2019 年上海市卫生总费用核算结果与分析

目的:核算2019年上海市卫生总费用,了解上海市卫生筹资规模、特点及存在的问题。方法:采用来源法和机构法核算上海市卫生总费用,并采用时间序列数据分析2001—2019年上海市卫生总费用变化情况。结果:2019年上海市卫生总费用(来源法)总量为2 532.70亿元,占上海市GDP的6.64%,人均卫生总费用为10 430.53元。从筹资结构来看,社会卫生支出、政府卫生支出及个人卫生支出占卫生总费用比重分别为56.84%、22.28%及20.88%。同期卫生总费用(机构法)总量为2 660.58亿元,其中医院占比达67.82%,其次为基层医疗卫生机构,占比为13.33%,公共卫生机构费用占比为2.80%。结论:近年来卫生总费用增速放缓,个人现金卫生支出水平维持在较低水平,但费用机构分配欠合理,基层医疗卫生、公共卫生机构占比偏低。应建立公平、高效、可持续的卫生筹资体系,优化医疗资源配置,加大对基层和公共卫生机构投入,同时加强长三角区域跨省联动。     

山东省卫生总费用流向研究

目的:了解山东省卫生总费用流向情况。方法:采用机构流向法测算1998—2009年山东省卫生总费用数据,并对核算结果进行综合分析,反映、分析和评价山东省卫生资金机构流向的发展变化趋势,提供卫生政策的反馈信息。结果:山东省卫生总费用占GDP比重偏低;山东省卫生总费用机构流向不甚合理;药品收入依然是医疗机构的重要收入来源。结论 :加大政府卫生投入力度,建立长效卫生投入机制;积极引导卫生费用合理流动;稳步推进药品零差率销售,逐步改变"以药养医"的局面。     

2009—2012年浦东新区卫生费用分配分析

目的 :研究浦东新区两区合并以来卫生总费用的分配状况及其变化趋势。方法 :参考经济合作与发展组织(OECD)卫生总费用核算框架,并根据浦东新区实际情况调整指标体系,采用描述性分析和对比分析研究2009—2012年卫生总费用分配的时间序列,反映从全社会筹集到的卫生资金在各级各类卫生机构的分配使用。结果 :新医改以来,浦东新区卫生总费用分配总额稳步上升;在各级医疗机构的分配中,超过70%的费用流向二、三级医院,基层医疗卫生机构费用占比由28.96%降低到22.51%;公共卫生机构费用在卫生费用分配总额中的比重明显偏低,且从4.11%降低到3.45%。结论 :建议优化卫生资源配置,引导优质资源向基层和公共卫生机构倾斜。     

新疆生产建设兵团农八师石河子垦区2011年卫生总费用核算结果与分析

[目的]对农八师卫生总费用的筹资水平、结构及分配状况进行描述性分析,为制定和评价卫生政策提供依据。[方法]运用卫生总费用的筹资来源法和机构流向法,进行描述性分析和比较。[结果]2011年八师卫生总费用19.09亿元,卫生总费用占GDP的比重为8.11%,人均卫生费用3,057.48元;政府卫生支出为6.47亿元,占总费用的33.89%,社会及居民个人卫生支出占总费用额比重分别为41.33%、27.48%;政府卫生支出占GDP的比重为2.75%,人均政府卫生支出1,036.15元;分配总额18.24亿元中,医疗机构占81.45%,公共卫生机构占4.62%。[结论]筹资水平尚可,筹资结构合理,卫生费用机构配置不甚合理,应合理配置卫生资源,加强基层医疗服务体系建设,合理调整各级政府对卫生的投入。     

2012年中国卫生总费用核算结果与分析

目的:核算2012年中国卫生总费用,分析新医改以来中国卫生筹资状况。方法:采用卫生费用核算方法,包括来源法和机构法。结果:2012年中国卫生总费用为28 119.00亿元,占GDP比重为5.41%,其中政府卫生支出比重为29.99%,个人卫生支出比重为34.34%。与2011年比,2012年政府卫生支出比重有所下降,而个人卫生支出比重下降速度趋缓。     

2013年中国卫生总费用核算结果与分析

目的:核算2013年全国及各地区卫生总费用,分析中国卫生筹资状况及变化趋势。方法:采用来源法和机构法卫生费用核算方法。结果:2013年中国卫生总费用为31 668.95亿元,占GDP比重为5.57%。其中,政府卫生支出比重上升到30.14%,个人卫生支出比重下降到33.88%。结论:2009—2013年,卫生总费用增速明显快于国民经济增长,个人卫生支出比重下降速度趋缓,地方政府卫生支出增速自2012年后明显下降。     

2007—2014年广西卫生总费用机构流向分析

目的：描述2007-2014年广西卫生总费用的机构流向情况,为广西卫生资源配置提供参考依据。方法：运用机构法进行测算,并对结果进行描述性分析。结果：2007-2014年广西卫生总费用的年均增长速度高于地区生产总值的年均增长速度。绝大多数卫生资源流向医院等医疗机构,基层医疗机构费用所占比例较小,公共卫生费用所占比例有逐年降低的趋势。结论：以机构法测算结果显示,卫生投入流向失衡的局面得以改善,但未得到扭转,应进一步加强对医疗机构、基层医疗卫生机构和公共卫生服务政策层面的深入研究;引入卫生总费用功能法,更具体地回答如何筹集充足的资金,满足群众日益增长的医疗保健需求;如何有效地使用资金,提高资金的配置效率;如何建立合理的补偿机制和运行机制等问题,全方位多角度促进卫生资源配置的公平性、合理性、可及性和有效性。     

2009-2010年湖南省卫生总费用核算结果及分析

运用筹资来源法和机构流向法,对湖南省2009-2010年卫生总费用进行核算,并对卫生总费用的筹资水平、结构及流向进行了分析。结果显示,湖南省卫生总费用中政府筹资水平较低,个人现金卫生支出比重较高;卫生资源配置中,医疗卫生资源内部及其与公共卫生资源之间的比例不尽合理。为此提出,政府应继续加大投入,并提高政府投入效率,优化卫生资源配置等。     

基于机构流向法的北京市中医药总费用研究

目的:了解北京市中医药事业发展规模,揭示中医药总费用的机构流向和变化趋势,为政府制定政策及调整中医药资源提供数据支撑。方法:机构流向法与个案库汇总法。结果:中医药总费用的增长速度慢于卫生总费用;50%以上的中医药总费用流向了医院;基层医疗卫生机构的中医药费用占中医药总费用比重持续下降;公共卫生机构的中医药费用基数小但增长较快。结论:北京市中医药总费用发展速度慢于卫生总费用受多种因素影响;北京市中医药总费用的机构流向有待改善。     

北京市外来就医与购药对卫生总费用核算平衡的影响

目的：揭示外来就医与外来购药费用对北京市卫生总费用核算平衡的影响程度。方法：外来就医数据以北京市卫生局公共卫生信息中心年报和部分医院内部信息化统计结果为主,外来购药费用的收集采用抽样调查的方法。结果：2011年,北京市外来就医、购药费用313．60亿元,占卫生总费用来源法与机构法核算结果总差异的77．23％。来源法大于机构法核算结果且差异较大的黑龙江和吉林两省居民均在北京有较大比例的就医或购药行为。结论：北京市医疗系统承担了大量外地来京患者的医疗服务;药品零售机构药品销售费用中包含较高比例的外来消费,名优企业贡献突出;外来就医与外来购药是影响卫生总费用核算平衡的主要原因。建议：北京市卫生资源配置要充分考虑外来就医和购药因素;增加中央转移支付,缩小地区医疗资源差距;对外来就医、购药的研究应充分利用现有数据,并适当结合现场调查。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.     

The reported incidence of work-related ill-health in Scotland (2002-2003)

BACKGROUND: Although incidence data for work-related ill-health in the UK are available, more detailed information for smaller geographical areas has hitherto been unpublished. AIMS: To estimate the incidence of work-related ill-health reported by clinical specialists in Scotland, 2002-2003. METHODS: THOR (The Health and Occupation Reporting network) is a UK wide reporting scheme for work-related ill-health. In 2002-2003, 241 out of 2162 physicians in THOR were based in Scotland. We have summarized the reported cases and calculated incidence rates for categories of ill-health by age, gender and industry. The UK Labour Force Survey (2002) was used to provide denominator data, with comparisons made between rates for Scotland and the rest of the UK. RESULTS: In 2002-2003, 4043 estimated cases were reported from Scotland. Mental ill-health was most frequently reported (41%); followed by musculoskeletal disorders (31%), skin disorders (16%), respiratory disease (10%), hearing disorders (2%) and infection (1%). The reported average annual incidence rate per 100,000 employees for all work-related ill-health in Scotland was 86.0. The highest reported rate for mental ill-health was found for employees in public administration and defence (76.7 per 100,000), and health and social work (72.3 per 100,000). The construction industry had the highest reported rate of musculoskeletal disorders (41.6 per 100,000), while hairdressers appeared at most risk of developing occupational contact dermatitis (rate=86.4 per 100,000). CONCLUSIONS: Despite its limitations, THOR has indicated types of work-related ill-health and related industries for targeted disease prevention in Scotland.     

Function of the protein RPE65 in the visual cycle

A protein called RPE65 performs a key role in the trans-cis isomerization of retinol in the retinal pigment epithelium of the eye. The palmitoylation of RPE65 serves to switch off the visual cycle in darkness and to switch it on in the light.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Acute symptoms following work with pesticides

BACKGROUND: Serious accidental poisoning by pesticides is rare in the UK, but more minor pesticide-related illness may be under-reported. Anecdotally, use of sheep dip has been linked with flu-like symptoms. AIM: To explore the frequency, nature and determinants of acute symptoms following work with pesticides. METHODS: A postal survey of men in three rural areas of England and Wales provided data on occupational use of five categories of pesticide, occurrence of 12 specified symptoms within 48 h of using pesticides and tendency to somatize. Risk factors for pesticide-related symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression. RESULTS: Of 10 765 responders (response rate = 31%), 4108 had at some time used pesticides occupationally, including 935 (23%) who reported symptoms following such work on at least one occasion. In two areas, acute symptoms were most frequent following use of sheep dip (29 and 32% of users), but in the third area the rate was significantly lower (13% of users). The relative frequency of symptoms was similar for all five categories of pesticide, and flu-like symptoms did not cluster unusually among users of sheep dip. Risk of pesticide-related symptoms increased with somatizing tendency (prevalence ratio for highest versus lowest category 2.4, 95% confidence interval 2.0-3.0) and was higher in men who had used pesticides most often or handled concentrate. CONCLUSION: Acute symptoms are common following work with pesticides, but in many cases the illness may arise through psychological rather than toxic mechanisms.