肥胖，已成为突出的公共卫生问题之一，其中男性肥胖者是心血管病的高危人群。     

某区40岁以上小学教师糠尿病流行病学调查

目的：了解南通市祟川区40岁以上教师糖尿病(DM)和糖耐量低减(IGT)的患病率，分析糖尿病危险因子与糖尿病发病的关系。方法；对435名40岁以上的教师进行问卷调查、体格检查，并将血糖是否正常与暴露因素之间的关系进行危险度的估计。结果：DM的患病率为4．83％，IGT患病率为15．17％(男14．06％，女16．05％)。糖尿病和糖耐量低减患病率随年龄的增加而逐渐增高。糖尿病家族史、高血压、体重超重和腰臀比值大于0．9、是血糖异常的危险因素，其OR值分别是4．625、3．614、2．692、3．327。每周体育锻炼＞3次是保护性因子，其OR为0．2368。结论：糖尿病和糖耐量低减患病率是与遗传因素和环境因素都有关的疾病，在该人群中应重点加强对体力活动减少和体重超重的干预。     

广东省成人超重与肥胖的影响因素分析

目的 了解广东省成年人超重肥胖的影响因素。确定可以进行健康干预的重点环节。方法 采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法．抽取广东省大、中小城市及2类农村各3个区(县)，1类农村4个县。每个县(区)抽取2个街道(乡)的6个居(村)委，共540户居民，进行面对面询问调查，了解18岁以上成年居民个人基本情况，检测体重、身高等数据。结果 调查15130人，超重与肥胖的粗患病率分别为16．8％和1．8％。年龄标化患病率分别为15．0％和1．8％。多因素Logistic回归分析发现，影响超重的因素有家庭人均年收入，年龄，性别，吸烟，体力运动和城乡户籍，OR值分别为1．29，1．11，0．78，0．77．0．72，0．53；影响肥胖的因素主要有家庭人均年收入、年龄、体力活动和城乡户籍，OR值分别为1．47，1．14，0．76，0．41。结论 体力活动是超重与肥胖可干预的重要影响因素，加强健康教育，提高居民的体力活动水平是预防控制超重与肥胖的重要措施。     

河南省商丘地区农村居民高血压危险因素分析

目的调查河南省商丘地区农村居民高血压患病情况并分析其危险因素。方法以整群抽样法对商丘地区2个行政村18周岁及其以上常住居民816人,进行健康体检和高血压危险因素问卷调查;采用SAS软件进行单因素和多因素分析。结果总标化患病率52.38%。单因素分析显示年龄、文化水平、饮酒、体质指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、家族史等与高血压患病有关。经Logisti逐步回归分析显示,性别、年龄、体质指数、腰臀比、饮酒、高血压家族史为高血压患病危险因素,在调查中仅有5%的人知道高血压的诊断标准。结论此地区农村居民高血压患病率较高,应注重加强高血压防制知识宣传,从饮食及行为习惯等方面预防高血压。     

平顶山儿童血脂谱水平及相关因素分析

目的了解平顶山儿童血脂谱水平,为心血管疾病的早期预防提供理论依据。方法对平顶山市258名儿童少年进行体格检查及血脂谱水平测定。结果TC、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C的水平分别为(3.51±0.77)、(0.96±0.32)、(1.15±0.24)、(1.76±0.62)(单位均为mmol/L);肥胖儿童的TG水平高于体重正常儿童(P<0.01),HDL-C水平低于体重正常儿童(P<0.05);腰臀围比(WHR)与TG水平呈正相关(r=0.216,P<0.01),收缩压与HDL-C水平呈负相关,r=-0.284。结论检测结果可作为平顶山儿童正常血脂谱水平参考值;肥胖,腰臀围比大、血压偏高可作为筛查血脂异常高危儿童的指标。     

Interaction of waist/hip ratio and family history on the risk of hormone receptor-defined breast cancer in a prospective study of postmenopausal women

The authors previously reported an interaction of waist/hip ratio and family history on the risk of breast cancer in the Iowa Women's Health Study. Here they reexamine this association based on 9 additional years of follow-up, stratifying on tumor receptors for estrogen and progesterone. Data on risk factors and family history of breast cancer were ascertained in 1986. The occurrences of breast cancer and estrogen receptor/progesterone receptor were determined through the Iowa Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results' registry. Rate ratios were elevated with increasing weight and body mass index and decreasing body mass index at age 18 years, but they did not vary by family history. There was no association with height, waist circumference, or waist/hip ratio. A linear trend of increasing risk with increasing waist/hip ratio was observed among family history-positive women (p = 0.06) but not among family history-negative women (p = 0.87). This apparent interaction (p = 0.09) was examined by estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor status. When stratified on family history and estrogen receptor, no clear patterns were evident. In contrast, family history-positive women in the upper quintile of the waist/hip ratio were at 2.2-fold greater risk of progesterone receptor-negative tumors compared with those in the lowest quintile (95% confidence interval: 0.9, 5.8). Thus, the previously reported interaction between family history and waist/hip ratio is still (weakly) evident and appears to reflect risk for progesterone receptor-negative tumors.     

心血管病高危人群检出率及影响因素分析——以心血管病早期筛查试点区为例

目的分析国家重大公共卫生服务项目心血管病高危人群早期筛查情况及影响因素。方法采用心血管病早期筛查试点区——湖北省赤壁市2015—2016年早期筛查的数据,对该地区13908名常住人口进行心血管病高危检出率及其影响因素分析。结果赤壁市心血管病高危人群检出率为21.2%。性别、年龄、户口类型、职业、睡觉时打鼾、白天易感到乏力和疲惫、糖尿病史、肥胖、超重、TC、LDL腰围等均是心血管病高危人群的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论男性、70~75岁人群、职业为农民、工人、超重、白天感到疲惫等是心血管病高危人群的危险因素。应该有针对性地开展健康教育,建议居民戒烟限酒、合理膳食、加强体育锻炼。此外,相关政府部门应定期进入社区进行宣传教育,增强居民对心血管病的认识,将心血管病的治疗战线前移,加强心血管病的一级预防和二级预防。     

中国2型糖尿病危险因素分析

目的分析我国2型糖尿病发病的危险因素,为糖尿病的预防和治疗提供依据.方法利用自然人群,采取分层随机抽样,直接测OGTT服糖后2h血糖的方法诊断糖尿病和糖耐量损害,采用多元回归法进行分析.结果在年龄大于40岁、具有糖尿病家族史、体质指数25以上和腰臀比0.9以上以及吸烟人群中,糖尿病及糖耐量损害患病率剧增.高血压人群中糖尿病及糖耐量损害的发生率显著高于非高血压人群.结论年龄增大、阳性家族史、高腰臀比、体力活动量少、体质指数大及嗜好吸烟,是糖尿病及糖耐量损害的危险因子.2型糖尿病与高血压关系密切.     

Dietary fat and the risk of clinical type 2 diabetes: the European prospective investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study

The role of dietary fat in the etiology of type 2 diabetes remains uncertain. The authors investigated the association between dietary fat composition and risk of clinical type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation of Cancer-Norfolk study and identified food consumption patterns associated with dietary fat composition. Diet was assessed at baseline (1993-1997) using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. From multiple sources of information, 414 incident cases of diabetes were identified among 23,631 men and women aged 40-78 years during 3-7 years of follow-up. The capture-recapture ascertainment level was 99%. The energy-adjusted dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was inversely associated with the risk of diabetes (odds ratio (OR) = 0.84 per standard deviation change, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75, 0.94). Adjustment for age, sex, family history of diabetes, smoking, physical activity, total fat, protein, and alcohol attenuated the association (OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.99), and it was no longer statistically significant after including body mass index and the waist:hip ratio (OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.03). This prospective study showed that an increased dietary polyunsaturated:saturated fat ratio was associated with a reduced risk of diabetes, independent of age, sex, family history of diabetes, and other lifestyle factors.     

不同体重指数和腰臀比与血糖、血脂、血压的关系

[目的]探讨重庆地区成人不同体重指数（BMI）和腰臀比（WHR）与血糖、血脂、血压的关系及其与心血管疾病危险因素的聚集性。[方法]选择重庆市两社区中老年人群2883例,根据世界卫生组织推荐的成人超重与肥胖标准,对BMI和WHR与血糖、血压和血脂的关系进行了统计分析。[结果]超重及肥胖总检出率35.73%,腹型肥胖率31.84%。随BMI升高,空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）平均水平逐渐升高,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）明显降低;且糖尿病、高血压、高TG、低HDL检出率亦升高。超重和肥胖人群高血糖、高血压、高TG和HDL降低的危险性分别为正常人群的1.70、1.87、2.99、2.29倍。与正常组比较,超重与肥胖人群有任意1、2、3、4种危险因素时的危险性分别是2.15、3.84、6.23和24.90。[结论]超重与肥胖增加成人心血管疾病危险因素的聚集性以及获得多个心血管疾病的危险性。控制超重和肥胖对心血管疾病的防治具有重要意义。     

江苏省常熟市农村居民高血压危险度评估及治疗现状分析

目的 了解常熟市农村居民高血压危险度及治疗现状。方法 随机抽取常熟市农村社区1个村,年龄35～74岁的常住居民约800人,测量血压、身高、体重,检测空腹血糖、血清总胆固醇并收集其他相关资料。结果 常熟市农村居民高血压患病率为32.01％,高血压患病率随着年龄增长而显著上升(P<0.01);女性高血压患者收缩压水平与年龄高度正相关(P<0.01),而男、女高血压患者舒张压水平与年龄高度负相关(P<0.01);高血压患者并存的心血管病危险因素如高龄、高胆固醇、早发心血管病家族史和超重所占百分率,显著高于非高血压患者(P<0.01);高血压患者中,中、低危占85.72％,高危及以上占14.28％;既往高血压患者的单纯药物治疗率、单纯非药物治疗率、综合治疗率和总治疗率分别为42.05％、2.84％、14.20％和59.09％,相应的血压控制率分别为35.14％、40.00％、36.00％和39.77％。结论 常熟市居民高血压危险度评估以中、低危为主,其药物治疗率和非药物治疗率处于较低水平,应加强对高血压患者的综合干预力度。     

心血管病传统危险因素与糖尿病及其前期关系

目的探讨传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期的关联性,为糖尿病的防治提供参考依据。方法采用随机抽样方法对在浙江省湖州市爱山、龙泉和飞英3个街道共1 197名55～75岁的常住居民进行体格检查和血糖检测,采用Logistic回归分析方法分析传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期的关联性。结果 1 197名常住居民中,血糖正常者807名,占67.42%,糖尿病前期者267例,占22.31%,糖尿病者123例,占10.27%;3组人群空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖值分别为(4.83±0.61)、(5.76±0.61)、(6.99±1.43)mmol/L和(5.46±1.65)、(7.94±2.63)、(13.45±4.01)mmol/L;年龄、体质指数(BMI)、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压等传统心血管病危险因素在正常血糖组、糖尿病前期组和糖尿病组3组人群中分布不同,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,以正常血糖组为参照组,年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压与糖尿病前期存在关联性;以正常血糖组为参照组,年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比和血压与糖尿病存在关联性;以糖尿病前期组为参照组,中心性肥胖、腹围和腰臀比与糖尿病存在关联性。结论年龄、BMI、中心性肥胖、腹围、臀围、腰臀比、血压等传统心血管病危险因素与糖尿病及其前期均存在关联性。     

Correlates of fasting insulin levels in young adults: the CARDIA study

Elevated fasting insulin is an independent risk factor for hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, but determinants of insulin other than age and body mass remain poorly described. Potentially modifiable factors associated with insulin were identified by correlating anthropometric, dietary and physical activity data in the CARDIA cohort of 2643 black and 2472 white men and women aged 18-30 years. Insulin was positively correlated with serum glucose, body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness, waist/hip ratio and sucrose intake, and negatively correlated with heavy physical activity score, treadmill exercise duration, and magnesium intake (each p less than 0.01). After adjustment for other covariates, the positive association of insulin with waist/hip ratio, skinfold thickness, and sucrose intake remained in the group as a whole, as did the negative associations with magnesium and treadmill duration. These relationships provide insight into potentially modifiable factors affecting insulin levels, and should be considered in interpreting associations between insulin levels and cardiovascular disease.     

Body fat distribution in the Finnish population: environmental determinants and predictive power for cardiovascular risk factor levels.

STUDY OBJECTIVE--The aim was to examine (1) whether health habits are associated with body fat distribution, as measured by the waist/hip girth ratio, and (2) to what extent environmental factors, including anthropometric characteristics, explain the variability in levels of cardiovascular risk factors. DESIGN--The study was a population based cross sectional survey, conducted in the spring of 1987 as a part of an international research project on cardiovascular epidemiology. SETTING--The survey was conducted in three geographical areas of eastern and south western Finland. SUBJECTS--2526 men and 2756 women aged 25-64 years took part in the study, corresponding to a survey participation rate of 82%. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS--In men, waist/hip ratio showed stronger associations with exercise (Pearson's r = -0.24), resting heart rate (r = 0.10), alcohol consumption (r = 0.07), smoking (r = 0.05), and education (r = -0.23) than did body mass index. Jointly, exercise, resting heart rate, alcohol consumption, education, and age explained 18% of variance in male waist/hip ratio, but only 9% of variance in male body mass index. In women, environmental factors were more predictive for body mass index than for waist/hip ratio, with age and education being the strongest determinants. Waist/hip ratio and body mass index were approximately equally strong predictors of cardiovascular risk factor levels. The additional predictive power of waist/hip ratio over and above body mass index was tested in a hierarchical, stepwise regression. In this conservative type of analysis the increase in explained variance uniquely attributable to waist/hip ratio was 2-3% for female and 1-2% for male lipoprotein levels, and less than 0.5% for female and 0-2% for male blood pressure values. CONCLUSIONS--The distribution of abdominal obesity in Finland is significantly influenced by health habits and sociodemographic factors in both men and women. This in turn is obviously one reason for the relatively small "independent" effect of body fat distribution on cardiovascular risk factor levels.