县级公立医院的绩效型行政化改革模式评价

改革模式的选择关系到县级公立医院改革结果的成败.重点探讨县级公立医院绩效型行政化改革模式的基本假设、制度安排及逻辑错误、主要弊端,并依此主张县级公立医院选择治理型市场化改革模式.     

基于倾向得分匹配的县级公立医院改革试点效果评价研究

目的了解县级公立医院改革的效果,为完善医疗改革政策提供依据。方法采用定量分析的方法,利用多来源数据,分析县级公立医院改革对医院服务提供能力、收入与支出以及次均费用影响。结果开展了改革的县级公立医院资源增加,床位数、医务人员数以及设备数增长幅度明显大于未开展改革的县级公立医院;改革组县级公立医院门诊、住院等服务量明显增加,增幅大于对照组。改革组县级公立医院的次均住院、日均住院费用均略大于对照组。结论县级公立医院改革有效提高了医院的服务能力和效率,但是在费用控制方面仍需进一步加强。     

陕西榆林县级公立医院改革中的政府行为分析

通过对陕西省榆林地区县级公立医院改革的调研,应用公共行政管理相关理论,探讨和分析了县级公立医院改革中的政府投入行为、县级公立医院运行机制与政府监管路径的现状及多元化办医格局的进展情况,提出要在县级公立医院改革中构建责任的、有限的服务型政府.     

我国县级公立医院补偿机制改革的路径选择(一)

县级公立医院是我国公立医院改革的突破口,而补偿机制是我国县级公立医院改革的切入点。梳理西方国家公立医院补偿机制的改革现状和发展趋势,为我国县级公立医院补偿机制改革的路径选择提供借鉴。对比我国县级公立医院补偿机制改革的理论路线和政策选择,为我国县级公立医院补偿机制改革的路径选择寻找出路。     

剖析借鉴地方实践经验 推进县级公立医院改革第五届“新医改、新实践”高层论坛将举办

论坛主题：县级公立医院改革模式的剖析与借鉴1．介绍、交流当前国内县级公立医院改革模式与成功经验;2．卫生政策与管理专家解析以陕西经验为代表的改革模式;3．对全国县级公立医院改革路径与实施的政策建议。     

某县级公立医院人员编制管理问题

县级公立医院改革是当前医改的主要内容,医务人员编制管理是县级公立医院改革的重要方面,通过分析某县县级公立医院编制内和编制外人员的专业、学历、职称和年龄结构情况,以及编外人员的工资福利待遇、编内人员职称晋升现状,提出有利于县级公立医院编制管理的一些具体措施,希望为县级公立医院改革工作带来借鉴。     

陕西省县级公立医院改革的做法与启示

通过对陕西省县级公立医院改革的主要成效及面临的问题进行深入分析,探讨了县级公立医院改革进程中公立医院公益性如何界定和体现、怎样实现管办分开等一些难点问题,为促进县级公立医院改革提出如下政策建议：重新界定公立医院公益性的内涵和体现方式,通过建立医院法人治理机构实现管办分开,改革人事分配制度建立激励机制,通过支付方式改革控制医疗费用不合理增长。     

我国县级公立医院发展的价值指标

县级公立医院在城乡医疗卫生体系中发挥枢纽作用,在县域医疗卫生体系中扮演龙头角色,因此以综合改革推动县级公立医院发展具有极其重要的意义。县级公立医院发展以维护公益性、调动积极性和确保持续性为三大价值指标。依据三大指标评价县级公立医院改革效果,并依此简述重构县级公立医院改革模式的主要思路。     

下一个热点——新的热点在县级

县级公立医院改革将是重点 梁万年列出改革时间表：到2015年,公立医院改革将在3个方面推进,一是公立医院便民惠民进一步强化。二是17个试点城市公立医院体制机制改革继续推进,推动综合改革。第三是未来几年中最重要的一个任务,就是要推进县级公立医院改革。全国有2900多个县,几干家的县级公立医院,去年启动了311个县的改革,计划到2015年推广至全部县级公立医院。县级公立医院改革将是未来一段时间的重点,国务院医改办正在组织相关力量、会同相关部门,要对第一批311个县级公立医院改革情况进行评估,为进一步全面推进打下基础,形成基本路子。     

河南省县级公立医院改革的调查与思考

县级公立医院改革是医药卫生体制改革五项重点改革任务之一。在河南省县级公立医院综合改革试点实施一年之际,对试点地区进行了改革补偿机制、改革人事分配制度、建立现代医院管理制度、提升基本医疗服务能力、完善监督等五方面的调查,通过对调查情况的分析,以期为持续性推进县级公立医院改革提供政策性建议与参考。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.