Body mass index and cardiovascular risk factors in a rural Chinese population

The metabolic consequences of obesity are well-documented in Western populations. However, limited data are available on the association between body mass index (BMI) and cardiovascular risk factors in developing countries. The authors therefore examined the association between BMI and cardiovascular risk factors in a very lean population in China. A total of 2,542 subjects aged 20-70 years from a rural area of Anqing, China, participated in a cross-sectional survey, and 1,610 provided blood samples in 1993. Mean BMI (kg/m2) was 20.7 for men and 20.9 for women. After adjustment for age, sex, education level, occupation, current alcohol use, and cigarette smoking, BMI was significantly associated with systolic and diastolic blood pressures (p < 0.0001). The adjusted odds ratio for hypertension (systolic pressure > or =140 mmHg or diastolic pressure > or = 90 mmHg) across quintiles of BMI (quintile medians: 18.0, 19.4, 20.6, 21.8, and 24.0) were 1.0, 1.34, 2.46, 2.61, and 4.90 (95% confidence interval: 3.20, 7.50). A higher BMI was directly associated with higher levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose and lower levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol. These data from a very lean Chinese population confirm independent relations between body mass and cardiovascular risk factors observed in predominantly overweight Western populations and extend the range of associations to lower BMI levels than do previous studies.     

Prospective study of optimal obesity index cutoffs for predicting development of multiple metabolic risk factors: the korean genome and epidemiology study

Background: In this prospective cohort study, we estimated the risk of developing more than 1 metabolic risk factor, using different obesity indices. In addition, we investigated the relative usefulness of the obesity indices for predicting development of such risk factors and calculated optimal cutoffs for the obesity indices.Methods: The cohort comprised 10 038 representative residents of a small city and a rural county who were recruited in 2001-2002. Follow-up examinations were conducted every 2 years. Among the 3857 participants without metabolic syndrome at baseline, 1102 new cases occurred during the 6-year follow-up. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for the obesity indices were plotted to compare the usefulness of the obesity indices.Results: The numbers of new cases of multiple metabolic risk factors among people in the highest quintiles of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-height ratio at the baseline examination were 2 to 3 times those in the lowest quintiles. The area under the ROC curve for WHR was significantly higher than that for BMI. The optimal BMI cutoff was 24 kg/m(2) in men and women, and the optimal WC cutoffs were 80 cm and 78 cm in men and women, respectively.Conclusions: Both overall obesity and central obesity predicted risk of developing multiple metabolic risk factors, and WHR appeared to be a better discriminator than BMI. To prevent development of metabolic diseases among Koreans, it might be useful to lower the cutoff for abdominal obesity, as defined by WC.     

Obesity, adipose tissue distribution and health in men--the study of men born in 1913

Recent studies suggest that cardiovascular disease is associated with abdominal distribution of adipose tissue rather than obesity in terms of total body fat. A number of other variables, known to be associated with obesity, were therefore examined in a cohort of randomly selected middle-aged men in relation to abdominal distribution of adipose tissue, measured as the ratio of the circumferences of the waist and hips (WHR), as well as to degree of obesity, measured as body mass index (BMI). These variables included anthropometric variables, cardiovascular risk factors as well as socioeconomic factors and physical health. Increased WHR, independent of BMI, was negatively associated with height, and hip circumference. Positive associations were found with blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen and smoking. In addition positive associations were found with low social class and social group, illness in terms of sick leave, frequent use of health facilities such as X-rays, as well as diseases such as peptic ulcer. In sharp contrast to this, BMI, independent of WHR, was not associated with physical health variables or social class. Generalized obesity seemed to be associated with good health in the variables measured. There were positive associations to various anthropometric variables, including lean body mass. High BMI was also associated with elevated blood pressure and triglycerides. Several of the indicators of poor health traditionally associated with obesity thus do not seem to be characteristic for obesity in middle-aged men selected at random from the population but rather for an abdominal fat distribution, independent of obesity.     

High blood pressure in urban Moroccan women from an agricultural region

The aim of this study is to examine the associated risk factors of hypertension and the relationship between blood pressure and obesity determined by different anthropometric measurements in a population of urban adult women of Morocco. The study was conducted in an agricultural community, El Jadida province of Morocco. Body weight, height, waist (WC) and hip circumferences, blood pressure, fasting capillary blood glucose, triglycerides and cholesterol were measured in a sample of 213 women volunteers (18–55 years old). Body mass index (BMI), and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were determined. High blood pressure was detected in 35.8% of women. All hypertensive women were at high risk of hyperglycemia (22.4% were hyperglycemic, among which 17.6% were diabetic), hypertriglyceridemia (10.7%), hypercholesterolemia (14.5%) and metabolic syndrome (18.4%). Only 6.6% of the women practice physical activity and 23.6% had no education level. Bivariate correlation showed a positive association between age and obesity. In the same way blood pressure was also positively associated with obesity, age, WC, WHR, fasting plasma glucose and triacylglycerols. The results show a high prevalence of obesity associated with increased prevalence of hypertension (HT). The study data reinforce the need to increase detection and treatment of hypertension and to approach patients’ global risk profiles. It is also suggested that the simultaneous interpretation of anthropometric measurements could be used as screening tool for the identification of HT.     

中国15省份15~49岁女性心血管代谢性危险因素分析

目的分析我国15~49岁女性心血管代谢性危险因素的流行特征和聚集性。方法利用2015年"中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究"数据,分析15~49岁女性中心性肥胖、血压升高、血糖升高、TG升高、HDL-C降低和危险因素聚集的流行特征。采用国际糖尿病联盟于2005年发布的定义判定心血管代谢性危险因素,具有≥2项危险因素定义为危险因素聚集。采用多因素logistic回归模型分析社会经济因素与各代谢性危险因素之间的关系。结果共纳入1991名15~49岁女性,中心性肥胖、血压升高、血糖升高、TG升高、HDL-C降低、存在≥1项危险因素和危险因素聚集的人数(比例)分别为944(47.4%)、464(23.3%)、123(6.2%)、327(16.4%)、1025(51.5%)、1501(75.4%)、874(43.9%)。与15~19岁组相比,25~、30~、35~、40~、45~49岁年龄组中心性肥胖和30~、35~、40~、45~49岁年龄组血压升高的危险性较高,25~29岁血糖升高的危险性较低,45~49岁存在≥1项危险因素和聚集的危险性较高。BMI≥24.0 kg/m2者中心性肥胖、血压升高、血糖升高、TG升高、HDL-C降低、存在≥1项危险因素和危险因素聚集的危险性分别是BMI 18.5~24.0 kg/m2者的14.16、3.05、2.46、2.49、2.42、9.79、7.39倍。西部地区15~49岁女性血糖升高、TG升高和东部地区血压升高、血糖升高的危险性高于中部地区。未发现收入水平、城乡地区与各代谢性危险因素及聚集存在显著关联。结论年龄、BMI水平和地域分布是心血管代谢性危险因素的主要影响因素,建议针对危险因素的不良变化采取精确的防控措施。     

Body fat distribution, serum lipoproteins and blood pressure in middle-aged Finnish men and women

The association of body fat distribution as measured by the ratio of waist to hip girth (WHR) to age, to serum total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol and to blood pressure was studied in a population-based sample of 2461 men and 2768 women aged 25 to 64 years not treated with cardiovascular drugs. In men, the relationships of age with WHR and age with body mass index (BMI) were similar, an increase levelling at the age of about 50 years. In women, BMI increased linearly, but WHR exponentially with age. In both sexes, age-adjusted WHR and BMI associated positively with non-HDL cholesterol, and with systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and inversely with HDL-cholesterol and the HDL/non-HDL cholesterol ratio. WHR and BMI were independently related to several cardiovascular risk factors. HDL-cholesterol concentration was 19% lower in men, and 17% lower in women who belonged to the upper tertile of both WHR and BMI, than in the subjects in the lower tertiles of WHR and BMI. Age-adjusted WHR and BMI also predicted fasting and 2-hour post-challenge blood glucose values in women aged 45 to 64 years, but not in men. The WHR provides additional information on elevated cardiovascular risk factors in cross-sectional analysis among middle-aged men and women independently of BMI. The measurement of WHR in large-scale risk factor surveys should be recommended, in order to assess the independent contribution of WHR to the risk of cardiovascular disease, and to find out the importance of WHR for the prevention of chronic diseases.     

瘦素与代谢综合征组成成分的聚集特性分析

目的　探讨瘦素水平与代谢综合征 (MS)组成成分的关系 ,分析MS危险因素聚集的特征和规律。方法　观测 795名非糖尿病成人的空腹血清真胰岛素 (FTI)、瘦素、血脂、血糖水平以及血压、体重指数、腰臀围比值和定量胰岛素敏感检测指数 (QUICKI)等指标 ,采用因子分析等方法探讨瘦素水平与上述变量的关系。结果　血清瘦素浓度随代谢异常组合个数的增多而上升。瘦素水平处于上三分位人群检出肥胖、高血压、血脂紊乱以及MS的比例比处在下三分位的人群明显升高。因子分析结果显示 ,男性与女性组包括瘦素等 11个变量的变化各受 3个因子支配 ,累计方差贡献率分别为6 2 0 %和 6 6 7% ,分别由瘦素与体重指数、腰臀围比值、FTI、QUICKI和高甘油三酯和低的高密度脂蛋白胆固醇等变量构成的核心因子 ,由血糖、FTI、QUICKI和高甘油三酯 (女 )构成的糖耐量因子以及由血压和体重指数 (男 )构成的高血压因子 ,其中高胰岛素和胰岛素抵抗 (IR)同时连接前两个因子。结论　该人群的瘦素水平与MS的多个关键组成成分密切相关 ,高瘦素血症可能是MS的 1个新成分。MS危险因素的聚集受多个因子支配 ,IR虽起重要作用 ,但不能单独解释其成因。     

Weight, shape, and mortality risk in older persons: elevated waist-hip ratio, not high body mass index, is associated with a greater risk of death

BACKGROUND: Guidelines for optimal weight in older persons are limited by uncertainty about the ideal body mass index (BMI) or the usefulness of alternative anthropometric measures. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the association of BMI (in kg/m(2)), waist circumference, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) with mortality and cause-specific mortality. DESIGN: Subjects aged >/=75 y (n = 14 833) from 53 family practices in the United Kingdom underwent a health assessment that included measurement of BMI and waist and hip circumferences; they also were followed up for mortality. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 5.9 y, 6649 subjects died (46% of circulatory causes). In nonsmoking men and women (90% of the cohort), compared with the lowest quintile of BMI (<23 in men and <22.3 in women), adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for mortality were <1 for all other quintiles of BMI (P for trend = 0.0003 and 0.0001 in men and women, respectively). Increasing WHR was associated with increasing HRs in men and women (P for trend = 0.008 and 0.0002, respectively). BMI was not associated with circulatory mortality in men (P for trend = 0.667) and was negatively associated in women (P for trend = 0.004). WHR was positively related to circulatory mortality in both men and women (P for trend = 0.001 and 0.005, respectively). Waist circumference was not associated with all-cause or circulatory mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Current guidelines for BMI-based risk categories overestimate risks due to excess weight in persons aged >/=75 y. Increased mortality risk is more clearly indicated for relative abdominal obesity as measured by high WHR.     

Longitudinal association of anthropometric measures of adiposity with cardiometabolic risk factors in postmenopausal women

PurposeSome studies suggest that anthropometric measures of abdominal obesity may be superior to body mass index (BMI) for the prediction of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, most studies have been cross-sectional. Our aim was to prospectively examine the association of change in BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and waist circumference-to-height ratio (WCHtR) with change in markers of cardiometabolic risk in a population of postmenopausal women.MethodsWe used a subsample of participants in the Women's Health Initiative aged 50 to 79 years at entry with available fasting blood samples and anthropometric measurements obtained at multiple time points over 12.8 years of follow-up (n = 2672). The blood samples were used to measure blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglycerides at baseline, and at years 1, 3, and 6. We conducted mixed-effects linear regression analyses to examine associations at baseline and longitudinal associations between change in anthropometric measures and change in cardiometabolic risk factors, adjusting for covariates.ResultsIn longitudinal analyses, change in BMI, WC, and WCHtR robustly predicted change in cardiometabolic risk, whereas change in WHR did not. The strongest associations were seen for change in triglycerides, glucose, and HDL-C (inverse association).ConclusionIncrease in BMI, WC, and WCHtR strongly predicted increases in serum triglycerides and glucose, and reduced HDL-C. WC and WCHtR were superior to BMI in predicting serum glucose, HDL-C, and triglycerides. WCHtR was superior to WC only in predicting serum glucose. BMI, WC, and WCHtR were all superior to WHR.     

Prediction of metabolic syndrome among postmenopausal Ghanaian women using obesity and atherogenic markers

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an important health problem which puts individuals at risk for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes as well as obesity-related cancers such as colon and renal cell in men, and endometrial and oesophageal in women. OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at examining how obesity indicators and related determinants influence metabolic syndrome, and how the factors can be used to predict the syndrome and its cut-offs in postmenopausal Ghanaian women. METHODS: Two hundred and fifty (250) Ghanaian subjects were involved in the study with one hundred and forty-three (143) being premenopausal women and one hundred and seven (107) postmenopausal women. The influence of traditional metabolic risk factors including high blood pressure, dyslipidemia and glucose intolerance on obesity and atherogenic indices i.e. body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), Waist-to-thigh ratio (WTR), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), high density lipoprotein cholesterol to total cholesterol ratio (HDL-C/TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol to low density lipoprotein ratio (HDL-C/LDL-C) and triglyceride to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (TG/HDL-C) were identified according to the Harmonization (H_MS) criterion. RESULTS: The most significant anthropometric marker that significantly influence metabolic risk factors among the pre- and postmenopausal women was waist-to-hip ratio (premenopausal: p- 0.004, 0.026 and 0.002 for systolic blood pressure (SBP), fasting blood glucose (FBG) and HDL-C; postmenopausal: p-0.012, 0.048, 0.007 and 0.0061 for diastolic blood pressure (DBP), FBG, triglyceride (TG) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) respectively). Using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the curve for WC, WHR, TG/HDL-C and HDL-C/TC among postmenopausal women were estimated at 0.6, 0.6, 0.8 and 0.8 respectively. The appropriate cut-off values for WC, WHR, TG/HDL-C and HDL-C/TC that predicted the presence of metabolic syndrome were 80.5 cm, 0.84, 0.61 and 0.34 respectively. CONCLUSION: The presence of metabolic syndrome among Ghanaian postmenopausal women can be predicted using WC, WHR, TG/HDL-C and HDL-C/TC.     

Relationships between 3-y longitudinal changes in body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and metabolic variables in an active French female population.

Three-year longitudinal changes in body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and metabolic variables were examined in 209 active French women. For the entire group, a weak but significant positive association was found between change in BMI and change in WHR. However, analysis of covariance according to the degree of abdominal fat distribution showed a heterogeneity of this association that was confined to women with abdominal fat distribution. Changes in BMI were positively associated with changes in total cholesterol (P less than 0.05), triglycerides (P less than 0.10), and blood pressure (P less than 0.001), whereas changes in WHR were associated with changes in triglycerides (P less than 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (P less than 0.10). These longitudinal results suggest that a more favorable body-fat pattern and metabolic profile might be achieved by reducing weight, or at least by preventing weight gain, particularly in women with high abdominal-fat distribution.     

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome among Filipino adults aged 20 years and over

This study sought to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, using data collected from 4,541 adults aged 20 years and over covered in the Fifth National Nutrition Survey conducted in 1998. The metabolic variables analyzed were: total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides and fasting blood glucose. In addition, measurements of obesity such as body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC) as well as blood pressure were taken. Comparing the mean metabolic characteristics of the non-obese, total obese and the android obese, results showed significant differences in almost all the variables except for the HDL-c. By gender, non-significant differences were observed between males and females in the non-obese group in terms of the BMI and glucose levels and in the android group, in terms of total cholesterol. In all three groups, the biggest difference was observed in the mean triglycerides, where males had significantly higher mean than the females. Comparing adults with >125 mg/dl fasting blood sugar (FBS) there were higher rates of hypertension, high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), high cholesterol, high triglycerides, high LDL-c, low HDL-c, among the overweight and obese than among those with normal BMI. In general, the proportion of subjects with co-morbid factors increased with higher levels of FBS, except for high cholesterol wherein no pattern was established. The highest prevalence of high FBS was found in both males (35.8%) and females (14.5%) with the following combined characteristics: high BMI, high WHR and high WC. Males with co-existing high BMI, high WHR, and high WC were observed to have the highest prevalence rate of hypertension (66.5%). Among females, the highest prevalence rate of hypertension (37.9%) was seen among those with high fasting blood sugar. The proportion of subjects with hypertension generally increased with age irrespective of the BMI status. One of the significant correlates of high FBS is waist-hip ratio. Males with WHR of equal or greater than 1 have almost six times the risk of having high FBS, while females with WHR of equal or greater than 0.85 have five times the risk of having high FBS compared to those with normal WHR. Among females with triglyceride levels of equal or greater than 200 mg/dL, the risk of having high FBS is five times compared to those with triglyceride levels below 200 mg/dL. Univariate analysis to see the effect of the type of obesity to dyslipidaemia and hypertension revealed that females with high waist circumference generally provided greater risk compared to those who were overweight and obese as well as those with android obesity. For males, high waist circumference had greater risk of developing high triglyceride and high LDL-c. Android obese males had greater risk to high FBS. The results showed that the prevalence rate of metabolic syndrome is 0.28%, based on the number of individuals with the following characteristics: high FBS, hypertensive, android obese, with body mass index (BMI) of > or =25.0 and high WC. Females had a higher rate than males - almost twice. Considering that metabolic syndrome, with its co-morbidity factors is prevalent among some Filipino adults aged 20 years and over, it is recommended that health programs geared towards minimizing the morbid risk factors be properly developed, promoted and fully implemented.     

Weight and mortality in Finnish women

Mortality in relation to body mass index (BMI) was studied in 17,159 healthy Finnish women aged 25-79 followed up for a median of 12 years. Mortality from all cases was related to BMI only in non-smokers aged 25-64, among whom the mortality pattern was "U"-shaped, with a minimum in the second quintile of BMI (the reference range), and about 1.5 times higher in quintiles I and V. Most of the excess risk of mortality among overweight women was due to cardiovascular diseases. During the first 7 years of follow-up, and high risk (relative risk (RR) = 1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.0-2.9 for quintile V compared to quintile II) depended on the association of BMI with the initial blood pressure level, but in the later years, the relative risk of cardiovascular death, ranging from 1.6 (95% CI = 1.0-2.5) for women in quintile III up to 2.6 (95% Ci = 1.7-4.0) for those in quintile V, was largely independent of the baseline levels of the main biological risk factors. The excess mortality among thin women under the age of 65 was mainly due to non-cardiovascular diseases (RR = 1.7, 95% CI = 1.2-2.3 for quintile I compared to quintile II) and was not attributable to antecedent disease, smoking or the biological risk factors studied. Among women aged 65 and over, overall mortality varied little with BMI, but thinness seemed to predict deaths from cancers (RR = 1.6, 95% CI = 0.9-3.0).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

中国六省学龄儿童体重指数、体脂百分比评价肥胖与心血管代谢危险因素的相关性

目的 探讨单纯体重指数(BMI)、体脂百分比(FMP)分类肥胖及二者交叉分组与心血管代谢危险因素的关联,为儿童肥胖及相关代谢异常的防控提供依据。方法 基于在6省(黑龙江、内蒙古、宁夏、四川、云南和湖南)完成的横断面调查,选取10～18岁的学龄儿童11 542人为研究对象。分别以[BMI(+-)]和[FMP(+-)]单独或交叉分类肥胖状况分组,采用Logistic回归模型分析比较心血管代谢危险因素异常的风险。结果 不调整腰围(WC)的影响,[BMI(-)+FMP(+)]组低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和血糖升高风险较低,其余各组与肥胖相关代谢异常的关联较高。调整WC后,男生中 [BMI(+)+FMP(+)]组高三酰甘油(TG)[OR(95%CI):2.55(1.29~5.02)]、合并血脂异常[OR(95%CI):2.07(1.19~3.61)]和血压升高[OR(95%CI):2.20(1.29~3.77)]的风险较高。女生中[BMI(+)+FMP(+)]组合并血脂异常[OR(95%CI):2.02(1.09~3.74)]的风险较高。结论 结合FMP对儿童肥胖评价可提高对血脂异常和血压升高的筛查效果。     

Associations between anthropometric indices of adiposity and atherogenic risk factors in Japanese working women aged 21–40 years

This study was conducted to explore whether anthropometric indices of obesity are associated with atherogenic risk factors in young adult working women in Japan. The subjects were 492 women in an occupational setting. Predictor variables were body mass index (BMI), the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness (SFT), and the waist to hip ratio (WHR). Outcome variables were serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and blood pressures. The average age of the subjects was 26.3 (SD 3.9) years. The upper quartiles of BMI and SFT were significantly associated with all atherogenic risk factors, while the upper quartiles of WHR were not. Multiple comparisons revealed the 4th quartiles of BMI (> 22.25) and SFT (> 39 mm) to have significantly higher values for all atherogenic risk factors. We found that BMI and skinfold thickness were more relevant to the prediction of atherogenic risk factors than WHR in young adult Japanese women.     

Obesity and cholecystectomy among women: implications for prevention

Almost all studies of the association of body mass with the risk of gallbladder disease have found that risk increases with obesity. Some studies report a nonlinear relationship of body mass to gallbladder disease risk, and some report that the association of excess body mass with increased risk of gallbladder disease is confined to younger women. We examined the association of body mass with the risk of cholecystectomy based on data from 14 years of follow-up of 16,638 women. The cholecystectomy rate was much greater in the highest quintile of Quetelet's body mass index than in other quintiles. The striking association of high rates of cholecystectomy with the highest quintile of Quetelet's body mass index was observed in each age group studied. The low incidence of cholecystectomy in young, thin women made the relative risk of cholecystectomy in women in the fifth quintile of body mass highest in women under 25 years of age. The observation that cholecystectomy rates are not linearly associated with obesity suggests that women in the highest quintiles of body mass could be considered a reasonable group in which strategies for prevention of gallbladder disease might be tested.     

不同体重指数和腰臀比与血糖、血脂、血压的关系

[目的]探讨重庆地区成人不同体重指数（BMI）和腰臀比（WHR）与血糖、血脂、血压的关系及其与心血管疾病危险因素的聚集性。[方法]选择重庆市两社区中老年人群2883例,根据世界卫生组织推荐的成人超重与肥胖标准,对BMI和WHR与血糖、血压和血脂的关系进行了统计分析。[结果]超重及肥胖总检出率35.73%,腹型肥胖率31.84%。随BMI升高,空腹血糖（FBG）、甘油三酯（TG）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）平均水平逐渐升高,高密度脂蛋白（HDL）明显降低;且糖尿病、高血压、高TG、低HDL检出率亦升高。超重和肥胖人群高血糖、高血压、高TG和HDL降低的危险性分别为正常人群的1.70、1.87、2.99、2.29倍。与正常组比较,超重与肥胖人群有任意1、2、3、4种危险因素时的危险性分别是2.15、3.84、6.23和24.90。[结论]超重与肥胖增加成人心血管疾病危险因素的聚集性以及获得多个心血管疾病的危险性。控制超重和肥胖对心血管疾病的防治具有重要意义。     

Mediation and moderation of the association between cynical hostility and systolic blood pressure in low-income women

Hostility may be related to risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as blood pressure. However, the process by which hostility affects blood pressure is not fully understood. The current study sought to evaluate abdominal obesity (waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) as a potential mediator and modifier of the relationship between cynical hostility and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in a group of disadvantaged women. Path analysis and multiple regression models were used to identify mediating and moderating pathways in the relationship between cynical hostility and SBP. Results indicate a significant interaction between WHR and cynical hostility. WHR was a partial mediator and significant moderator of the association between hostility and blood pressure. These findings highlight the potential importance of examining abdominal obesity and psychosocial factors as conjunctive determinants of CVD and risk factors for related metabolic conditions.     

Anthropometric indices as screening tools for cardiovascular risk factors in Singaporean women

Previous studies have suggested the need to revise the World Health Organization (WHO) cut-off values for the various indices of obesity and fat distribution in Singapore. The purpose of this study was to delineate cut-off points of body mass index (BMI), waist-hip ratio (WHR), waist circumference (WC), and waist-stature ratio (WSR) as screening tools for cardiovascular risk factors in Singaporean women. Anthropometric indices were measured in a cross sectional survey of 566 subjects (60% Chinese individuals, 28% Malay individuals and 12% Indian individuals). Cardiovascular risk factors were determined by measuring blood pressure, serum lipids, and fasting blood glucose levels. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to determine cut-off points. Forward logistic regression and area under curves (AUC) were used to determine the best anthropometric index. For at least one cardiovascular risk factor (hypertension, dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus), the cut-off points for BMI, WHR, WC and WSR were around 23.6 kg/m(2), 0.80, 77.8 cm and 0.48 for Singaporean females. The AUC of WSR was the highest for all three risk factors in females (0.79 for hypertension, 0.70 for dyslipidaemia, 0.88 for diabetes mellitus). Regression analyses revealed that WSR was independently associated with all risk factors. For Singaporean female adults, the cut-off points were lower than the criteria suggested by the WHO, but were in agreement with those reported for Asians. BMI, WHR, WC and WSR may be used as screening tools for cardiovascular risk factors, of which WSR may be the best anthropometric index.     

高血压与多种危险因素相关性分析

目的研究高血压患者与部分危险因素：体重指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、血脂、血糖（GLU）、年龄、吸烟和饮酒的相关关系。方法随机抽取平谷区2个乡镇，从中随机抽取1个生活社区和2个功能社区，每个社区按姓名的第1个字母的顺序抽取1个含有80例左右调查对象的群体。尽量兼顾各年龄段和男女比例。对抽取对象进行询问调查，同时测量血压和相关指标。结果共调查471人，高血压的患病率为40．76％。其中男性227人，占48．2％；高血压的患病率是48．02％。女性244人，占51．8％；高血压的患病率是34．02％。高血压组与正常血压组之间年龄、文化程度、肥胖情况（BNI指数和WHR指数）、饮酒、血脂（总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白）、血糖间均有差异；高血压组与正常血压组之间的吸烟情况和高密度脂蛋白不存在差异。结论高血压与多种心血管病发病因素存在相关联系；控制体重可能有效控制血压。