我国西部少数民族地区高血压患者家庭灾难性卫生支出研究

目的:分析我国西部少数民族地区高血压患者家庭灾难性卫生支出状况。方法:通过收集2011年和2014年家庭入户调查数据,比较不同年度灾难性卫生支出的发生率、平均差距、相对差距和集中指数变化情况。结果:高血压患者家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率和平均差距呈下降趋势,灾难性卫生支出相对差距变化不明显;灾难性卫生支出集中指数下降。结论:当地实施的分级诊疗制度有效降低高血压患者医疗费用,发生灾难性卫生支出的家庭密度和总体影响度减弱;需要进一步调整医保补偿机制调控灾难性卫生支出向低收入高血压患者集中的趋势。     

农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素研究——基于2018年CHARLS数据

灾难性卫生支出是衡量健康公平性的重要指标。本文基于2018年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS),采用Logit、Tobit模型分别对农村贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率、发生强度进行分析。研究结果表明:我国农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为28.20%,平均强度为0.076,因病致贫率为32.40%。家庭规模较小、有65岁以上老人、被访者无工作、有慢性病患者、残疾人的农村贫困家庭灾难性卫生支出风险显著更高;而家庭人均收入、是否有5岁以下儿童,被访者的受教育水平、居民医保的人均保障水平对贫困家庭的灾难性卫生支出无显著影响。因此,本文建议以灾难性卫生支出风险为标准建立医疗费用支出型救助制度,帮助农村贫困家庭摆脱因病致贫、因病返贫的困境。     

滕州市农村居民灾难性卫生支出影响因素研究

目的:研究滕州市农村居民灾难性卫生支出的密度和强度,分析灾难性卫生支出重要影响因素。方法:多阶段整群抽样调查181户家庭,二分类Logistic回归模型用来分析家庭灾难性卫生的影响因素。结果:在卫生支出占家庭支付能力40%时,滕州市农村家庭灾难性卫生发生率26.51%,家庭年纯收入、家庭内是否有慢性病患者、家庭是否负债是不同标准灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结论:贫困人群灾难性卫生支出率发生较高,需要进一步完善新农合医疗保障制度和加大中央财政转移支付力度,减少农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生。     

城乡居民医保整合对农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响研究

目的：评估城乡居民医保整合对改善农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的作用,有针对性的提出城乡居民医保整合的优化策略。方法：基于中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）2010-2018年5期追踪数据,采用双重差分倾向得分匹配模型检验城乡居民医保整合对农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的影响。结果：城乡居民医保整合显著降低了农村家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生率,健康水平、人力资本支出、家庭资产积累是重要的作用渠道。结论：建议持续推进城乡居民医保整合、因地制宜制定医保统筹政策、将灾难性卫生支出纳入农村居民返贫致贫监测预警指标体系。     

西部少数民族地区居民灾难性卫生支出研究——基于实施乡村卫生服务一体化模式前后的比较

目的:探讨我国西部少数民族地区实施乡村卫生服务一体化管理模式前后居民灾难性卫生支出的变化。方法:通过收集2011年和2014年家庭入户调查数据,利用世界银行推荐的灾难性卫生支出分析方法,比较实施一体化管理前后不同界定标准下家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生率、平均差距、相对差距和集中指数的变化情况,分析居民灾难性卫生支出变化和影响因素。结果:灾难性卫生支出发生率和平均差距呈下降趋势,灾难性卫生支出相对差距变化不明显;灾难性卫生支出集中指数下降。结论:发生灾难性卫生支出的家庭密度和总体影响度减弱;实施一体化管理后,居民卫生服务利用增加,但灾难性卫生支出呈现向贫困人群集中的趋势;需要进一步调整医保补偿机制,完善西部少数民族地区乡村卫生服务一体化管理模式。     

医疗保险制度对降低我国居民灾难性卫生支出的效果分析

目的：2008年中国的医保制度已经覆盖87.9%的居民,接近全民医保覆盖的目标。然而,仍存在部分居民现金卫生支出比例过高的现象,导致家庭由于支付医疗卫生费用而陷入经济困境。本文通过计算中国灾难性卫生支出发生率和致贫率,来探究中国医疗保险制度的保障力度与水平。方法：本文利用第四次卫生服务调查的数据,通过世界卫生组织推荐的方法计算灾难性卫生支出和致贫率。结果：灾难性卫生支出发生率为13.0%,且发生率随着家庭经济水平的提高而降低;总体致贫率为7.5%;家庭中含有住院病人、慢性病人、肺结核病人及60岁以上老人,其发生灾难性卫生支出的风险高。结论与建议：通过分析脆弱人群发生灾难性卫生支出风险及影响因素,为今后完善医疗保险制度设计提供具有可操作性的政策建议,增强其对居民抵御疾病经济风险的保障能力。     

湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素

目的了解湖北省农村地区家庭灾难性卫生支出状况及其相关影响因素,为政策制定提供依据。方法利用世界卫生组织推荐的算法计算灾难性卫生支出,运用卡方检验分析不同特征家庭灾难性卫生支出情况,采用二元logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为9.71%,多因素分析显示家里有慢性病人(OR=2.06,95%CI:1.35~3.15)、经济状况较差(OR=1.38,95%CI:1.15~1.66)是灾难性卫生支出的危险因素。发生灾难性卫生支出的家庭因病致贫率较高(28.80%),但接受医疗卫生救助的比例较低(8.21%)。结论湖北省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率较高,政府应加强慢性病预防与控制、提高收入公平性、加强灾难性卫生支出家庭的医疗卫生救助。     

富顺县农村家庭灾难性卫生支出影响因素分析

目的降低农村居民疾病经济负担是农村医疗的主要目标。因此,分别于2012年和2015年对四川省富顺县进行了入户调查,旨在了解农村居民灾难性卫生支出的发生情况,并进一步探讨农村居民灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。方法采用随机多阶段抽样的方法,分别于2013年和2016年在四川省富顺县抽取2 400户和1 200户家庭。采用倾向得分匹配方法来平衡2012年和2015年数据。采用发生率、平均差距和相对差距、集中指数和集中曲线来测量灾难性卫生支出。采用多元Logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。检验水准α=0.05。结果本次研究共匹配1 006对家庭。灾难性卫生支出的发生率分别为12.52%(2012年)和15.90%(2015年)。灾难性卫生支出的集中指数分别为-0.200 9(2012年)和-0.190 7(2015年)。灾难性卫生支出的影响因素包括:经济状况,家庭是否有60岁及以上的老年人,家庭人口数量,家庭是否有门诊患者,家庭是否有住院患者。结论农村家庭的灾难性卫生支出发生率较低但并未呈现出下降的趋势,需要更加综合有效的改革策略来降低农村居民的疾病经济负担。     

山东省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出及其影响因素

目的了解山东省农村地区家庭灾难性卫生支出状况及其相关影响因素,为政策制定提供依据。方法于2014年3—4月,利用世界卫生组织推荐的算法计算灾难性卫生支出,分析不同特征家庭灾难性卫生支出情况,采用二元logistic回归分析灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果山东省农村家庭灾难性卫生支出发生率为19.73%,致贫率为9.54%。多因素分析显示:家庭成员中有老年人(OR=1.443,95%CI=1.273～1.631)、5岁儿童(OR=1.639,95%CI=1.135～2.439)、慢性病人(OR=2.285,95%CI=1.935～2.516)的家庭其发生灾难性卫生支出的比例较高;多种不利因素的组合增加了灾难性卫生支出发生的风险;对卫生保健服务的需求和利用、人口学因素均是灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结论建议决策者今后通过扩大医疗保险项目的覆盖范围、发展补充医疗和大病保险,增强居民保健意识等,减轻居民现金卫生支出。     

基本医疗保障制度对于改善灾难性卫生支出效果评价

目的了解在基本医疗保险补偿后对于家庭卫生支出的变化,探讨发生家庭灾难性卫生支出(CHE)的概率及其发生的影响因素。方法利用国社科项目课题组2014年在中国八地的实证调查的数据,以灾难性卫生支出发生率、平均差距和相对差距为测量指标,并采用logistic模型分析发生灾难性卫生支出的影响因素。结果北京、辽宁、山东三地在医保报销后CHE发生率下降幅度最大,分别为4.87%、2.078%、1.71%;在平均差距指标上,陕西、山西、北京下降最明显,分别为7.25%、5.79%、2.88%;在相对差距上,陕西、山西、天津最明显,分别为92.44%、74.25%、56.17%;医保种类、家庭年收入和医保实际报销水平是灾难性医疗发生的影响因素。结论基本医疗保险在减少灾难性卫生支出起到了积极的作用。     

灾难性医疗支出对我国农村贫困的影响研究——基于中国家庭追踪调查

农村贫困人口脱贫是全面建成小康社会艰巨的任务。本文利用2014年中国家庭追踪调查数据,通过测算灾难性医疗支出(CHE)家庭的发生率、贫困发生率、占贫困家庭的比重、CHE致贫率等多个指标,定量分析CHE对我国农村贫困的影响。基于测算结果,建议把CHE家庭作为医疗卫生部门在农村实施精准减贫的重点对象;为了实现扶贫绩效的最大化,CHE标准的设定需要综合考虑扶贫精准度和覆盖面两个因素。     

Cost-effectiveness of a novel smartphone application to mobilize first responders after witnessed OHCA in Belgium

The Chinese government has established a nationwide multiple-level medical insurance system. However, catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) causes great harm to the quality of life of households and pushes them into poverty. The objective of this paper is to assess the effect of medical insurance on CHE in China and compare the financial protection effects of different medical insurances. Panel data were obtained from China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) conducted in the years of 2012, 2014, and 2016. CHE incidence was measured by performing a headcount, and its intensity was estimated using overshoot and mean positive overshoot (MPO). In addition, concentration index (CI) was used to measure the degree of socioeconomic inequality of CHE occurrence. Furthermore, random effects panel Probit regression model was employed to assess the effect of medical insurance on CHE. Lastly, random effects panel Logit regression model was adopted to perform a robustness check. From 2012 to 2016, the total CHE incidence jumped from 15.05% to 15.24%, and the CI in CHE changed from − 0.0076 to − 0.1512. Moreover, the total overshoot increased from 0.0333 to 0.0344, while the total MPO grew from 0.2213 to 0.2257. Furthermore, the global regression results show that residents covered by Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI) were linked to a decreased probability of experiencing CHE. In addition, the regression results by gender indicate that SMI coverage for male residents had a significant effect on the prevention of CHE, while the effect was not significant for female residents. The regression results by health status show that SMI had a significant impact on reducing the likelihood of CHE occurrence for healthy residents, whilst the impact was not significant for unhealthy residents. Lastly, the robustness check results were consistent with those of previous findings. The results of this study suggest that CHE incidence and intensity became relatively higher among households. In addition, CHE occurrence was concentrated among the poorer households and the equality status worsened. Moreover, financial protection effects of the four medical insurance schemes against CHE varied significantly. Furthermore, the protection effect of SMI against CHE shows significant gender and health status disparities.     

开放视角下我国多元基本医疗保险体制的辩证分析

我国基本医疗保险改革经历了从单位保障到社会化保障、从单一制度到多元制度、从残缺窄覆盖到逐步覆盖全民的发展轨迹,形成了以城镇职工基本医疗保险、城镇居民基本医疗保险和新型农村合作医疗为主体的多元基本医疗保险体制。本文基于开放的视角,对多元基本医疗保险体制进行了辩证分析,通过对现有改革思路和地区探索的梳理,提出要适应城乡统筹、劳动力流动、自身可持续性的要求,多元基本医疗保险体制在2011年实现全覆盖之后的改革方向需从封闭走向开放。提出多元基本医疗保险体制改革的路径分为三步,并重点分析了全覆盖后(2012—2020年)多元基本医疗保险体制改革的对策。     

Changes in Health Insurance Coverage Within Rural and Urban Environments—1977 to 1987

This study examines changes in the health insurance coverage of the nonelderly population in rural and urban areas between 1977 and 1987, using data from the National Medical Care Expenditure Survey (NMCES) and the National Medical Expenditure Survey (NMES). It was designed to test the hypothesis that differences in the rates of health insurance coverage in rural and urban areas have diminished over time, and to explore the composition of changes in coverage within rural and urban environments. The data suggest that the proportions of the populations that are without health insurance in rural and urban areas have converged since 1977. Although both rural and urban settings witnessed increases in the proportion of their populations without health insurance from any source, urban regions experienced a greater increase than did rural areas. These changes occurred among most subgroups within the population. In no subgroup did the percentage of the population without insurance in urban areas exceed that found in rural areas in either 1977 or 1987.     

浙江省嘉兴市新农合与城镇居民医保整合的探索与实践

2003年浙江省嘉兴市各县（市、区）成为全国首批新农合试点城市。十年来,嘉兴市结合经济社会发展特点,积极探索新型农村合作医疗和城镇居民基本医疗保障制度整合,建立了城乡居民合作医疗保险制度,实现了城乡居民医疗保障一体化和医疗保障全覆盖。通过加大政府投入,完善补偿方案,城乡居民的医疗保障水平不断提高,结合公立医院改革和基层卫生改革试点工作,多措并举,实现了城乡居民合作医疗保险费用有效控制,提高了卫生资源和医疗保障资源的有效利用,促进了基层医疗卫生服务的良性发展,巩固发展了城乡居民合作医疗保险制度,提高了城乡居民的健康水平。     

Rural-Urban Differences in Health Insurance Coverage and Patterns Among Working-Age Adults in Kentucky

Context: Past studies show that rural populations are less likely than urban populations to have health insurance coverage, which may severely limit their access to needed health services. Purpose: To examine rural-urban differences in various aspects of health insurance coverage among working-age adults in Kentucky. Methods: Data are from a household survey conducted in Kentucky in 2005. The respondents include 2,036 individuals ages 18-64. Bivariate analyses were used to compare the rural-urban differences in health insurance coverage by individual characteristics. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the independent impact of rural-urban residence on the various aspects of health insurance coverage, while controlling for the individuals’ health status and sociodemographic characteristics. Findings: The overall rate of working-age adults with health insurance did not differ significantly between the rural and urban areas of Kentucky. However, there were significant rural-urban differences in insurance for specific types of health care and in patterns of insurance coverage. Rural adults were less likely than urban adults to have coverage for vision care, dental care, mental health care, and drug abuse treatment. Rural adults were also less likely to obtain insurance through employment, and their current insurance coverage was, on average, of shorter duration than that of urban adults. Conclusions: In Kentucky, the overall health insurance rate of working-age adults is influenced more by employment status and income than by whether these individuals reside in rural or urban areas. However, coverage for specific types of care, and coverage patterns, differ significantly by place of residence.     

Mental Health and Substance Use Care Among Young Adults Before and After Affordable Care Act (ACA) Implementation: A Rural and Urban Comparison

Purpose

Rural young adults experience greater unmet need for mental health (MH) and alcohol or drug (AOD) treatment and lower health insurance coverage than urban residents. It is unknown whether Affordable Care Act (ACA) reforms in 2010 (dependent coverage extended to age 26) or 2014 (Medicaid expansion) closed rural/urban gaps in insurance and treatment. The present study compared changes in rates of health insurance, MH treatment, and AOD treatment for rural and urban young adults over a period of ACA reforms.

Methods

Young adult participants (18‐25 years) in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2008‐2014) with past‐year psychological distress or AOD abuse were included. Difference‐in‐differences logistic regression models estimated rural/urban differences in insurance, MH, and AOD treatment pre‐ versus post‐ACA reforms. Analyses adjusted for gender, race, marital status, and health status.

Results

Among 39,482 young adults with psychological distress or AOD, adjusted insurance rates increased from 72.0% to 81.9% (2008‐2014), but a significant rural/urban difference (5.1%) remained in 2014 (P < .05). Among young adults with psychological distress (n = 23,470), MH treatment rates increased following 2010 reforms from 30.2% to 33.0%, but gains did not continue through 2014. Differences in MH treatment over time did not vary by rural/urban status and there were no significant changes in AOD treatment for either group.

Conclusions

Although rates of insurance increased for all young adults, a significant rural/urban difference persisted in 2014. Meaningful increases in MH and AOD treatment may require targeted efforts to reduce noninsurance barriers to treatment.     

Income-related inequality in health insurance coverage: analysis of China Health and Nutrition Survey of 2006 and 2009

ABSTRACT: INTRODUCTION: China introduced the urban resident basic medical insurance (URBMI) in 2007 to cover children and urban unemployed adults, in addition to the new cooperative medical scheme (NCMS) for rural residents in 2003 and the basic health insurance scheme (BHIS) for urban employees in 1998. This study examined whether the overall income-related inequality in health insurance coverage improved during 2006 and 2009 in China. METHODS: The China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) data of 2006 and 2009 were used to create the concentration curve and the concentration index. GEE logistic regression was used to model the health insurance coverage as dependent variable and household income per capita as independent variable, controlling for individuals' age, gender, marital status, educational attainment, employment status, year 2009 (Y2009), household size, retirement status, and geographic variations. The change in the income-related inequality in 2009 was estimated using the interaction term of income*Y2009. RESULTS: In 2006, 49.7% (4,712/9,476) respondents had health insurance: 13.4% with BHIS and 28.4% with NCMS. In 2009, 90.8% (8,964/9,863) had health insurance: 10.1% with URBMI, 18.3% with BHIS, and 57.6% with NCMS. The BHIS, URBMI, and NCMS programs had different patterns of population coverage over 10 income deciles. The concentration index was 0.15 in 2006 and 0.04 in 2009. The dominance test showed that the concentration curves were significantly different between 2006 and 2009 (p < 0.05). An income increase per capita by 10,000 RMB was associated with 25.5% more likely to have health insurance coverage (odds ratio = 1.255, 95% confidence interval: [1.130-1.393]). In 2009, there was significant improvement in the income-related inequality (p < 0.001).DiscussionsComparing 2009 to 2006, the income inequality in health insurance coverage was largely corrected in China through rapid expansion of CHNS in rural areas and initiation of URBMI in urban areas.     

The Rural–Urban Divide: Health Services Utilization Among Older Mexicans in Mexico

Context: Mexico. Purpose: Using the health care service utilization model as a framework, this paper will analyze the differences in health care service use among older Mexicans living in urban and rural areas in Mexico. Methods: The Mexican Health and Aging Survey (MHAS) data were used to test the applicability of Andersen's “model of health services” of predisposing (ie, age, sex, etc.), enabling (education, insurance coverage, etc.) and need factors (diabetes, hypertension, etc.) to predict ever being in the hospital and physician visits in the past year by place of residence (urban, rural, semi-rural). Findings: Results showed that older Mexicans living in the most rural areas (populations of 2,500 or fewer) were significantly less likely to have been hospitalized in the previous year and visited the physician less often (P < .0001) than their urban counterparts. The significant difference in hospitalization between rural and urban residing older Mexicans was largely accounted for by having health care coverage. Certain need factors such as diabetes, previous heart attack, hypertension, depression, and functional limitations predicted frequency of physician visits and hospitalization, but they did not explain variations between rural and urban older Mexicans. Conclusions: Not having insurance coverage was associated with a lower likelihood of spending an overnight visit in the hospital and visiting a physician for older Mexicans. This lower utilization may be due to barriers to access rather than better health.