以人为本的整合型服务模式在英国的实践及经验借鉴

构建以人为本的整合型服务是减少卫生服务体系碎片化、提高医疗服务质量的有效途径。文章在阐述整合型服务内涵的基础上,以英国为例,详细分析了该国以人为本的整合型服务模式的实践探索,并提出3个方面的经验借鉴,即:风险分层中重点人群为最需要医疗服务的人群,设置专门负责整合服务的机构或人员,健康大数据实现互联互通。     

英国“购买与提供分开”下的健康服务整合改革及启示

以人为本的整合型卫生服务体系是当前国际卫生体系发展的重要方向。鉴于英国卫生体系综合绩效在发达国家中的领先地位，在"购买与提供分开"的框架下政府同时负责筹资和服务组织的结构，这与我国卫生体系具有相似性，本文根据文献研究和现场调查，分析英国近年建设以人为本整合型卫生服务体系的内在逻辑和实践进展，并探讨其对我国的启示。研究发现，改革主要体现在三个层面：区域层面推动卫生部门内部各机构与跨部门服务的统一规划，并辅以转型基金、绩效考核和整合式的预算分配与决策机制；地方层面以公共卫生和医疗服务的筹资整合推动服务围绕人群健康进行协调，应对人群层面的健康问题；社区层面通过对全科医生执业模式进行再组织，在基层卫生网络基础上结合社区服务，综合应对个体和社区层面的健康决定因素。根据英国经验，本文提出：整合改革涉及多个层面，应当明确各自权责；统一的决策问责、协调的资源分配是推动整合的关键抓手；基层卫生发展需要在专业化基础上进行组织化。     

卫生服务体系整合的发展与实践

通过回顾国际和中国卫生服务体系整合的形式与发展实践,提出了卫生服务体系整合的内涵,阐述了整合的目的与意义以及政策含义。通过辽宁省等地卫生资源整合改革实践的分析,认为卫生服务体系整合不仅可以优化卫生资源配置和改善卫生服务公平性,而且是缓解＂看病贵、看病难＂问题的有效途径;同时,这种上下联动为特征的整合卫生服务体系变革,可以强化基层卫生服务体系建设,推进公立医院改革进程,改善卫生系统绩效。     

我国开展“以人为本的一体化卫生服务”模式的挑战及对策

提出"以人为本的一体化卫生服务"(PCIC)模式是我国卫生服务体系改革的必然方向,并厘清了PCIC与我国倡导的分级诊疗的异同。认为推行PCIC能缓解我国现阶段卫生服务体系存在的"重治疗、轻预防""重服务、轻健康""看病难、看病贵"问题。基于国内部分实践案例,分析了我国推行PCIC在守门人制度、双向转诊、跨学科团队、基层医护人员收入、防治结合、价格杠杆、医联体、卫生信息化等方面存在的困难和挑战。根据国内外实践案例,提出了医院的全面纵向整合、各类服务的全面横向整合、建立统一的临床路径及行之有效的双向转诊制度、推行基层首诊制、组建行之有效的跨学科团队、借助电子健康系统等六个方面的对策建议。     

温州市基层公共卫生服务体系建设现状与对策

通过对温州基层公共卫生服务体系现状和问题分析,提出加快基层公共卫生服务体系建设的对策是坚持基层公共卫生服务的公益性、公平性和可及性,全面推进基层公共卫生服务体系布局调整,重点突出中心镇、新农村社区在基层公共卫生服务体系中的基础和核心作用,通过优化整合公共卫生资源,提高公共卫生资源的利用率,积极构建完善的基层公共卫生服务体系,为群众提供优质的公共卫生服务。     

整合的入口在哪里

正随着人口老龄化的快速发展和疾病谱的改变,以及卫生健康服务体系内外环境的快速变化,卫生健康服务需求呈现多样化、多层次、多方面等特点,迫切要求转变服务模式,提供从医疗、预防、健康促进、康复等全方位全周期的卫生健康服务。同时,卫生健康服务体系面临系统分割、层级断裂、缺乏协作等问题,也迫切要求构建体系完整、分工明确、功能互补、协同高效的整合型卫生健康服务体系。整合的初衷是以人为本以人为本的整合型卫生健康服务     

基于利益相关者理论整合基层医疗卫生服务体系

目的:以十九大卫生发展战略为背景,探讨当前基层医疗卫生服务体系建设进展及问题,提出推动当前我国基层医疗卫生服务体系建设对策。方法:以利益相关者理论为基础,借鉴国外整合医疗卫生服务体系并结合我国云南省某县调研情况,通过协调各相关方利益关系,整合我国当前基层医疗卫生服务体系。结果:我国基层医疗卫生服务体系在基础设施建设、人才队伍建设、补偿机制建设及运行机制建设等方面依旧存在明显机遇与挑战。各利益主体缺乏共同责任和利益激励,无法平衡各方利益缺乏发展动力。结论:基层医疗机构卫生服务体系应有效发挥卫生行政、医保、财政、发改及居民等各方协同作用,不断平衡各方利益,推动基层医疗卫生服务体系建设。     

加强农村卫生服务体系建设 促进人人享有基本卫生保健

建立国家基本卫生制度、实现人人享有基本卫生保健是国际社会＂全民健康覆盖＂目标的具体体现。过去几十年,江苏省农村卫生服务体系得到了较好发展,基本建立具有较高可及性的农村服务组织网络,为实现农村居民人人享有基本卫生保健打下了良好的基础,同时还存在诸多亟待解决的问题。为此提出建议：明确政府健康责任,改革卫生投入机制;优化卫生服务体系布局,提高高质量卫生服务的可及性;加强基层卫生人才队伍建设,提高基本卫生服务质量;完善薪酬分配制度,调动卫生人员积极性。     

我国卫生健康服务体系的建设、成效与展望

文章首先全面回顾了新中国成立70年来我国卫生健康服务体系的建设历程,从资源数量增加和质量水平提高、公平性与可及性增强、服务体系结构优化、服务能力和服务效率提升、群众健康水平改善等方面介绍了我国卫生健康服务体系建设取得的显著成效。从健康需求的增长和变化、发展不平衡不充分以及仍需进一步深化体制机制改革等方面分析了我国卫生健康服务体系建设面临的新形势与新挑战,从四个方面提出了推动优质高效、协同整合的新型卫生健康服务体系建设和发展的建议。     

建设高质量的县域医共体

正医共体是县域医联体建设的主要实践形式,是构建高效医疗卫生服务体系的突破口。县域医共体建设,有助于解决县域医疗卫生服务体系碎片化,通过自上而下的资源协调整合,带动基层医疗卫生机构实现服务质量和水平的全面提升。县域医共体的健康发展,对我国未来实现整合型医疗服务体系至关重要。     

社会组织参与中小学心理健康管理的工作路径分析

社会组织作为社会心理服务体系中的重要组成部分, 可为中小学校提供心理健康管理协作支持。以武汉某心理服务中心为个案, 分析社会组织担当的体系协建者、技术支持者、干预督导者、资源聚拢者等重要角色, 进行的补充完善学校心理工作体系、探索针对需要的校本课程、防护并协同处理危机事件、引导社会资源多方支持互动等主要工作, 探索社会组织参与中小学心理健康管理的工作路径, 以及存在的局限和所需的支持。     

基层卫生机构服务供给质量差距分析

基层卫生机构是我国医疗卫生服务体系的网底,合理评价基层卫生机构服务供给质量对提升基层卫生机构服务质量至关重要。本文借鉴服务质量差距模型,从居民和基层卫生机构两个视角,分析基层卫生机构在认知、服务质量标准、服务传递、服务绩效及服务质量五个层面的差距,并为基层卫生机构提高服务质量提出合理政策建议。     

整合保健：英国经验对我国社区卫生服务改革的启示

在对英国卫生保健体系进行梳理的基础上,总结了其开展整合保健的做法和经验,尤其是近年来英国卫生服务与社会服务体系进行整合的趋势值得我国借鉴。本文受英国卫生保健体系尤其是初级卫生保健整合做法的启发,针对我国社区卫生服务改革中存在的问题,提出相关的政策建议,包括加强多学科服务团队建设,推动医学模式在社区转变;建立＂守门人＂制度,做实社区首诊和双向转诊;建立部门间的沟通机制,整合卫生服务与社会服务;加大舆论宣传力度,引导居民就医需求等。     

“以人为中心”整合型医疗健康服务体系的关键要素研究

近年来,按照新时代卫生与健康工作方针和全面推进健康中国建设的要求,医疗健康服务体系建设与改革取得巨大成就,但与满足人民群众的健康服务需求和健康中国建设要求还有差距。构建"以人为中心"的整合型医疗健康服务体系既是发展趋势,也是卫生健康事业高质量发展的必然要求。本文认为构建"以人为中心"整合型医疗健康服务体系就是全面落实"以人民健康为中心"的发展理念,推动实现人人享有基本医疗健康服务的目标。其关键要素包括全面落实"以人为中心"的理念;建设覆盖全方位、全生命周期的医疗健康服务体系;提供连续性、协调性、综合性、个性化的整合型医疗健康服务;构建分工协作为导向的激励相容机制;建设多元共治共享的治理机制和高效的沟通反馈机制;建设互联互通的信息系统和推动信息技术广泛深入应用等。文章最后提出了构建整合型医疗健康服务体系的政策启示和建议,供决策参考借鉴。     

加拿大健康服务整合:实践与启示

系统梳理了近年来有关加拿大卫生服务整合的文献和政策文件,归纳了安大略省、阿尔伯塔省和魁北克省的卫生服务整合实践及方式,包括卫生组织机构间整合、卫生服务团队整合以及一系列卫生服务整合,并总结组织机构间整合的促成因素和阻碍因素以及具体的整合策略。结合中国实际,提出我国在推进卫生服务整合过程中应坚持以政府为主导,充分发挥市场机制的积极作用,通过基层卫生服务的网络式管理与组团式服务,将重点人群和特定疾病的卫生服务整合视为战略重点,发挥护士在卫生服务整合中的助推作用,建设有利于整合的卫生信息系统,不断推进分级诊疗并弥合割裂的卫生服务体系,为居民提供个性化、方便、综合、连续的整合型卫生服务。     

职业卫生技术服务机构实验室认可申报的组织实践

作者对实验室认可的起源和发展及我国的实验室认可概况进行了简要介绍,并从开展实验室认可工作的意义和作用、质量体系的建立完善与持续改进和实验室认可的申请等方面对职业卫生技术服务机构开展实验室认可工作进行探讨。     

Profile of Community Mental Health Service Needs in the Moretele District (North-West Province) in South Africa

BACKGROUND: The emergence of democracy in South Africa led to a need to transform all public structures, including the health care system. The aim has been to transform these structures in order to bring them in line with the new culture of human rights. Transformation of the whole health care system is motivated by a number of key objectives, which include achieving equity in resource allocation and health service delivery, developing primary health care infrastructure and decentralising services to promote community participation. AIMS OF THE STUDY: In the context of de-institutionalising mental health services in South Africa, this study aimed to investigate community mental health service needs of mental health service users and that of their families in the Moretele district, North-West province, South Africa. METHODS: The study was conducted in three clinics situated in three different communities in the Moretele district. Data collection consisted of : 147 clinical record reviews, 105 interviews with patients followed by a joint interview with a family member, 83 interviews with caregivers and eight interviews with community key informants (traditional healers, a civic leader, a councillor, a retired teacher, and a physician). RESULTS: The majority of service users were males (54%). The mean age was 41 years and 63% had completed primary schooling.Patients were recorded as having only one of two primary diagnoses, namely schizophrenia (57%) or epilepsy (41%). However, a review of prescribed drugs and caregiver interviews showed that there was a presence of mood disorders among service users. The local hospital was service users primary entry point into the mental health care system, followed by traditional healers (30%). Interviews with service users, service providers and caregivers reveal limited knowledge of patient illness. Nevertheless, service users who had epilepsy were more likely to provide details of their illness than those with mental illness. Above half of service users had basic social skills such as bathing, eating, washing and using public transportation independently. Feelings of loneliness and isolation were common among service users in the community; seventy nine percent (79%), for example spent their days entirely in their homes. Only 7% reported contact with friends. Experiences of community discrimination and exploitation of people with mental illness were reported in key informant interviews and by service users themselves. DISCUSSION: The main community mental health service needs identified in this study were: (i) Improved quality of mental health services at clinics. (ii) Better co-ordination of services (clinic, hospital, social work and traditional healers) and removal of barriers to health service utilisation. (iii) Alleviation of the social isolation of mental health service users by building on existing community structures and individuals willing to engage in partnerships with service providers. The authors indentify a need to train primary health care providers in mental health in order to promote the adequate diagnosis and detection of common psychiatric illnesses.They also point out the need for social support interventions to enable people with mental illness to deal with loneliness and isolation and a need for psycho-educational programmes to make patients and caregivers better informed about mental illness.     

我国农村基层卫生人才队伍建设的现状、问题及建议

目前,农村基层医疗卫生工作取得了较大的进展,但是仍然缺乏一支稳定、专业的卫生人才队伍。与城镇相比,农村基层卫生人才数量不足、专业水平低、接受培训与实际需求脱节、流动性强等问题的存在,使得农村医疗服务质量难以提高,人才问题依然是制约农村卫生服务发展的瓶颈。本文分析了农村基层卫生人才的现状、存在的问题及其成因,并建议从人力资源管理的各个环节出发建设一支高素质的农村基层卫生人才队伍,既要从招聘、培训的角度来吸引人才、提升人才素质,又要从薪酬、考核的角度来激励人才、留住人才,最后还要为基层卫生人才提供一个良好的职业发展通道,让他们能在农村实现自我的价值。     

Decentralisation of general management within the New Zealand health system.

The radical organisation changes implemented in the New Zealand health system in recent years are discussed and analysed in this study which is based upon a review of documents and interviews with general managers of area health boards. Service management, which involves the decentralisation of general management to programme or product groupings (medicine, child health etc) has been widely implemented in almost all boards completely replacing the traditional disciplinary hierarchies. It is also leading to a population-rather than an institutional-based system of management. General managers report positively on the achievements of service management including greater accountability and commitment of clinical staff, innovation and team building, improved performance and service quality, the integration of hospital and community-based care and a customer rather than an occupational orientation. There is an increasing trend towards the recognition of primary health care as a key service entity.     

Advancing primary care to promote equitable health: implications for China

China is a country with vast regional differences and uneven economic development, which have led to widening gaps between the rich and poor in terms of access to healthcare, quality of care, and health outcomes. China's healthcare reform efforts must be tailored to the needs and resources of each region and community. Building and strengthening primary care within the Chinese health care system is one way to effectively address health challenges. This paper begins by outlining the concept of primary care, including key definitions and measurements. Next, results from a number of studies will demonstrate that primary care characteristics are associated with savings in medical costs, improvements in health outcomes and reductions in health disparities. This paper concludes with recommendations for China on successfully incorporating a primary care model into its national health policy, including bolstering the primary care workforce, addressing medical financing structures, recognizing the importance of evidence-based medicine, and looking to case studies from countries that have successfully implemented health reform.