3,4-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3') 氧化呋咱大鼠致畸实验研究

将妊娠期大鼠按体重随机分成5组,分别设3个3,4-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3')氧化呋咱(DATF)剂量组(625、1 250、2 500 mg/kg)、阴性对照组(3%淀粉溶液)和阳性对照组(环磷酰胺12 mg/kg)。于妊娠敏感期(第5~19天)连续给药,第20天处死孕鼠,取出胎鼠,记录总着床数、活胎数、死胎数、吸收胎数等,称子宫连胎总质量、活胎质量,测量胎鼠身长,检查胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼有无畸形。结果显示,与阴性对照组比较,DATF各剂量组孕鼠体重、活胎数、死胎数、吸收胎数、胎鼠体重、平均身长等差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),未见外观、内脏和骨骼出现明显畸形。提示,在本实验条件下未见DATF有明显的大鼠母体毒性和胎鼠致畸性。     

3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱对大鼠亚急性经口毒性实验研究

为评价3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱(DATF)的亚急性经口毒性,将40只健康SPF级SD大鼠按体重随机分为4组,分别为对照(4%淀粉溶液)组和77.5、155、310 mg/kg DATF染毒组,每组10只,雌雄各半。采用灌胃方式染毒28 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,155、310 mg/kg DATF染毒组雄性大鼠与310 mg/kg DATF染毒组雌性大鼠总食物利用率降低;各剂量DATF染毒组大鼠血清胆固醇含量均较高,乳酸脱氢酶活力均较低;155、310 mg/kg DATF染毒组雄性大鼠肝、肾上腺的脏器系数以及各剂量DATF染毒组雌性大鼠肝的脏器系数和155、310 mg/kg DATF染毒组雌性大鼠脾的脏器系数及310 mg/kg DATF染毒组雌性大鼠肾的脏器系数均较高。提示DATF对大鼠肝脏、脾脏和肾脏具有一定的损伤作用。     

3,4-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3')氧化呋咱小鼠急性经口毒性研究

为探讨34-双(4'-氨基呋咱基-3')氧化呋咱(DATF)对小鼠的急性经口毒性,将70只SPF级昆明小鼠按体重随机分为7组,即阴性对照组和DATF剂量组,每组10只,雌雄各半。采用经口灌胃方式进行染毒,观察染毒后14 d内动物的反应、体重变化和死亡情况。根据寇氏法计算小鼠经口LD50雄性为1429 mg/kg,雌性1281 mg/kg,DATF属于低毒物质。     

3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱对小鼠骨髓细胞微核和染色体的影响

为探讨3,4-双(4’-氨基呋咱基-3’)氧化呋咱(DATF)对小鼠骨髓细胞的遗传毒性,将健康SPF级昆明小鼠按体重随机分为5组,分别为0(阴性对照)、67.5、135、270 mg/kg DATF染毒组和阳性对照[40 mg/kg环磷酰胺(CP)]组,每组10只,雌雄各半。采用小鼠骨髓嗜多染细胞微核试验检测微核率和嗜多染红细胞与正染红细胞(PCE/NCE)的比值,采用骨髓细胞染色体畸变试验检测染色体畸变率。结果显示,各剂量DATF染毒组与阴性对照组小鼠体重和骨髓PCE微核率、PCE/NCE值和染色体畸变率间比较,差异均无统计学意义。提示在本实验剂量范围内,DATF对小鼠骨髓细胞无致突变和致畸变效应。     

印加果油对大鼠的致畸性研究

目的检测印加果油的致畸性.方法将60只妊娠 SD 种大鼠随机分为印加果油9000,4500,2250 mg/kg 3个剂量组,1个阴性对照(玉米胚芽油)和1个阳性对照组(阿斯匹林300 mg/kg),每组12只,于妊娠第7~16d每天灌胃给受试物1次,于妊娠第20d解剖孕鼠,检查胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼及身体发育等指标.结果印加果油各剂量组的孕鼠体重、窝重、胎鼠体重、身长、尾长、活胎率、吸收胎率及死胎率与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P >0.05),未见胎鼠外观、内脏和骨骼发育异常及畸形.结论印加果油在受试剂量下,对大鼠无母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸性.     

转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿胚胎毒性和致畸性研究

目的采用动物实验对转乙肝抗原蛋白基因苜蓿（ATHAPG）的大鼠胚胎毒性和致畸性进行研究,为探索ATHAPG对人体健康影响和制订每日允许摄入量提供依据。方法将受孕sD大鼠随机分为40、200和1000mg／kg3个剂量组及阴性对照组（蒸馏水）。每组12～14只孕鼠,于孕期7～16d每天给受试动物灌胃1次,妊娠第20天处死,检查孕鼠妊娠与胎鼠畸形情况。结果3个剂量组的孕鼠生殖能力、体熏及胎鼠体重、外观发育、骨骼和内脏畸形率与阴性对照组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论在该试验条件下,ATHAPG在40～1000mg／kg剂量范围对大鼠无明显的母体毒性、胚胎毒性和致畸性。     

3,4-二呋咱基氧化呋咱对小鼠致突变性研究

对新型高能量化合物3,4-二呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)的致突变性进行研究,为进一步探讨DNTF对人体健康的影响和制订职业接触限值提供依据。对DNTF进行小鼠骨髓微核试验、染色体畸变、Ames试验。结果表明,小鼠骨髓细胞微核试验、染色体畸变、Ames试验结果均为阴性。提示在本试验范围内DNTF无致突变作用。     

吡氟酰草胺对大鼠致畸毒性研究

选用8周龄的Wistar大鼠交配受孕,每组18~20只孕鼠。于妊娠第6~15天,染毒组以吡氟酰草胺灌胃染毒,剂量分别为100、300和1 000 mg/kg;阴性对照组用等量玉米油灌胃;阳性对照组于妊娠第12天腹腔注射环磷酰胺8 mg/kg。妊娠第20天处死孕鼠,记录黄体数、死胎数、活胎数、活胎重量等,并检查胎鼠外观、内脏、骨骼的畸形、变异及功能状况。结果表明,在试验剂量下吡氟酰草胺未对胚胎形成、胎鼠生长以及外观、内脏和骨骼造成影响。吡氟酰草胺对大鼠母体无明显毒性作用剂量为1 000 mg/(kg·d),且该剂量对子代亦不具有胚胎毒性和致畸作用。     

工作场所空气中3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱的气相色谱测定法

目的 建立工作场所空气中新型含能材料3,4-二硝基呋咱基氧化呋咱(DNTF)的气相色谱测定法.方法 用玻璃纤维滤料富集工作场所空气中DNTF,甲苯洗脱,洗脱液经HP-5毛细色谱柱(30 m×0.320 mm,0.25 μm)进样,63Ni电子捕获检测器检测,进行定性定量分析.结果 DNTF在2～20 μg/ml线性范围内,回归方程呈良好的线性关系(r=0.999 5),方法最低检出限为0.23 μg/ml,最低检出浓度为0.05 mg/m3(以采集45 L空气样品计),平均回收率为98.2％～100.4％,RSD为3.1％～6.9％.结论 该方法具有操作简单、检测灵敏度高、能快速定性定量等优点,适用于工作场所中DNTF的检测分析.     

ZNC-1大鼠生殖毒性试验

目的了解新药ZNC-1对大鼠生殖毒性的影响。方法按常规致畸试验方法,获取74只孕大鼠,分为5组:3个ZNC-1染毒组与阴性对照组,每组15只;阳性对照组,每组14只。在大鼠胚胎器官形成期6～15d,孕鼠连续经口给予ZNC-1,ZNC-1剂量为3000、1500、1000mg/kg。观察受试药物有无致畸作用。结果①ZNC-13000mg/kg剂量组孕鼠体重增长〔(140.73±37.24)g〕明显低于阴性对照组;②ZNC-13000mg/kg剂量组胎鼠身长〔(3.60±0.33)cm〕明显短于阴性对照组〔(3.88±0.19)cm〕;其他剂量组胎鼠的体重、身长、尾长与阴性对照组相比无明显差异。③ZNC-1各剂量对胎鼠骨骼内脏发育无影响,亦无明显外观畸形。结论在本试验条件下,ZNC-1在3000mg/kg剂量可引起母体毒性反应和胚胎毒性,但未见致畸作用;ZNC-11500mg/kg无胚胎毒性和致畸作用。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.