成人608例肾活检临床病理分析

目的探讨肾脏疾病的病理类型与临床表现间关系。方法分析608例成人肾活检资料。结果608例中原发性肾小球肾炎(PGN)占79.6%,病理类型以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎(M sPGN)居多,临床表现最常见的为肾病综合征(NS)。结论肾活检病理对肾脏疾病的诊断、治疗及评估预后有重要意义。     

268例原发性肾小球疾病的临床病理分析

为了解原发性肾小球疾病的病理类型。对268例原发性肾小球疾病进性肾活检，分析其性别、年龄、病理类型与临床表现。结果表明，原发性肾小球疾病以青壮年男性为多见，病理类型以IgA肾病和系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最多，分别占32．8％、24．6％。临床表现以肾病综合征和慢性肾小球肾炎为主。     

昆明地区157例肾脏疾病患者的病理与临床表现

目的 探讨昆明地区肾活检患者的病理类型与临床表现的相互关系.方法 回顾分析2008年1月～2010年1月间因肾脏疾病住院行肾活检的患者的临床病理特点.结果 157例肾脏疾病中,原发性肾小球疾病有133例（84.7%）、小管间质疾病4例（2.5%）、继发性肾脏病20例（12.7%）,原发性肾小球疾病中系膜增生性肾炎占41.4%,IgA肾病占18%;继发性肾小球肾炎中狼疮性肾炎占5.1%;小管间质疾病中慢性间质性肾炎占75%.本组患者最常见的临床表现为蛋白尿血尿,各种病理类型与临床表现间有联系.结论 本组资料显示原发性肾小球疾病仍为我国最常见的肾脏疾病,其中以系膜增生性肾炎和IgA肾病最常见;小管间质疾病发病率有增高趋势,继发性肾脏病以狼疮性肾炎最常见,其它特殊肾脏病（如薄基膜肾病）逐年检出增加.     

1 245例肾活检病理资料总结与分析

[目的]探讨1 245例肾活检资料的流行病学特点及病理类型分布特征. [方法]回顾性分析2002年1月至2008年8月20日1 245例肾脏疾病经皮肾活检的病理类型. [结果]1 245例肾脏疾病患者行肾活检时的年龄范围为9～73岁,男506例,女739例.原发性肾小球疾病占82.81%,继发性肾小球疾病占13.65%,小管间质疾病占1.12%.遗传性及先天性疾病占0.40%,移植肾占1.69%,其中1例合并病毒感染,未确定诊断0.32%.原发性肾小球疾病以系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最为常见,占43.45%,其次分别为IgA肾病32.69%,微小病变性肾病12.03%,局灶节段性肾小球硬化5.14%,特发性膜性肾病2.62%,新月体肾炎0.97%,毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎0.78%.继发性肾损害包括:①全身性疾病所致的肾损害:最常见的继发肾脏病是狼疮性肾炎62.94%,其余依次紫癜性肾炎7.65%,血管炎4.71%,妊娠相关性肾损害3.53%;②代谢性疾病所致的肾肾损害:糖尿病肾病8.24%;③血管疾病所致肾脏疾病:肾动脉硬化和恶性高血压2.94%,血栓性微血管病0.59%;④感染性疾病肾损害:乙肝病毒相关性肾损害5.89%.病理类型为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎的患者中,临床表现为肾病综合征130例,单纯血尿176例,慢性肾小球肾炎142例,其中46例24 h 尿蛋白≥1 g/d,96例24 h尿蛋白<1 g/d. [结论]①原发性肾小球疾病仍为最常见的肾小球疾病,其中为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎最为常见,IgA肾病次之.②IgA肾病发病率呈逐年上升趋势.③继发性肾脏病逐渐增多,继发性肾脏疾病中仍以狼疮性肾炎最为多见.     

肾病综合征的有关病理类型

肾病综合征(NS)依据病因可区分为原发性和继发性两大类。原发性NS 的病理类型主要有微小病变肾病,系膜增殖性肾炎、膜性肾病、膜增殖性肾炎和局灶性节段性肾小球硬化。其它较少见的病理类型为毛细血管内增殖性肾炎和新月体肾炎,此两种病理类型的临床表现主要为急性肾炎综合征,但有时可伴有肾病综合征。我国     

成人肾小球疾病199例临床病理分析

目的：探讨成人肾小球疾病的病理类型及其特点。方法：回顾性分析199例成人肾小球疾病患者的年龄性别分布、肾脏病理类型及其与临床表现的关系。结果：199例患者中，原发性肾小球疾病占72．9％，继发性肾小球疾病占27．1％；原发性肾小球疾病病理类型以IgA肾病（IgAN）为主，占34．5％，膜性肾病（MN）占11．0％，微小病变（MCD）占5．5％．系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（MsPGN）占29．7％，毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎（EnPGN）占2．8％，局灶增生性肾小球肾炎（FPGN）占5．5％．增生硬化性肾小球肾炎占（PSGN）3．4％，新月体肾小球肾炎占（CreGN）1．4％，局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）占4．1％。继发性肾小球肾炎中以狼疮性肾炎（LN）为主，占59．3％，乙型肝炎相关性肾炎占9．3％．过敏性紫癜肾炎占22．2％．多发性骨髓瘤占1．9％，肾淀粉样变占3．7％，糖尿病肾病占3．7％。临床表现无症状尿检异常占18．6％．肾病综合征占40．7％，急性肾衰竭占1．5％，慢性肾衰竭占4．5％，急进性肾炎占1-5％，肾炎综合征占33．2％。结论：原发性肾小球疾病是成人最常见肾小球疾病，以IgAN为主，高发年龄在青壮年，继发性肾小球疾病中以LN多见，女性多发，其他继发性肾小球疾病逐渐增多。     

352例肾活检病理及临床分析

目的了解肾小球疾病临床与病理之间的联系，认识肾活检在肾脏病诊治中的地位。方法对352例肾活检进行光镜、免疫组化、部分进行电镜检查，结合临床特点归类，分为无症状血尿和（或）蛋白尿、肾病综合征、肾炎综合征、急性肾功能衰竭、继发性肾病组，进行比较分析。结果在352例肾活检病理中，原发性肾小球疾病248例（70.5%），继发性肾小球疾病96例（27.2%），小管-间质病变8例（2.3%）。原发性肾小球疾病病理类型以IgA肾病（IgAN）为主，占39.5%。继发性肾小球疾病中以狼疮性肾炎（LN）为主占41.7%。结论肾活检对肾脏病的诊断、指导治疗及判断预后均有非常重要的作用。     

单纯性血尿和（或）轻度蛋白尿临床病理类型分析

目的探讨单纯性血尿和（或）轻度蛋白尿患者病理及临床相关性分析，并分析其危险因素。方法对108例单纯性血尿和（或）轻度蛋白尿患者的肾活检病理资料进行相关分析。结果病理上轻度非IgA系膜增生性肾炎15例，肾小球轻微病变38例，局灶节段增生性肾炎8例（其中3例有部分肾小球硬化，1例为局灶节段性坏死），IgA肾炎47例。其中22例病理损伤偏重（Haas分级Ⅱ级及以上），血尿合并蛋白尿为病理损伤偏重的危险因素。结论肾脏病变有时与临床表现并不相符，对患者尽可能进行肾活检，对病理损伤重的应及时干预治疗。     

5000例肾脏疾病患者肾组织活检临床病理资料分析

目的明确因肾脏疾病行经皮肾组织活检患者的病理分型构成及其与临床分型的关系。方法参照WHO（1982年及1995年）肾小球疾病组织学分型修订方案以及2001年我国的肾脏病理诊断标准修正方案，回顾性分析1981年1月～2007年3月的5000例肾活检患者的临床资料、实验室检查结果、免疫病理及超微病理的改变特点，最后与临床医师共同探讨明确诊断，总结5000例肾活检患者的病理结果。结果患者行。肾活检时年龄为4～86岁，平均年龄为（35．5±11.4）岁，男女之比为1．95：1。原发性肾小球疾病是最常见的肾脏疾病（77．40％），其病理类型中最多见者为系膜增生性肾小球肾炎（42．14％），其次为IgA肾病（26．18％）。继发性肾小球疾病占肾脏疾病的19．44％，其病理类型中最多见者为狼疮性肾炎（33．74％），其次为紫癜性肾炎（32．20％），再次为乙肝病毒相关性肾炎限02％）。结论本分析资料显示肾脏疾病多见于青壮年男性，以原发性肾小球疾病最常见，其中系膜增生性肾小球。肾炎是最常见的病理类型，其次为IgA肾病。继发性肾小球疾病以狼疮性肾炎和紫癜性肾炎多见。     

15例淀粉样变性肾病的临床病理分析

目的 分析肾淀粉样变的临床病理特点,提高诊断水平.方法 对15例肾淀粉样变患者的临床病理资料进行回顾性分析.结果 15例中老年患者主要临床表现为肾病综合征,肾活检组织光镜示肾小球、肾动脉壁淀粉样蛋白沉积;6例伴间质淀粉样蛋白沉积.1例为继发性肾淀粉样变（AA型）,14例为原发性肾淀粉样变（AL型）,其中1例为多发性骨髓瘤（MM）伴发,1例合并IgA肾病.结论 15例均以肾小球、血管损害为主,伴不同程度的小管间质病变.     

The incidence of renal diseases as diagnosed by biopsy in Hungary

AIM AND METHODS: The authors analysed the incidence of renal diseases as diagnosed by biopsy in the population living on the southern Great Hungarian Plain. 798 biopsy specimens were examined between 1990 and 2002. RESULTS: The most common diseases in decreasing order of frequency were IgA nephropathy (15%), membranous nephropathy (12%), thin-basement-membrane nephropathy (8%), minimal change nephropathy (7%), lupus glomerulonephritis (7%), focal sclerosis (6%), hypertensive kidney disease and arteriolosclerosis (5%), diabetic nephropathy (5%), and crescentic glomerulonephritis (4%). The most frequent diseases in decreasing order of frequency in children were minimal change nephropathy, thin-basement-membrane nephropathy, Henoch-Sch?nlein nephropathy and IgA nephropathy; in adults were IgA nephropathy, membranous nephropathy, lupus glomerulonephritis and thin-basement-membrane nephropathy; and in the elderly were membranous nephropathy, amyloidosis, crescentic glomerulonephritis and diabetic nephropathy. The incidence of the diseases differed significantly between the genders in IgA nephropathy, thin-basement-membrane nephropathy, lupus glomerulonephritis, chronic sclerosing nephropathy and Alport nephropathy. At the time of the biopsy, 69 patients were suffering from diabetes mellitus. 37 patients were diagnosed as having diabetic nephropathy, and 32 as having non-diabetic nephropathy. In 6 cases, the diabetic nephropathy was accompanied by other glomerular disorders. In more than half of the diabetic patients with non-diabetic nephropathy, membranous nephropathy or focal sclerosis was diagnosed. Crescentic glomerulonephritis was diagnosed on 30 occasions, which was due to vasculitis in 20 cases, proliferative glomerulonephritis in 7 cases and anti-glomerular-basement-membrane nephritis in 3 cases. In the middle-aged and the elderly, the renal disease was relatively often a consequence of systemic disease. CONCLUSION: The incidence and the gender distribution of renal diseases diagnosed by biopsy were similar to those reported by other European kidney biopsy centres. IgA nephropathy was the most frequent disease in the biopsy registry of the authors. The high incidence of thin-basement-membrane nephropathy seems to be related to consequent biopsy examinations of glomerular haematuria. In diabetics and the elderly, the diagnosis of the renal disease may be challenging.     

Renal biopsy findings in diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetic patients with endstage renal disease is increased overall the word. Renal biopsy is sometimes necessary to precise the type of renal damage. AIM: To precise the type and the frequency of non diabetic nephropathy in diabetic patients. METHODS: We enrolled retrospectively during 17 years, 72 diabetic patients who had a renal biopsy. RESULTS: A non diabetic nephropathy was found in 69.5 % of them. Its presence was correlate to the presence of hematuria and the absence of diabetic retinopathy. We can successfully treated nine patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome and one patient with crescentic glomerulonephritis. CONCLUSION: Renal biopsy must be done in diabetic patient with hematuria or in the absence of diabetic retinopathy.     

中医药治疗糖尿病肾病临床研究进展

糖尿病肾病（diabetic nephropathy,DN）是糖尿病患者常见的并发症之一,目前已成为仅次于各种肾小球肾炎导致终末期肾脏病的第二位原因,而据欧美及日本的统计资料表明,目前DN已跃升为终末期肾病的首位原因,占35％左右.而且本病的发病机制复杂,治疗起来更加困难,相关资料表明中医药在治疗本病方面有较为显著的优势.因此本文将从病因病机及各种治疗经验等方面来对中医药在治疗糖尿病肾病方面的临床研究进展进行综述.     

Immunopathology of nephritis in Africa

Clinicians have long suspected a relationship between malaria and nephritis in Africa. The results of tests made several years ago suggested that the relationship might be an immunological one. This memorandum discusses clinical, epidemiological, morphological, and immunopathological aspects of malaria-associated nephropathy, will special emphasis on immunological investigations. Immunofluorescence studies on renal biopsies from patients with the nephrotic syndrome and Plasmodium malariae parasitaemia have shown the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) deposits with certain complement components on glomerular basement membranes. IgG with anti-P. malariae specificity has been found in eluates of kidney tissue from such patients and P. malariae antigen was identified in the glomerular basement membrane by immunofluorescence studies. These observations support the view that the nephropathy associated with P. malariae infections is a form of immune complex nephritis initiated by circulating P. malariae antigens and anti-P. malariae antibodies. Additional support is obtained from electron microscope studies, which show that electron-dense material is associated with the glomerular basement membrane in certain diseases of the kidney in which immune complexes have been detected in glomeruli by immunofluorescence methods. The view that malarial nephritis is a form of immune complex disease should be useful in stimulating new approaches to the study of the pathogenesis of both the initiating and the perpetuating immunopathological lesion.     

维持性血液透析患者现况调查

目的：调查新疆巴州地区维持性血液透析患者的现状。方法：选择2012年1月在笔者所在医院血液净化中心行维持性血液透析的患者共109例,平均年龄（51．60±16．27）岁;男女比例2．1：1;汉族87例（79．82锄,维吾尔族21例（19．27％）,蒙古族1例（0．92%）。用调查表登记患者年龄、性别、民族、原发病、透析次数、血管通路及贫血、钙磷代谢、血压控制等发生．情况。结果：患者原发病因中,慢性肾小球肾炎占54．13％,糖尿病肾病占30．28％,每周透析2次者占49．42％;13．79％患者每周透析少于2次,每周3次者占43．68％;乙型肝炎、丙型肝炎患者分别占8．26％、5．75％;动静脉内瘘54．02％、永久性中心静脉插管40．23％。在肾陛贫血、肾f生骨病、高血压控制方面,肾性贫血纠正达标率36．78％,较去年上升7．37％。钙磷乘积〈55mg^2／dl^2者57例（65．52％）。血压小于150mmHg／90mmHg者74．71％。维持性血液透析患者最长已存活134个月。年度转归3例（2．75％）行肾移植;6例（6．9％）转至外院治疗;无改为腹膜透析治疗（PD）患者;年度透析患者死亡率11．93％。死亡患者中原发病最多为糖尿病肾病（84．62嘲。心血管及脑血管意外居死因之首,占30．77％。结论：新疆巴州地区血液透析患者以汉族为主,男性明显多于女性;糖尿病肾病比例较高,仍有超过半数患者透析不充分;永久性中心静脉插管比例较高;经济困难及健康宣教工作不到位是透析不充分的主要原因。     

Management of renal problems in Australian general practice

The BEACH program, a continuous national study of general practice activity in Australia, gives us an overview of consultations involving the management of renal problems. In this analysis, we have included renal failure, glomerulonephritis/nephrosis (all forms of nephritis and nephrotic syndrome), renal insufficiency, nephropathy (including diabetic and analgesic), and uraemia and nephrosclerosis grouped as 'other'. This synopsis provides a backdrop against which articles in this issue of Australian Family Physician can be further considered.     

Guidelines for Glomerulonephritis

There is a wide variety of disorders which affect the glomeruli, the basic filtering units of the kidney. Clinical diagnosis of specific glomerular diseases is difficult because the same glomerular disease can manifest in different ways and different glomerular disease can produce the same clinical manifestations. Several findings are common to many glomerular diseases. They include the findings of dysmorphic erythrocytes in the urinary sediment and the presence of large amounts of albuminuria. Renal function may be increased, normal or decreased. The various combination of these signs give rise to a number of distinct clinical syndromes, namely, asymptomatic proteinuria or haematuria, nephrotic syndrome, acute glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis and chronic glomerulonephritis.Renal biopsy is often required for a definitive diagnosis. Clinical features, such as severe or prolonged nephrosis, renal insufficiency or hypertension predict a high likelihood of progression to end-stage renal disease. The treatment of glomerulonephritis will depend on the aetiology and the clinical presentation. It may be considered in 2 broad categories: the specific treatment for the renal injury and the management of pathophysiological consequences of glomerular disease, such as fluid retention, hypertension, hyperkalaemia and uraemia.     

类风湿性关节炎肾损害的组织病理改变——附4例报告及文献复习

目的　探讨类风湿性关节炎 (RA)肾损害的组织病理学改变特点。方法　总结 4例RA肾损害的临床病理资料 ,并结合文献进行分析。结果　 4例均呈蛋白尿伴血尿 ,其中 3例肾功能不全 ,组织病理为IgA肾病 2例、节段系膜增生性肾炎及局灶节段性肾小球硬化各 1例 ,文献报道临床表现以蛋白尿、血尿为主 ,可呈肾病综合征或伴肾功能不全 ,病理类型以系膜增生性肾炎 (包括IgA肾病 )、膜性肾病和肾淀粉样变性多见。结论　类风湿性关节炎的组织病理学改变以系膜增生性肾炎最常见 ,临床表现多样化     

微小病变性肾病与局灶节段性肾小球硬化的分子生物学研究进展

微小病变肾病（MCD）和局灶节段性肾小球硬化（FSGS）为儿童期原发性肾病综合征（NS）的2种最常见病理学类型。目前仍采用肾穿刺活检术对MCD及FSGS进行鉴别诊断。研究表明,许多生物因子在MCD及FSGS的发生及发展中起着重要作用,并存在成为MCD或FSGS生物标志物的潜力。本文聚焦膜抗原CD80、脂质过氧化物、骨桥蛋白（OPN）、血管内皮生长因子受体（VEGFR）-2、半乳糖凝集素（galectin）、胰岛素样生长因子结合蛋白（IGFBP）、转化生长因子（TGF）-β1、微小核糖核酸（miRNA）及成纤维细胞特异蛋白（FSP）-1等生物因子在MCD和FSGS鉴别诊断中的研究进展,旨在提升临床对这2种原发性NS病理学类型的发病机制及诊疗的认识。