广州市场食用鱼中5种重金属含量分析及评价

目的:评价市场上常见食用鱼的重金属(锌、铅、镉、铜、铬)污染状况和食用安全性。方法:采用硝酸-高氯酸消化和火焰原子吸收法对广州市场21种鱼中重金属含量进行分析及评价。结果:21种鱼中重金属含量符合以下规律:必需微量元素锌、铜、铬含量较高,非必需微量元素铅含量较低,镉未检出;根据《NY 5073-2006无公害食品水产品中有毒有害物质限量》,所测样品的铅、镉、铜未超标;鳗鱼中的铬含量超过"人体消费卫生标准"。结论:鳗鱼中的铬含量较高,经常食用存在潜在危害,应引起有关部门重视。     

市售饮料酒中锌铜铬含量调查分析

对市场销售饮料酒中人体必需微量元素锌、铜、铬含量进行了调查分析 ,结果发现酒中 ,特别是中国黄酒、进口干葡萄酒中锌、铜含量非常丰富。黄酒中锌、铜含量分别为 1 5 99、0 394mg/kg ;葡萄酒中锌、铜含量分别为 1 4 71、0 119mg/kg ,显著高于面粉、大米、水果中锌、铜含量[1] 。KaisenPemnanente等对 30～ 70岁人群研究表明每天消费 2份酒的人发病、死亡率要低 4 0 %左右[2 ] 。所以酒是一种功能食品 ,适量饮酒 (黄酒、干葡萄酒 )对健康有益。     

火焰原子吸收法测定花茶中微量元素铜、铁、锌的含量

目的了解市售花茶中微量元素铜、铁、锌的含量,旨在寻找一种简单、快速、高效的花茶中微量元素的前处理方法和检测方法,探讨微量元素与人体健康的关系。方法随机选取市售玫瑰、菊花、茉莉、千日红、勿忘我、桃花6种花茶,采用湿消化法消化样品,火焰原子吸收法测定待测样品中微量元素铜、铁、锌的含量,并对结果进行了分析比较。结果所采用方法的加标回收率为85.6%~104.8%,相对标准偏差2%,具有良好的准确度和精密度。所选花茶中铜的含量为2.87 mg/kg~13.585 mg/kg,锌的含量为33.58 mg/kg~63.02 mg/kg,铁的含量为140.96 mg/kg~1 057.925 mg/kg。结论所选花茶中所含微量元素铜、锌、铁的含量适宜人体的需要,所用火焰原子吸收法对于测定铜、铁、锌元素具有分析速度快、准确度高、选择性好的特点,适合大量样品的分析测定。     

牛磺酸锌对染铅大鼠血清微量元素含量的影响

[目的]探讨不同剂量牛磺酸锌(taurine-zinc,TZC)对染铅大鼠血清中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁等微量元素含量的影响。[方法]健康SD大鼠分为对照组、染铅组、TZC小剂量组、中剂量组和大剂量组。除对照组外,各组大鼠给予醋酸铅灌胃(剂量30mg/kg),TZC各组在灌胃铅溶液前1h灌胃TZC(剂量分别为10mg/kg,50mg/kg,100mg/kg)。每天1次,共45d。实验结束后取全血测血铅,取血清测铜、锌、钙、镁、铁含量。[结果]各实验组大鼠血铅含量显著高于对照组,各TZC组血铅显著低于染铅组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);染铅组血清微量元素含量均低于对照组,其中锌、钙、镁差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]铅暴露可引起大鼠血清中微量元素含量降低,适量补充TZC可以降低血铅含量,减少体内微量元素流失。     

河北省农田土壤重金属健康风险评价

目的了解河北省农田土壤重金属含量及污染现状,评价重金属对人体产生的健康风险。方法应用分层随机抽样法,全省范围抽取2 700个行政村,每个村随机选择农田土壤采集1份样品,共2 700份;按照国家标准方法检测样品中铅、镉、铬含量;运用健康风险评价模型评价重金属产生的健康风险。结果 2700份样品中重金属含量由高到低为铬(35.01mg/kg)、铅(15.8 mg/kg)、镉(0.1 mg/kg);铅、铬浓度范围分别为0.1~170.6和2.24~140 mg/kg,含量均未超标;镉浓度范围为0.01~10.71 mg/kg,13.74%的样品镉含量超出国家二级标准;镉富集系数最大,为1.33;E市铅、镉和L市铬含量最高,分别为28.8、0.34、76.14 mg/kg;重金属对成人、儿童产生的年均超额危险度由高到低均依次为铬(1.42×10~(-8)、1.42×10~(-8))、镉(0.83×10~(-8)、1.40×10~(-8))、铅(0.92×10~(-10)、8.06×10~(-10)),对儿童产生的年均超额危险度之和(2.91×10~(-8))高于成人(2.83×10~(-8));铅、镉对成人、儿童产生的年均超额危险度地区分布一致,不同市土壤中铬对成人、儿童产生的年均超额危险度一致,均为1.42×10~(-8),均低于可接受水平(10~(-6))。结论河北省农田土壤铅、铬含量和86.26%样品中镉含量符合国家二级标准,E、F、H、K和L市农田土壤面临铅、铬污染,已受到镉污染;重金属对儿童产生的健康风险比成人大;铬是该省土壤产生健康危害的主要污染物,应为优先控制的污染物。     

河北省农田土壤重金属呼吸途径健康风险评价研究

目的评价河北省农田土壤重金属经呼吸途径对人体产生的健康风险。方法于2014年抽取河北省12个市675个乡镇采集2 700份农田土壤样品并检测铅、镉、铬含量,按照美国环保署(EPA)推荐方法,评价重金属经呼吸途径产生的健康风险。结果 2 700份样本中铅、镉、铬含量中位数分别为15.8、0.1、35.01 mg/kg,铅、铬含量未超标,镉超标率为13.74%(317/2 700);重金属对不同人群产生的非致癌风险均为铬铅镉,同一种重金属对人群产生的非致癌风险均为儿童成年男性成年女性,均1。重金属对不同人群产生的致癌风险均为铬镉,同一种重金属对人群产生的致癌风险均为成年男性成年女性儿童,均10~(-4)。结论本次调查的河北省部分农田土壤受到镉污染,3种重金属经呼吸途径产生的非致癌风险不会对人体造成健康危害,镉尚未造成致癌风险,铬的致癌风险尚可接受。     

干旱区绿洲土壤-油菜系统重金属污染实验研究

为研究干旱区绿洲土壤重金属的复合污染对油菜的影响及其对人体造成的潜在健康风险,制备低剂量重金属污染土壤(Cd:0.75mg/kg,Zn:100mg/kg,Pb:150mg/kg)和高剂量重金属污染土壤(Cd:2.50mg/kg,Zn:450mg/kg,Pb:450mg/kg)进行盆栽试验。结果显示,所有油菜样品中Zn含量均未超过GB13106—1991规定限值;Pb、Cd含量最大值分别为2.63和0.35mg/kg,超过GB18406.1—2001规定限值。高剂量重金属污染土壤种植的油菜中Pb、Cd摄入的健康风险指数分别为7.01和7.25,存在严重的健康风险。     

淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量及分布特征

为客观描述淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量及分布特征,并为进一步开展环境健康风险评价和环境综合治理提供科学依据。通过搜集1980—2009年有关淮河流域重金属的研究结果,整合分析淮河干流上50个采样断面沉积物中铬、锰、铜、锌、镉、铅、汞和砷等8种重金属的污染范围、程度及分布情况,并与其他流域沉积物的污染水平进行比较。结果显示铬在淮河干流沉积物中的平均含量为63.7 mg/kg(47.2～123.6 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中铬平均值的1.10倍,高于黄河、松花江、珠江口、海河干流和辽河流域沉积物中的水平。锰的平均含量为719 mg/kg(439～1 124 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物平均值的1.05倍,高于长江、黄河、松花江和海河流域。铜的平均含量为29.9 mg/kg(6.0～65.6 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中铜含量平均值的1.42倍,高于长江、黄河、松花江和辽河流域。锌的平均含量为79.2 mg/kg(39.2～230.1 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中锌含量平均值的1.16倍,高于长江和黄河流域。镉的平均含量为0.29 mg/kg(0.10～0.96 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中镉含量平均值的2.07倍,高于长江和辽河流域。铅的平均含量为29.5 mg/kg(17.3～72.8 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中平均值的1.18倍,高于长江、黄河、松花江和辽河流域。汞的平均含量为0.08 mg/kg(0.03～0.36 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中汞含量平均值的2.00倍,高于淮河、长江、黄河和辽河流域。砷的平均含量为12.6 mg/kg(9.0～21.8 mg/kg),是我国水系沉积物中砷含量平均值的1.38倍,高于长江、松花江、珠江口和辽河流域。淮河干流沉积物中8种重金属含量大于我国水系沉积物中重金属平均值的断面百分比从高到低排序为砷镉锌汞铜锰铬铅,分别为90.5%,88.1%,68.0%,66.7%,65.8%,57.6%,55.3%和50.0%。综述显示,与我国其他流域相比,淮河干流沉积物中重金属含量总体处于较高水平,其中铬和锰在我国7大流域中污染相对最严重,铬含量仅次于长江沉积物黄土中的含量,锰含量仅次于淮河流域沉积物中的含量。     

不同产地无花果中微量元素的研究

目的:了解不同产地无花果中微量元素的含量。方法:用火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定无花果中Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn的含量,石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定Se、Cd、Pd的含量。结果:无花果中铜的含量在16.06～22.61 mg/kg范围内,铁的含量在7.94～38.30 mg/kg范围内,锌的含量在20.80～45.50 mg/kg范围内,锰的含量在10.99～34.33 mg/kg范围内,铅的含量在65.39～416.69μg/kg范围内,镉的含量在11.32～191.41μg/kg范围内,硒的含量在4.91～1648.80μg/kg范围内。结论:无花果中铜的含量应不得超过23mg/kg,铁的含量应不得少于7 mg/kg,锌的含量应不得少于20 mg/kg,锰的含量应不得少于10 mg/kg,铅的含量应不得超过0.5 mg/kg,镉的含量应不得超过0.2 mg/kg,硒的含量应不得少于0.4 mg/kg。     

杭州地区稻田土壤中镉、铅、汞、砷、铬和镍的污染状况

目的了解和评价杭州地区出产大米的5个主要县区稻田中镉、铅、汞、砷、铬和镍的污染状况。方法干燥过筛后的土壤样品经微波消解后,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行检测,采用单因子污染指数法和内罗梅综合指数法进行评价。结果稻田土壤中镉含量为0.125 mg/kg~12.52 mg/kg;铅含量为23.89 mg/kg~329.1 mg/kg;汞含量为0.012 9 mg/kg~0.553 mg/kg;砷含量为2.170 mg/kg~17.82 mg/kg;铬含量为15.19 mg/kg~96.60 mg/kg;镍含量为5.50 mg/kg~54.96 mg/kg。杭州地区水稻土壤中镉的污染指数平均值为2.97,其余5种元素的污染指数平均值均1;杭州地区水稻土壤综合污染指数平均值为2.18,属于轻污染级别。结论杭州地区稻田土壤中镉污染明显,农作物开始受到污染,人体健康风险增大。     

某农场土壤重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

目的评价某农场土壤中重金属污染物对人体健康产生的潜在威胁。方法在对该农场8个采样点进行土壤中Cd、Ph、Zn、Cu4种重金属检测的基础上,建立土壤环境污染健康风险评价模型,并对土壤一人体所引起的健康风险作出初步评价。结果8个采样点土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu4种重金属的平均质量浓度分别为0．06～0．34、38．25—127、45．28～156．43和5．61～22．40mg／kg。致癌污染物cd对人体健康危害的个人年风险水平均集中在10-6／a,最大值为1．9×10-6／a。非致癌污染物（Pb、Zn、Cu）所引起的健康危害的个人年风险顺序为Pb〉Zn〉Cu。3种非致癌污染物对人体健康危害的个人年风险水平均集中在10-5～10-2／a。结论该农场土壤中Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu4种重金属低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准,所引起的健康风险比较小。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定食品安全风险监测中痕量铝

目的:通过研究食品安全风险监测中铝痕量分析的特点、建立有效和准确的石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中痕量铝的检测方法,为国标的修订奠定基础。方法:采用湿法消解、微波消解和压力罐消解法消解样品,在257.4 nm共振线,应用石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定食品中痕量铝。结果:当称样量0.5 g,定容量25 ml时,本方法的定量限(LOQ):0.75 mg/kg,线性范围是:16μg/L～250μg/L,加标回收实验的回收率在92%～106%之间。用此方法测定了广东各地区部分食品中铝含量,其中茶叶、海带、海蜇、油炸食品和紫菜中铝含量较高,中位值分别为541 mg/kg、325 mg/kg、905 mg/kg、302 mg/kg和252 mg/kg。结论:该方法准确、可靠,灵敏度好,可满足食物本底水平中铝的风险监测以及国标修订要求。     

2012年广东省市售大米镉含量调查及初步膳食暴露评估

目的了解广东省市售大米镉含量水平,并对广东省居民来源于大米的镉膳食暴露情况进行初步评估。方法于2012年按照简单随机抽样方法确定样本量,采样范围覆盖全省21个地级市和顺德区,每个地市（区）采集30～50份大米,其中每个地市（区）的采样点包括1个中心城区、2个具有代表性的县城区及其下属各1～2个乡镇,每个采样点在市场、超市、商店、专卖店中随机选择2个以上经营单位采集样品;采集的大米样品依据GB/T 5009.15—2003《食品中镉的测定》方法测定镉含量;采用2002年广东省居民膳食营养与健康状况监测的大米消费量数据,分别计算不同年龄和性别人群对大米的一般消费（P50）和高消费（P97.5）水平下镉的膳食暴露情况。结果共采集广东省各地区市售大米样本1 060份,其镉含量范围为0.000 5～2.100 0 mg/kg,中位数为0.078 0 mg/kg,其中48份大米镉含量超过国家标准（0.2 mg/kg）,总体超标率为4.5%;大米镉含量的中位数和超标率在22个地级市（区）间差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0.01）,以粤北韶关地区的大米镉含量最高,其中位数为0.188 0 mg/kg,超标率为42.0%（21/50）;城市和农村的大米镉含量中位数分别为0.075 0和0.083 0 mg/kg,城乡间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;对于大米一般消费水平（每人每月大米消费量为9.68 kg）人群,其来自大米的镉膳食平均暴露量是12.59μg/（kg·bw）,为暂定每月耐受摄入量[PTMI,25μg/（kg·bw）]的0.50倍,但2～7岁年龄组人群大米镉暴露量则超出PTMI,达到26.07μg/（kg·bw）;对大米高消费水平（每人每月大米消费量为17.95 kg）而言,其平均镉膳食暴露量为23.34g/（kg·bw）,为PTMI的0.93倍。结论 2012年广东省流通市场的市售大米镉含量总体不高,但有一定比例的超标率（4.5%）,个别地区大米镉超标比较严重。从总体上看,广东省居民来源于大米的镉摄入水平是安全的,但需要关注少年儿童和大米高消费人群的潜在风险。     

陕西生鲜肉类中重金属污染状况调查及健康风险评估研究

目的 了解陕西省肉类食品中重金属的污染状况及评价其健康风险。方法 根据陕西省食品污染物和有害因素风险监测方案进行样品采集和检测,以食品安全国家标准(GB2762-2012)规定的限量为标准对其重金属含量进行评价,并评估居民经食用肉类所致重金属暴露量,应用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价模型对其引起的健康风险进行评估。结果 对770份样品的重金属含量进行测定,其中有6份Cd含量超标、1份Cr含量超标、15份Pb含量超标、1份As含量超标、3份Hg含量超标(镍没有国家限量标准,不做判断);比较5种肉类食品中6种重金属含量,畜禽肾脏中的镉含量较高,为0.148 mg/kg,肝脏中铅含量偏高,为0.079 6mg/kg,水产品中的砷、汞含量明显高于其他类别,甲壳类中铬和镍含量明显较其他类偏高;居民经食用肉类所致重金属的摄入量镉最高,亦在安全级别;铬的平均和偏高健康危害年风险值均大于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受值5.0×10-5/年。结论 陕西省少数肉类样品存在超标情况,其余均可安全食用,但对于含重金属较高的甲壳类应避免长期大量食用。铬的个人年风险值高于ICRP推荐的最大可接受值,有必要开展食品中铬形态监测工作。     

Soil factors controlling the toxicity of copper and zinc to microbial processes in Australian soils

Abstract-Two soil microbial processes, substrate-induced nitrification (SIN) and substrate-induced respiration (SIR), were measured in the topsoils of 12 Australian field trials that were amended separately with increasing concentrations of ZnSO4 or CuSO4. The median effect concentration (EC50) values for Zn and Cu based on total metal concentrations varied between 107 and 8,298 mg kg(-1) for Zn and 108 and 2,155 mg kg(-1) Cu among soils. The differences in both Zn and Cu toxicity across the 12 soils were not explained by either the soil solution metal concentrations or CaCl2-extractable metal concentrations, because the variation in the EC50 values was larger than those using total concentrations. Toxicity of Zn and Cu decreased with increasing soil pH for SIN. For Cu, also increasing cation exchange capacity (CEC) and percent clay decreased the toxicity towards SIN. In contrast to SIN, soil pH had no significant effect on toxicity values of SIR. Significant relationships were found between the EC50 values for SIR and background Zn and CEC for Zn, and percent clay and log CEC for Cu. Relationships such as those developed in this study will permit Australian environmental regulation to move from single-value national soil quality guidelines to soil-specific quality guidelines and permit soil-specific risk assessments to be undertaken.     

中国2006年碘盐监测

目的 了解全国生产和居民层次碘盐合格及食用情况.方法 监测方法参见卫生部2004年颁布的"全国碘盐监测方案"(修订).碘盐检测采用GB/T 13025.7-1999中直接滴定法;川盐或特殊盐种检测采用仲裁法定量测定.合格碘盐判定标准:35 mg/kg±15 mg /kg(20～50 mg/kg);非碘盐判定标准:＜5 mg/kg.结果 全国生产层次碘盐的批质量合格率为98.36%;各省(自治区、直辖市)的批质量合格率均＞90%.全国居民层次的碘盐覆盖率为96.87%,合格碘盐食用率为93.75%.西藏、海南、新疆、广东省的居民碘盐覆盖率＜90%.西藏、海南、新疆、广东、青海省的居民合格碘盐食用率＜90%.2006年有80个监测盲区县,有185个县非碘盐率＞10%.在县级居民合格碘盐食用率指标上,全国距离"95%的县实现消除碘缺乏病标准"的目标还相差约10个百分点.结论 从全国水平看,生产层次碘盐合格率和居民层次碘盐覆盖率都保持在一个较高的水平;但在县级水平,有75个县碘盐覆盖率＜70%.     

Transfer of Copper,Lead and Zinc in Soil–Grass Ecosystem in Aspect of Soils Properties,in Poland

The total metal concentrations in soil samples from polluted area (roadside soils) ranged from 13.87 to 195.76 mg/kg for Cu; 13.56–310.17 mg/kg for Pb and 18.43–894.11 mg/kg for Zn and they were, respectively about 5, 2 and 13 times above the corresponding values in soil samples from country area. The mean values of EDTA-extractable concentrations in soil samples at unpolluted sites were: 2.47 mg/kg for Cu, 6.33 mg/kg for Pb and 4.94 mg/kg for Zn. The highest concentrations of Cu, Pb and Zn in grass were measured in soils from polluted area. Higher values of proportions of EDTA-extractable metals (24% for Cu, 40% for Pb and 38% for Zn) indicate that anthropogenic metals were more mobile and bioavailable than the same metals in soils from unpolluted area (20, 16 and 20% for Cu, Pb and Zn, respectively). The availability of Cu, Pb and Zn are affected by soil properties such as pH, organic matter content and cation exchange capacity. Correlation between the EDTA-extractable forms concentrations of metals and the total concentration in the various soils was observed. The coefficients of determination (R²) varied between 0.809 for Cu; 0,709 for Pb and 0.930 for Zn in polluted soils and they are higher than corresponding values in unpolluted soils.     

Influence of soil properties on copper toxicity for two soil invertebrates

Although a large body of evidence indicates that metal toxicity to soil organisms is affected by physicochemical soil properties, use of this knowledge in ecological risk assessments is limited because of the lack of a model applicable to a wide range of soils. To study the effect of soil characteristics on the toxicity of copper to terrestrial invertebrates, chronic toxicity tests with Eisenia fetida and Folsomia candida were performed in 19 European field soils. These soils were carefully selected to cover the range of toxicity-influencing parameters encountered in the European Union. Toxicity values varied greatly among soils, with 28-d median effect concentrations ranging from 72.0 to 781 mg Cu/kg dry weight for E. fetida and from 45.4 to 2,270 mg Cu/kg dry weight for F. candida. For both species, variation in copper toxicity values was best explained by differences in the actual cation-exchange capacity (CEC) at soil pH. Using the obtained regression algorithms, the observed toxicity could, in most cases, be predicted within a factor of two for E. fetida and within a factor of three for F. candida. The developed models were validated in three additional European field soils, a standard artificial soil and a standard field soil. The presented regression equations, based on the actual CEC, offer an easy-to-apply method for taking the influence of soil properties on metal toxicity into account.     

Evaluation of the microelement profile of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties for human nutrition and health

In this study, the levels of boron (B), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), lithium (Li), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) microelements in 16 hazelnut samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and atomic absorption spectroscopy after microwave digestion, and are discussed for human nutrition and health. Significant differences were observed between the microelement contents of the 16 varieties (P < 0.01). The average microelements concentrations in the varieties varied in the following ranges: B, 13.63-23.87; Co, 0.47-0.82; Cr, 0.22-0.52; Cu, 16.23-32.23; Fe, 31.60-51.60; Li, 0.035-0.042; Ni, 0.58-2.58; Se, 0.96-1.39; and Zn, 22.03-44.03 mg/kg. These results showed that hazelnuts can be an important microelement source for human nutrition and health. According to our trace element data, a daily consumption of 50 g hazelnut can supply easily about 6% for B, 9% for Co, 19% for Fe, 9% for Ni and 16% for Zn of the recommended daily allowance. On the other hand, Se, Cu and Cr levels of 50 g hazelnuts are higher than the respective daily requirements, but slight overdoses of these elements are non-toxic for human health.     

Effect of Various Copper Supplements to Feed of Laying Hens on Cu Content in Eggs, Liver, Excreta, Soil, and Herbage

Copper is often added to poultry diets as an antimicrobial agent at doses greatly exceeding the nutritional requirement. In this study, the basal diet of laying hens containing 9.2 mg Cu/kg was supplemented with CuSO₄ċ5H₂O at 0, 25, 65, 115, and 240 mg Cu/kg dry matter (DM). At Cu dietary concentration just below the level permitted by the European Union (35 mg/kg), the Cu content in the egg yolk was significantly (p < 0.05) increased by 26%, and nonsignificantly by 4.1, 9.1, and 7.9% in the egg white, eggshell, and liver, respectively. When Cu concentration in the diet was doubled, the effect of Cu on Cu content in eggshell and liver was statistically significant as well. In no liver sample was the hygienic limit of Cu content (80 mg/kg) exceeded. Supplementation of diets with Cu increased Cu concentration in excreta linearly from 25.3 to 396.8 mg/kg DM. Dried excreta were used for fertilization of grassland at 21 g N/m². Three months later, soil and herbage were sampled and analyzed. The Cu concentration in soil increased from 25.3 to only 46.4 mg/kg DM when dietary Cu concentration rose from 9.2 to 243.7 mg Cu/kg DM. Corresponding Cu concentrations in herbage were 6.8 and 19.2 mg/kg DM. It can be concluded that the deposition of Cu in eggs and liver of hens fed Cu-supplemented diets does not represent a hygienic risk. The accumulation of Cu in soil fertilized with excreta of Cu-fed hens and in herbage was limited.