2015年上海市青浦区某箱包制造企业职业病防护情况调查

目的了解上海市青浦区某箱包制造企业2015年职业病危害关键控制点和职业病防护方面存在的问题。方法采用职业卫生现场调查、现场检测法对该项目进行职业病危害防护情况分析。结果该项目职业病危害因素包括其他粉尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、正己烷、乙二醇、乙酸乙酯、乙酸丁酯、噪声。其中,印刷车间调墨岗位二甲苯时间加权平均浓度(C_(TWA))=78.3 mg/m~3、印刷岗位二甲苯C_(TWA)=101.3 mg/m~3,超过国家职业卫生标准限值。缝纫车间、印刷车间通风不佳。劳动者个体防护用品佩戴情况不佳。结论车间调墨岗位、印刷岗位为职业病危害关键控制点。该项目属于职业病危害较重的项目。重点岗位防毒措施欠缺,需尽快整改。     

某企业乙烯装置作业场所职业病危害调查

目的 通过全面了解某企业乙烯装置的职业卫生现状,确定职业卫生管理工作的重点,为进一步减少作业现场职业病危害、加强职业卫生管理工作、减轻作业人员职业病危害接触提供科学依据.方法 对该企业乙烯装置在目前运行状态下进行职业卫生学调查,详细了解作业流程、职业病危害因素分布、作业人员接触情况、职业病防护设施、个人防护用品使用、职业卫生管理等情况.对工人作业过程中接触的毒物、噪声进行检测,并结合职业健康检查结果进行职业卫生分析和评价.结果 乙烯装置的作业场所职业病危害因素检测结果显示,苯、甲苯、二甲苯、溶剂汽油、硫化氢浓度较低,符合国家职业卫生标准;作业场所高噪声区域主要集中在压缩机、各生产单元大型机泵,噪声检测点37个,超过标准85 dB(A)的检测点达20个,老区分离压缩机岗位接触噪声较高,8h连续等效A声级结果为88.0 dB(A).结论 该企业应将噪声作为职业病防治工作重点,并要注重改进作业现场职业卫生防护设施及加强个体防护用品佩戴管理,同时完善职业病危害因素检测、职业性健康检查、职业卫生评价和防护工作.     

某钢铁企业原辅料运输生产项目职业病危害现状调查及评价

[目的]识别、分析某钢铁企业原辅料运输生产项目职业病危害因素,对其职业病危害现状进行评价。[方法]按照相关国家标准及规范,运用职业卫生现场调查、检查表、职业卫生检测及工程分析等方法分析该项目的职业病危害因素及其防护效果。[结果]本项目作业现场存在的职业病危害因素主要包括粉尘、一氧化碳、噪声及高温。其中12个岗位的粉尘和3个岗位的噪声测定结果不符合国家职业接触限值的要求,超标率分别为44%和50%;焙烧作业区一辅料岗的高温测定值不符合国家职业接触限值的要求;职业病危害警示标识内容不全,缺少相关职业病危害因素的危害、预防及应急救治措施等内容。职业健康体检未覆盖所有接触职业病危害的工人。[结论]该钢铁企业原辅料运输生产项目需进一步加强职业危害个体防护措施,完善职业卫生管理制度和职业病防护设施,并确保各项制度和设施的运行正常,有效控制职业病危害因素。     

周口市某化工厂职业病危害因素现状调查

[目的]了解某化工厂职业病危害因素状况,对超标岗位或工种提出控制措施。[方法]2010年9月对某化工厂生产岗位或工种存在的职业病危害因素进行现场调查和检测。[结果]制糖车间谷物制粉岗位、乳酸钙粉碎车间粉碎岗位、精制车间乳酸钙粉碎岗位、钙粉房加钙位作业工人接触粉尘总尘浓度不符合国家职业卫生限值标准要求;对30个岗位或工种进行噪声检测,最大声强101.0 dB(A),最小声强78.0 dB(A),平均87.2 dB(A),其中21个岗位或工种不合格,合格率为30.0%。[结论]某化工厂作业岗位或工种接触粉尘和噪声危害因素合格率较低,应该改善作业环境,加强个人防护,保护劳动者健康。     

成都某电子元件制造企业职业病危害现况评价

目的 了解分析成都某电子元件制造企业职业病危害因素并进行现况评价.方法 采用现场调查法、检查表法、检测检验法等.结果 该企业电镀岗位的化学性职业危害因素和17个岗位的噪声超过国家职业接触限值,其余18个岗位的噪声、样品加工间的氩弧焊紫外辐射强度、6台X射线分析仪操作岗位的激光辐射度和X射线剂量率等均在国家职业接触限制内;该企业职业病防护措施、应急救援措施、职业病防护用品、辅助卫生用室和职业卫生管理均符合国家要求.结论 该企业为职业病危害严重企业,其职业卫生状况基本达到国家职业卫生标准,职业病危害防控措施基本有效,但还应加强和完善电镀、注塑、冲压、拌料等重点岗位和场所的职业病危害因素控制措施.     

某石油专用管企业职业病危害因素及其防治措施

目的识别、分析某石油专用管企业存在的职业病危害因素种类及危害程度,评价其采取的职业病危害防护措施,为企业控制作业场所职业病危害因素,保护劳动者健康和改进职业卫生管理提供科学依据。方法采用调查表法、现场调查法和职业病危害因素采样检测法对作业场所存在的职业病危害因素进行识别、检测和分析。结果该企业存在的主要职业病危害因素为粉尘、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、铬、噪声、高温、紫外辐射和x射线。经检测,1个电焊岗位的电焊烟尘浓度超标,其他化学性有害因素的浓度均低于职业接触限值;40个岗位的噪声检测结果中有23个岗位噪声强度超标,超标率为57．5％,其中超过90dB（A）的岗位达11个。结论该企业噪声危害较为严重,职业卫生防护设施和职业卫生管理仍需改进。因此,结合该企业现有情况提出有针对性的改进措施,以指导企业职业卫生管理工作。     

某粮油加工企业职业病危害调查分析

目的 了解某粮油加工企业生产过程中存在的职业病危害因素及其控制措施,为职业病防护提供科学依据。 方法 采用现场职业卫生调查、职业卫生检测和职业健康检查法对职业病危害进行调查分析。 结果 该企业生产过程中产生的主要职业病危害因素为正己烷、石蜡烟、噪声、谷物粉尘和高温。现场检测结果显示各车间岗位接触化学物浓度和高温强度均符合国家职业接触限值的要求,但豆粕包装车间工人接触谷物粉尘浓度、预处理车间巡检岗位和车间控制室噪声强度均超过国家标准,且近3年预处理车间巡检岗有3例检出纯音听阈测试高频段双耳平均听阈>40 dB。 结论 粮油加工企业噪声和粉尘危害不容忽视,应采取切实可行的防护设施和措施,保护劳动者的健康。     

某面粉企业扩建项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的对漯河市某面粉企业制粉车间扩建项目职业病危害因素进行识别,分析其危害程度及对劳动者健康的影响,提出职业卫生补充措施。方法按照生产工艺划分评价单元,采用工程分析、职业卫生现场调查与职业卫生检测相结合的方法进行评价。结果该项目工作场所主要存在谷物粉尘、其他粉尘、噪声等职业病危害因素。粉尘检测结果除中控员接触粉尘的浓度符合国家标准外,其他岗位接触的粉尘浓度超过国家职业接触限值。噪声检测结果除麦间巡视工、粉间巡视工和车间班长超过国家标准外,其他噪声作业人员接触的噪声强度符合国家职业接触限值。结论该企业粉尘和噪声超标区域较多,工程和个体防护措施不完全符合要求,企业需加强职业病危害防治工作。     

临汾市尧都区某V法铸造厂建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的明确临汾市尧都区V法铸造厂建设项目产生的职业病危害因素,为制定职业病防护措施提供依据。方法根据国家有关职业卫生标准,采取职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法对建设项目进行评价。结果该项目存在的职业病危害因素包括噪声、粉尘、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫等。其中7.1%的工作岗位噪声超限,其余职业病危害因素均符合国家标准限值。结论该企业存在的职业病危害因素有噪声、物理因素和化学因素,职业病危害防护措施基本可行,有效。超限岗位应严格佩戴个人防护用品。     

某建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价结果分析及对策

[目的]通过对建设项目职业病危害防护措施及其效果进行评价,从而为建设单位进一步制定职业病防治对策提供参考. [方法]采用职业卫生现场调查、检测、职业健康检查、检查表等方法,对其职业病危害控制效果进行定性、定量分析和全面评价. [结果]该建设项目的选址、总平面布置、职业病防护措施、建筑卫生学、卫生辅助设施及个人防护用品、应急救援措施、职业卫生专项经费概算等基本符合卫生学要求,作业场所产生的职业病危害因素经检测:除个别噪声超标外,其余大部分噪声及毒物低于职业卫生接触限值. [结论]该建设项目职业病危害预防措施合理有效,只要严格实施职业病危害防护措施,该项目投产后能达到预防职业病危害的预期效果.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.