南充市社区流动人口艾滋病相关行为调查分析

目的 了解南充市社区流动人口艾滋病相关知识、态度以及危险行为,为制定针对这一人群的艾滋病防制措施提供依据. 方法 随机抽取5个城市社区,用自制问卷对社区内流动人口进行调查.用SPSS 12.0软件建立数据库并完成统计分析. 结果 共调查711名,其中男性317人(44.59%),女性394人(55.41%)人,平均年龄(31.6±8.9)岁.知道HIV经血液传播、性传播和母婴传播的调查对象比例分别为70.0%、69.1%和47.4%.电视、电影、录像是了解艾滋病知识的主要途径.58.2%的人与固定性伴发生性关系时从不使用安全套,与非固定性伴发生性关系时只有12.9%的人坚持使用安全套. 结论 社区流动人口艾滋病防治知识缺乏,安全性行为意识差,加强健康教育,提高流动人口预防HIV/AIDS的认知水平是当务之急.     

珠海市斗门区男性外来务工人员艾滋病认知程度及相关行为调查

目的掌握斗门区男性外来务工人员艾滋病知识及相关行为,为流动人口预防艾滋病健康教育与干预提供科学依据。方法按照《流动人口人群哨点监测(健康调查问卷)》一对一问卷调查,采集血清检测HIV抗体。结果调查823名男性外来务工人员,艾滋病传播途径知晓率为73.39%,非传播途径知晓率较低;近一年,与固定性伴发生性行为时,每次使用安全套的占18.51%,从未使用的占46.52%;与性服务人群发生过性行为的有41人,每次使用安全套的占51.22%,从未使用的占14.63%;与临时性伴发生过性行为的有135人,每次使用安全套的占44.44%,从未使用安全套的占16.30%。有10人曾有吸毒行为,1人注射吸毒,未与他人共用针具。未发现艾滋病病毒抗体阳性者。结论促进流动人口性观念转变和安全性行为的建立对于预防艾滋病尤为重要。     

新蔡县城区暗娼艾滋病相关知识及行为学调查分析

目的了解性服务者(CSW)艾滋病相关知识及行为学特征,为有效干预措施的制定提供科学依据。方法对目标人群进行匿名问卷调查和血清标本采集,调查目标人群的人口学状况、艾滋病相关知识、安全套的使用、是否吸毒、求医行为等。结果在被调查的172名暗娼中,20～29岁占73.84%,初中文化占52.33%,小学以下占30.23%。过去3个月与性伴发生性关系时安全套每次使用率占88.37%,最近一次安全套使用率占96.51%。61.63%的调查对象有固定性伴,其安全套使用率为43.40%,最近1个月与固定性伴发生性关系时每次都用安全套的占18.87%。未检出艾滋病病毒感染者。艾滋病相关知识平均知晓率93.75%。结论加大健康教育和行为干预力度,建立良好的行为和生活方式,扩大自愿咨询检测覆盖率,能有效遏制艾滋病/性病在暗娼人群中的传播。     

流动人口艾滋病防治知识和感染率调查

目的了解流动人口艾滋病防治知识水平、行为特征和感染情况,为建立流动人口艾滋病干预模式和实施干预计划提供科学依据。方法采取随机整群抽样的方法抽取渝中区和九龙坡区2个街道,对街道内居住的流动人口进行面对面的问卷调查及梅毒、人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)检测。采用SPSS 12.0软件进行统计分析。结果共调查流动人口2 047人,其中男性1 327人,女性720人,平均年龄(35.4±10.3)岁,其对艾滋病的3种传播途径认知水平较高,知晓率在70%左右,但对艾滋病的非传播途径和预防知识的知晓率低,分别在50%和40%左右。非婚性行为、吸毒和同性性行为的发生率较低,但发生性行为时安全套使用率低。其中梅毒感染率为0.6%,人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染率为0.15%。结论流动人口文化程度低,艾滋病防治知识缺乏,缺乏正确的就医和咨询意识,高危行为的存在和低安全套使用率,是造成艾滋病在该人群中的流行的原因之一。     

艾滋病高危人群相关知识与行为状况调查

[目的]了解艾滋病综合防治示范区内高危人群的艾滋病相关知识及行为状况,为进一步开展有针对性的行为干预提供依据。[方法]采用概率或非概率抽样法抽取示范区内既往有偿献血员、暗娼、吸毒者、性病门诊就诊者共计3 872人,使用结构化问卷,由受过统一培训的调查员进行单独面访。[结果]4类人群艾滋病知识总体知晓率均高于70%,但对主要传播途径、非传播途径和防治知识不同类别的知识回答正确率不同;电视等大众媒介是各类人群实际接受和期望获得知识的主要途径;高危人群每次使用安全套的频率均不高,如暗娼与非商业性固定性伴发生性关系时使用率仅7.8%;性病门诊就诊者与非婚性伴发生性关系时使用率仅3.8%。[结论]示范区内高危人群艾滋病相关知识知晓率较高,但对不同类别知识的掌握程度不同;电视是示范区各类人群获取知识的最主要来源;高危人群安全套使用率不高,应从单纯关注高危人群的知识了解转变为促进其行为改变。     

边远民族地区流动人口安全套使用及相关因素

目的了解边远民族地区流动人口商业性行为和临时性伴性行为中安全套使用情况,并分析相关因素。方法 2012年7-10月,按分阶段抽样方法,在贵州省兴义市、七星关区、威宁县流动人口就业集中的工厂、建筑工地、服务场所随机抽取流动人口进行安全套使用情况一对一面访匿名问卷调查。结果 144名发生商业性行为的流动人口中,近1年经常使用安全套占28.5%,近3次经常使用安全套占25.0%,近1次使用安全套占51.4%;151名发生临时性伴性行为的流动人口中,近1年经常使用安全套占11.9%,近3次经常使用安全套占21.2%,近1次使用安全套占48.3%。商业性行为近1年经常使用安全套与艾滋病血液传播知识、共用注射器传播知识、打算使用安全套、相信能使用安全套、购买安全套等因素相关(P0.05)。临时性伴性行为近1年经常使用安全套与艾滋病血液传播知识、共用注射器传播知识、艾滋病母婴传播知识、安全套减少传播知识、1个性伴减少传播知识、安全套使用知识、打算使用安全套、相信能使用安全套、购买安全套等因素相关(P0.05)。结论边远民族地区流动人口商业性行为和临时性伴性行为安全套使用率较低,与艾滋病传播知识知晓率、安全套认知率及可及性等因素有关。     

266名暗娼艾滋病防治知识、态度和高危行为特征分析

[目的]了解暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识水平、相关态度、行为特征和性病艾滋病感染率,为在该人群中开展有针对性的干预工作提供依据.[方法]由经过培训的访谈员和妇产科医生,在知情同意后对暗娼进行面对面的问卷调查、妇检和采样检测.[结果]共调查了266名暗娼,平均年龄(21.6±3.6)岁,文化程度以高中或中专为主,占技54.0%.她们对艾滋病传播途径、预防知识和高危人群的知晓率低,有50.0的认为性工作者不是高危人群,并且不认为她们有感染艾滋病的危险.39.1%的人在过去1周有2个以上的性伴,与客人发生性行为时每次都用安全套为24.8%.82.1%的人有固定性伴,与固定性伴发生性关系时每次都用安全套的仅占14.3%.3人有吸毒史.44.7%的人自述在过去1年中患过STD或生殖道炎症.共查出性病46人,性病患病率为17.3%.[结论]暗娼人群艾滋病防治知识知晓率低、性伴多、安全套使用率低和性病感染较高等因素将促进艾滋病在这一人群中的流行和蔓延,开展娱乐声所干预,提高她们的性病、艾滋病防治知识水平和自我保护意识,推广使用安全套,倡导安全性行为是预防和控制艾滋病在这一人群中流行和蔓延的重要措施.     

社区公共娱乐场所艾滋病高危人群安全套使用推广效果及影响因素研究

目的了解娱乐场所内艾滋病高危人群安全套推广使用的效果及其相关影响因素。方法采用多阶段、整群抽样方法选取1个社区,再从其中随机抽取8条街道,对所有娱乐场所内的从业人员进行有关艾滋病预防知识和安全套使用情况问卷调查。结果所有调查对象在对有关艾滋病经性、血液和母婴三个传播途径的知晓率分别为80.2%、86.9%和76.1%,最近半年每次性行为均使用安全套的比例为37.3%,与固定性伴发生性行为而不使用安全套占到27.3%。结论制定针对性策略并采取相应措施,长期开展宣传、干预工作,是提高娱乐场所女性服务者艾滋病相关知识水平及安全套使用率的重要手段。     

2010年遂宁市船山区静脉吸毒者性病艾滋病知识及行为调查

目的了解遂宁市船山区静脉吸毒者艾滋病防治现况,为对该人群实施干预提供依据。方法用全国统一的静脉吸毒者行为监测问卷,在社区以滚雪球方式抽取92名静脉吸毒者进行面对面问卷调查。调查问卷用Ep idata录入,SAS 9.1软件分析。结果静脉吸毒者对艾滋病知识知晓率为84.63%,对艾滋病预防措施知晓率为79.66%,静脉吸毒者获得艾滋病知识主要途径是电视和医务工作者,最近1次共用注射器率为1.09%;最近6个月共用注射器率为5.43%,最近1次与固定性伴发生性关系未使用安全套的为73.33%,最近与非固定性伴发生过性关系未使用安全套的为70%;最近1次与客人或暗娼发生性关系未使用安全套的为60%。做过艾滋病自愿咨询检测并知道结果的为51.09%,最近1年接受过针具交换服务的为30.43%,接受过性病艾滋病咨询服务的为48.91%,接受过美沙酮服务的为86.96%。结论有必要进一步对船山区静脉吸毒者采取健康教育、针具交换、自愿咨询检测、美沙酮替代治疗、安全套促进等综合干预措施,从而降低静脉吸毒者感染艾滋病的风险。     

某省市区暗娼人群艾滋病健康教育核心信息干预效果评价

目的了解某省市区暗娼人群艾滋病健康教育核心信息干预效果,为开发暗娼人群艾滋病健康教育材料提供依据。方法采用方便抽样方法抽取浙江省3市暗娼人群504人,通过干预前后问卷调查,对艾滋病知识知晓率、艾滋病抗体检测和安全套使用等行为进行对照分析。结果开展干预后,暗娼人群艾滋病知识总知晓率由72.12%提高到90.08%,艾滋病抗体检测比例由52.3%增加到61.9%,最近一次与客人发生性关系使用安全套比例由77.43%增加到90.48%,与配偶或固定性伴发生性关系使用安全套的比例由52.72%增加到65.48%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。艾滋病知识来源主要是电视(64.0%)、免费宣传资料(59.9%)以及疾控中心和医院医生(54.5%,16.7%)。结论以《暗娼人群艾滋病健康教育核心信息》为内容开展干预,对提高暗娼人群艾滋病知晓水平、促进艾滋病抗体检测和安全套使用有积极意义。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.