河北省部分大学生性观念及其相关行为

目的了解大学生的性观念、性态度及其相关行为，为高校进行适宜的性健康教育和行为干预提供科学依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法，自行设计问卷，对河北省部分大学生进行调查。结果12．37％的大学生报告有过婚前性行为，63．71％的学生对婚前性行为持赞同或无所谓态度。在有婚前性行为的学生中，仅有49．74％以发展爱情为目的，20．51％坚持使用安全套。不同类型大学生的性观念差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论大学生的性道德观已发生了很大的变化，存在着严重的自由思想和行为倾向，应针对不同对象有计划地进行性知识、性道德健康教育。     

大学生性观念与性行为调查

目的了解大学生性价值取向,为探索大学生性健康教育提供依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,随机选择本校1～3年级大学生1838人,进行现场自填式问卷调查。结果仅有3．0％的学生赞同同性恋行为,46．2％的人反对,其他持无所谓态度。女性赞成婚前性行为的占3．1％,低于男性的14．5％,反对婚前性行为的占65．3％,高于男性的31．3％,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。有过性行为的大学生占6．7％,男生占4．0％,明显高于女生2．7％,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。在有过性行为的学生中,从未用过或偶尔用安全套者占43．2％。结论当前大学生的性观念逐渐趋于开放,并存在一定比例的婚前性行为及不使用安全套的高危性行为。应在大学生中开展性健康教育和正确的爱情观教育,并大力提倡正确使用避孕套。     

招远市部分中学生恋爱状况与婚前性行为态度调查

[目的]了解中学生对婚前性行为的态度与恋爱状况，为制定性健康教育工作规划提供依据。[方法]2002年1月，对招远市部分中学生进行问卷调查。[结果]调查606人，有恋爱经历或正在谈恋爱的占5．61％，初中生低于高中、职专生；75．41％的对婚前性行为持反对态度，初中生高于高中、职专生；自述家庭生活环境较差、经常上网聊天、经常阅读言情文学作品的学生有恋爱经历或正在谈恋爱者所占比例较高。[结论]相当一部分中学生的对婚前性行为的态度与恋爱观有问题，应把对学生的性健康教育列为素质教育的重要内容。     

大学生婚前性行为和性态度现状分析

目的 了解大学生婚前性行为现状及其态度与发展趋势。方法 采用分层整群抽样抽取福建师范大学900名学生进行无记名问卷调查,有效问卷876份。结果 显示认为贞操观至关重要的占52．6％,对婚前性行为持慎重态度的占76．5％,但也有半数以上的学生对婚前性行为持宽容,默许和赞同态度,甚至有30．1％的学生认为同居是现代的生活方式（男生占42．8％,女生占17．1％）,在被调查人群中,有过婚前性行为的占5．5％（男性占8．3％,女性占2．5％）。结论 目前大学生婚前性行为虽然还不普遍,但性态度已开始发生变化,应及时给予正确的引导,教育。     

中国西南地区大学生婚前性行为态度调查

目的了解大学生性观念和对性行为的态度，为高校性教育提供科学依据。方法在西南云贵川渝4个省、直辖市，每省选择3所高校，学校类别分别为1所重点院校、1所地方院校、1所师范院校，共调查学生1000人。结果52．6％的学生同意“马上要结婚的人可以发生性行为”的观点；34．3％的学生同意“不打算结婚，但正在热恋可以发生性行为”的观点：48．7％的学生对婚前性行为表示赞成或认可；对大学生同居表示赞成或认可的占45．0％。在11个不同角度对同居现象和性行为态度的问题中，持同意或赞同者男生（32．5％）明显高于女生（23．9％）（P〈0．01）。41．4％的大学生对同性恋持赞成或认可的态度，女生（46．5％）高于男生（35．5％）（P〈0．01）。结论大学生的性观念趋于开放与宽容，男生比女生更为开放。性健康教育亟待加强，学校应发挥主渠道作用。     

1427名大学生性传播疾病知识和性观念调查

目的了解大学生对性传播疾病知识的了解程度和对婚前性行为的观念。为今后开展高校性健康教育课程提供依据。方法对我校2012年及2013年选修健康教育课的大学生在考试测试中采用选择题和简答题的形式进行调查。结果大学生对性病传播途径及相关知识的知晓率较高,均在99%以上。对婚前性行为持反对态度41.8%高于持赞同态度23.8%,但持赞同态度的有逐年上升趋势,2013年31.6%高于2012年16.0%。对婚前性行为的看法中比例最高的是贞洁对女性很重要28.8%。发生婚前性行为最担心的问题是被传染性疾病(37.6%)。结论大学生的性观念正在发生变化,性健康教育应综合运用性道德、性法律、性生理、性心理等学科知识,尤其应结合计划生育开展避孕、生育及性疾病防治等方面的相关医学知识教育,培养大学生树立健康性观念,提高性病防护意识。     

广州某重点大学医学生性态度、性行为状况调查分析

目的了解医学生的性态度、性行为状况和相关认知,为医学院校开展青春期性健康教育提供背景资料和依据。方法采用自编问卷,对广州某医科大学200名本科三年级医学生的性态度、性行为及避孕知识情况进行调查。结果84．0％的大学生对婚前性行为持可接受态度;53．0％的学生有恋爱经历;5．0％的学生承认发生过性行为,男生明显多于女生,无保护性行为使20．0％的学生或其性伴侣意外妊娠;41．0％的学生知道安全套的用法。结论大部分医学生对婚前性行为持宽容态度,但对其后果考虑不足,对避孕知识了解差,医学院校有必要及早对医学生进行系统、全面、规范的性健康教育。     

婚前体检女性对婚前性行为的态度及影响因素分析

目的了解女性婚前性行为态度及其影响因素,以采取适宜的干预措施,减少未婚性行为。方法对上海市2580名参加婚前体检的女青年进行结构式问卷调查（问卷完整2568份）,用单因素描述和多因素分析相结合的方法对资料进行分析。结果赞同婚前性行为者有1558人（60．69％）、理解者有861人（33．54％）、反对者有148人（5．77％）。对象的态度与其主要生活目标、恋爱次数、是否有性行为、父亲家庭管教、母亲对婚前性行为的态度及周围同辈人有无性行为有关。以事业有成为主要生活目标、父亲管教较严及母亲反对婚前性行为的对象态度比较保守,而恋爱次数较多、已有性行为及周围同辈人中有婚前性行为的对象态度较为开放。结论改变婚前性行为态度需要各方面共同努力。对低年龄组、文化程度较低及在商业服务性行业工作的对象更应该加强教育和引导。     

大学生婚前性行为态度及与性行为关系

目的 了解广东省广州地区大学生婚前性行为态度,为制订性健康教育和行为干预措施提供参考依据.方法 采用分层整群抽样方法 对广州市4所高校840名在校大学生进行匿名问卷调查.结果 男大学生对婚前性行为持赞同态度的比率明显高于女生(P<0.01);高年级大学生明显高于低年级(P<0.05),且赞同比率随着年级的升高而呈现逐渐升高趋势;在只要不怀孕就可以发生婚前性行为、性行为是对爱情的承诺方面,农村及城市大学生态度比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);49.7%的学生认为只要双方相爱有感情就可以发生婚前性行为,51.6%认为婚前性行为是大学生的生理心理需求,55.3%认为大学生发生婚前性行为的目的 是为了满足性欲;对婚前性行为持赞成态度的学生发生婚前性行为的比率明显高于非赞成者.结论 大学生对婚前性行为态度呈现多元化,婚前性行为客观存在,大学生性健康教育应根据性别、年级不同而有所侧重.     

大学男生婚前性行为和态度及其影响因素分析

了解当代大学男生婚前性行为现况、对婚前性行为的态度及其影响因素,为制定针对大学男生健康教育模式提供依据.方法 采用自行设计的大学男生性健康知识调查问卷,对杭州市13所高校的大学男生按年级分层进行随机抽样调查,获有效问卷3 992份.结果 91.0%被调查者认为在一定条件下可以发生婚前性行为.被调查者中已发生过婚前性行为的比例为22.5%,第一次发生性行为的平均年龄为18.8岁.月消费是影响大学男生婚前性行为态度的主要因素.影响大学男生婚前性行为的因素有父母文化程度、家庭关系、对婚前性行为的态度和对多性伴的态度.结论 多数大学男生对于婚前性行为持支持态度.家庭、学校、社会应加强对大学生的性健康教育和积极引导.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.