大学生网络成瘾与人格障碍的关系研究

目的 探讨大学生网络成瘾与人格障碍之间的关系.方法 在广东某综合大学方便取样抽取在校大学生320名,进行中文网络成瘾问卷(CIAS)、CCMD-2-R人格障碍筛查问卷(PDQC)测试.回收有效问卷302份.结果 ①302名被试网络成瘾发生率27.2％,男性发生率高于女性(P＜0.01),网络成瘾组在各型人格障碍得分和检出率(冲动型和分裂样除外)均显著高于非成瘾组.②以CIAS总分为因变量,专业满意度、学习困难度和各型人格障碍PDQC得分为预测变量进行逐步线性回归分析,焦虑/回避型、学习困难度、依赖型、专业满意度、性别、表演型和强迫型进入回归方程,强迫型对网络成瘾有微弱的负向预测作用,焦虑/回避型、依赖型和表演型人格障碍得分有正向预测作用.结论 网络成瘾大学生有一定的病理性人格基础.     

未成年罪犯人格障碍与述情障碍相关分析

目的探讨未成年罪犯人格障碍及述情障碍间的关系。方法采用“CCMD-2-R人格障碍筛查问卷”(PDQC)及“多伦多述情障碍问卷”(TAS),对95名未成年罪犯(46名暴力犯罪和49名性犯罪)及59名正常人进行测查,采用spss11·0统计软件对结果进行t检验、相关分析和回归分析。结果未成年罪犯与一般青少年PDQC和TAS总分及各因子得分比较,其差异均有统计学意义;PDQC中除“强迫”与“依赖”2种人格障碍型别与TAS各因子相关未达到显著外,其他人格障碍型别及总分都与TAS各因子和总分呈显著相关。结论①男性未成年罪犯有广泛而显著的人格特征偏离正常的情况;暴力罪犯中人格偏离主要体现于冲动、偏执和反社会型3种型别人格障碍;性犯罪组人格偏离主要体现于焦虑/回避型、偏执型和反社会型3种型别人格障碍;②男性未成年罪犯一定程度具有述情方面的缺陷;述情障碍与人格障碍同样是导致犯罪不可忽视的影响因素,在对青少年犯罪的预防和管教过程中,有必要对人格障碍和述情障碍进行全面干预。     

流动未成年人犯罪特征及与人格特质的关系研究

目的 了解流动未成年人的犯罪特征以及与人格特质的关系,为预防和矫治流动未成年人犯罪提供教育依据。方法 采用艾森克问卷及应对方式量表对331名流动未成年罪犯进行问卷调查,并与235名同龄中学生进行比较。结果 流动未成年罪犯的年龄集中在17～18岁,男性、初中文化者居多,犯罪类型以财物型犯罪为主;他们的气质特征中的P维度与消极应对方式得分高于中学生,积极应对方式得分低于中学生;刑期为6年及以上的流动未成年人罪犯的E维度得分高于3年及以下者; P、N维度得分与消极应对方式呈正相关,E维度得分与刑期呈正相关; E维度得分对刑期具有正向预测作用。结论 “双不”群体—不上学也不工作的未成年人在流动未成年人犯罪主体中所占比例较大,初中毕业前后是其犯罪高发期。流动未成年人罪犯的气质特征为缺乏同情心及容易冲动,应对方式消极;不可抑制的气质特征可能导致流动未成年人严重行为失范。因此,应该加强流动未成年人的文化素质教育,提高其生活与工作技能,还应注重对其良好人格特质的培养,并引导他们采用积极的应对方式。     

大学生人格障碍及心理健康状况的相关研究

目的探究大学生人格障碍与心理卫生状况的相关。方法采用CCMD-2-R诊断标准的人格障碍筛查问卷(Personality Disorder Questionnaire for CCMD-2-R,PDQC)和精神症状自评量表(SCL-90),随机抽取广东省某综合大学2003级615名新生进行测试,以spss11·0统计软件对结果进行t检验和相关分析。结果①总体样本中人格障碍的筛出率为55·4%,其中30·9%合并多型人格障碍,单一人格障碍类型的发生率为24·6%;②单型、双型、多型(3型及以上)人格障碍组与无人格障碍组SCL-90总分、阳性项目数以及各因子得分的组间比较,除了单型人格障碍组与无人格障碍组之间躯体化、敌对和恐怖因子得分差异无统计学意义外,其余差异均有统计学意义(P<0·001);③多型人格障碍组SCL-90评分显著高于单型人格障碍组(P<0·001);④心理健康状况需关注者的人格障碍各分型得分显著高于心理健康状况良好者(P<0·001);⑤PDQC各分型与SCL-90各因子均呈显著正相关。结论人格障碍对个体的心理健康有广泛的影响;心理健康工作者在对个体进行心理健康状况干预的同时,需关注其人格特征的偏离。     

石家庄市498名大学生人格障碍倾向现况调查

目的 调查石家庄市大学生人格障碍倾向的分布.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,使用人格障碍问卷(UPDI)调查石家庄市6所高校498名大学生与北京市3所高校204名大学生.结果 石家庄市大学生各型人格障碍倾向的分布差别很大,其中依赖型(2.81%)、表演型(2.41%)、边缘型(2.21%)检出率较高;强迫型(0.40%)、分裂型(0.60%)检出率较低.各型人格障碍倾向的检出率分别受性别、专业类型、血型、年级、城乡等因素的影响.该样本的轻、中、重度人格障碍倾向的总检出率为28.31%,其中轻度人格障碍倾向(人格偏离)的检出率为17.07%,中重度人格障碍倾向的检出率为11.24%.中重度人格障碍倾向中,男性高于女性.分离型、回避型、偏执型、强迫型、表演型、自恋型存在血型差异.偏执型、依赖型和自恋型平均分城市均高于农村.回避型人格障碍倾向中,大学一年级与其他年级有显著差异.结论 大学生人格障碍倾向存在性别、年级、血型、城乡和专业类型方面的差异.     

青少年暴力犯罪人格问卷的编制

目的编制青少年暴力犯罪人格问卷。方法以定性研究与定量研究相结合的范式,经过五个步骤编制成人格问卷,信度效度检验通过对810名青少年暴力罪犯及1 268名新兵测试进行。结果①因子分析将人格问卷划分为学校行为(SCH)、家庭问题(FAM)、冲动倾向(VIO)、逆反社会(ANT)、法律观念(DQ)、愤怒失控(ANG)、显性敌意(HOS)、社会认知(SOC)8个维度共95个条目;②标准分70是划界分数,项目鉴别力D0.3;③罪犯组人格分量表分数各指标均显著高于新兵组(P0.01);④总条目Cronbach'sα系数为0.86,8个维度平均重测信度0.82(P0.05)。结论本研究编制的人格问卷信度、效度良好,可作为我国预防青少年犯罪工作的有用工具。     

175例育龄妇女婚姻质量与个性、应对方式的相关分析

目的:探讨个性、应对方式对育龄妇女婚姻质量的影响作用。方法:采用分层整群抽样方法,选取抽样调查点,采用Olson婚姻质量问卷、艾森克个性问卷和简易应对方式问卷等自评量表,随机调查175例已婚育龄妇女。结果:精神质、神经质与婚姻质量绝大多数维度因子呈显著负相关,而内外向、掩饰性仅与婚姻质量某些维度因子呈显著正相关;积极应对方式仅与婚姻质量某些维度因子呈显著正相关,而消极应对方式与婚姻质量绝大部分维度因子呈显著负相关。结论:个性,特别是个性的精神质和神经质、应对方式,特别是消极应对方式,可能是影响育龄妇女婚姻质量的重要因素。     

驻戈壁沙漠汽车兵睡眠质量与应对方式关系

[目的]探讨驻戈壁沙漠汽车兵睡眠质量与应对方式之间的关系。[方法]随机抽取某部驻戈壁沙漠汽车兵700人,用匹兹堡睡眠质量指数(PSQI)和简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)分别测评睡眠质量和应对方式。[结果]①消极型和两极型应对方式睡眠质量较中间型和积极型为差。②睡眠质量与消极应对维度正相关。[结论]驻戈壁沙漠汽车兵睡眠质量与消极应对方式存在显著的相关性。     

大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及应对方式的关系研究

目的探讨大学生抑郁症状与人格特征及应对方式的关系,分析应对方式在人格特征与抑郁症状间的中介效应。方法采取分层整群抽样的方法抽取河北省某高校2015级本科生960名作为本研究的对象,使用抑郁自评量表(SDS)、艾森克人格简式量表中国版(EPQ-RSC)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)测试抑郁症状、人格特征和应对方式,分析大学生抑郁症状、人格特征、应对方式之间的关系。结果 960名大学生中,SDS评分(42.47±9.85)分,抑郁症状检出率15.83%(152/960);抑郁组学生内外向人格特征、掩饰性人格特征、积极应对方式评分明显低于无抑郁组(8.75±1.24vs10.52±1.36, 7.45±1.24vs9.68±1.54, 20.65±3.25vs23.45±4. 12; t值分别为14. 920、16. 852和7.927, P0.01),神经质人格特征、精神质人格特征、消极应对方式评分明显高于无抑郁组(9.65±1.34 vs 6.78±1. 12, 8.86±1. 15 vs 7.65±1. 12,12. 36±2. 12 vs 8. 96±1.24; t值分别为20. 046、12. 168和27. 168, P 0.01);神经质人格特征、消极应对方式与抑郁症状呈显著正相关性(r值分别为0.68和0.68,均P0.01);消极应对方式在神经质人格特征与抑郁症状间发挥的中介效应占总效应的20.54%。结论大学生群体抑郁症状发生率较高,与神经质人格特征、消极应对方式显著相关,消极应对方式在神经质与抑郁症状之间发挥一定的中介效应。     

某军医大学研究生自测健康状况及其影响因素

目的了解军医大学研究生的自测健康状况及其影响因素，以便为改善该人群心理健康状况提供依据。方法选取广州市某军医大学在读硕士研究生培9名，应用自测健康评定量表、艾森克个性问卷、生活事件量表、领悟社会支持量表和简易应对方式问卷等进行调查。结果军医大学研究生的自测健康状况高于常模水平；人格的内外向和神经质维度、生活事件、社会支持、积极应对、消极应对与自测健康各子量表的得分和总分相关显著。多元回归分析结果表明：人格的内外向和神经质维度、社会支持和生活事件是影响军医大学研究生自测健康状况的主要因素。路径分析显示，情绪的稳定性是对自测健康总分有直接和间接影响的重要变量，生活事件通过人格的神经质维度间接影响健康状况的作用更明显。结论军医大学研究生的自测健康状况较好，保持情绪稳定、完善个性、寻求社会支持、减轻生活事件的影响、减少消极的应对行为是提高他们健康状况的有效途径。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.