2015年河北省耐药监测网肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测

目的了解河北省肠球菌属细菌的分布及耐药性,为医院感染控制提供可靠依据。方法收集2015年1月1日-12月31日河北省耐药监测网51所医院检出的肠球菌属细菌;采用仪器法进行菌株鉴定,Kirby-Bauer纸片法或仪器法进行药敏试验;采用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果河北省51所医院共分离肠球菌属细菌4 159株,其中屎肠球菌2 258株占54.3%,粪肠球菌1 575株占37.9%,鸟肠球菌95株占2.3%,鹑鸡肠球菌86株占2.1%,铅黄肠球菌64株占1.5%,鸽肠球菌51株占1.2%,其他菌30株占0.7%;粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率最低为0.9%,对红霉素耐药率最高为74.5%;屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为2.4%,对红霉素耐药率为87.7%;此外,分离自尿液标本和非尿液标本的肠球菌属耐药率有明显差异。结论临床肠球菌属感染以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,耐药现状严重,临床应结合具体药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

2种肠球菌致ICU和非ICU患者医院感染的耐药性比较分析

目的比较分析粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌致重症监护室(ICU)和非ICU患者医院感染的耐药特征,为临床合理选用抗菌药物提供依据。方法对2017年1月-2018年11月金华市中心医院ICU与非ICU分离出肠球菌的标本来源和药敏试验结果进行比较分析。结果 376株粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌主要来源于中段尿(64.0%),其次是胆汁和血液,分别占11.9%和5.9%。除四环素和利奈唑胺,粪肠球菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药率普遍低于屎肠球菌,2种肠球菌对红霉素的耐药率均较高。粪肠球菌从ICU分离株对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药率普遍高于非ICU分离株(P0.05)。屎肠球菌天然高度耐药,ICU与非ICU分离株对14种常用抗菌药物的耐药率差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌以泌尿系统感染为主,耐药情况严重,治疗肠球菌感染应根据菌种差异、标本来源ICU与非ICU、药敏试验结果选用抗菌药物。     

肠球菌属感染的临床分布及耐药性分析

目的了解肠球菌属在临床感染标本中的分布趋势及对抗菌药物的耐药性,为临床合理使用抗菌药物提供参考依据。方法应用全自动微生物分析仪(VITEK-2 COMPACT)鉴定到种,同时采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法进行药物敏感试验,试验结果采用WHONET5.5和SPSS 10.0软件进行统计分析。结果 383株肠球菌属中,屎肠球菌180株,占47.0%,粪肠球菌148株,占38.6%,铅黄肠球菌29株,占7.6%,鹑鸡肠球菌22株,占5.7%,其他肠球菌4株,占1.1%;感染标本主要为尿液,其次是分泌物及痰液,所占比例分别为32.9%、15.9%和14.9%;除对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药率较低外,对大多数常用抗菌药物的耐药率均>40.0%,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药谱明显不同。结论医院肠球菌属感染以屎肠球菌为主,粪肠球菌次之;以泌尿系统感染最为常见;多药耐药和高耐药现象相当严重,监测肠球菌属的耐药状况对指导临床治疗具有重要意义。     

湖州地区2001-2008年肠球菌属

目的 了解湖州地区肠球菌属的分布特征及8年耐药性的变迁,为临床治疗提供参考. 方法 回顾性分析2001-2008年湖州市3所三级医院临床标本分离的肠球菌属检出率、分布特点及药敏结果.结果 129 544份临床标本检出肠球菌属3692株,分离率为2.9%,菌种以粪肠球菌为主(54.9%),其次为屎肠球菌(40.7%);肠球菌属在各种临床标本中分布以尿液为主,痰液标本中肠球菌属的比例逐年增加;粪肠球菌对红霉素、利福平、四环素、环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星分别为82.4%、77.0%、73.0%、61.8%、50.2%,屎肠球菌分别为84.3%、76.7%、36.0%、77.5%、73.8%;肠球菌属对万古霉素和替考拉宁保持很好的敏感性. 结论 肠球菌属感染以粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌为主,由其引起的呼吸道系统感染在增加;肠球菌属总体耐药率较高,屎肠球菌耐药性高于粪肠球菌,临床治疗应根据分离株的耐药特点选择相应的治疗方案,以提高疗效.     

肝移植患者术后肠球菌属感染与体外药敏分析

目的 调查肝移植患者术后肠球菌属的感染状况,并对其耐药性进行体外药敏检测,为肠球菌属感染的治疗提供参考及指导.方法 采用法国生物梅里埃公司生产的VITEK32全自动细菌鉴定系统或常规生化法鉴定肠球菌属到种,用K-B纸片法监测其耐药率.结果 分离出的387株肠球菌属中以屎肠球菌的分离率最高,为73.9%,粪肠球菌分离率21.4%,居第2位,检出耐高浓度氨基糖苷类肠球菌(HLAR)346株,占89.4%,仅检出1株耐万古霉素肠球菌(VRE).结论 肝移植患者术后感染肠球菌属以屎肠球菌为主,其耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌,提示临床医师在治疗肝移植患者术后感染肠球菌时应根据分离株种类、耐药特点及药敏试验合理选用抗菌药物.     

676株肠球菌耐药性监测及万古霉素耐药基因研究

摘要:目的　探讨临床分离的肠球菌分布和耐药情况,以及耐万古霉素肠球菌（VRE）的基因型。方法　统计分析2013年1月-2014年3月,临床分离的肠球菌与药敏结果,VRE进一步用E-test药敏试验确认,PCR法检测VRE的耐药基因。结果　共分离出肠球菌属菌676株,以粪肠球菌354株（占52.4%）和屎肠球菌299株（占44.2%）为主;标本分布中以中段尿（占33.9%）、痰等呼吸道标本（占23.1%）和创面分泌物（占21.2%）为主;肠球菌属菌对万古霉素和替考拉宁仍极敏感,万古霉素耐药粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌检出率分别为0.3%、2.7%。粪肠球菌对氨苄西林、呋喃妥因、青霉素和磷霉素耐药率较低,分别为2.6%、6.0%、6.9%和8.2%,对左氧氟沙星和氯霉素耐药率＜30%;屎肠球菌耐药性明显高于粪肠球菌,对氨苄西林和青霉素的耐药率都超过95%,对左氧氟沙星、红霉素和利福平的耐药率均在90%左右,但对氯霉素的耐药率明显低于粪肠球菌,仅为5.1%。检出9株VRE,其基因型均为VanA。结论 已发现9株VRE,应该加强医院感染控制,防止VRE的暴发流行。     

282株肠球菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的了解临床感染肠球菌的分布及耐药特点.方法用VITEK-60微生物鉴定和药敏分析系统对从临床标本中分离的282株肠球菌进行鉴定和药敏试验,用头孢硝噻吩检测菌株的β-内酰胺酶.结果282株肠球菌中,屎肠球菌占42.2%,粪肠球菌占39.0%,其他肠球菌占18.8%;分离率较高的标本依次为尿液、痰液、粪便和胆汁,分别占38.7%、17.0%、15.6%和12.8%;肠球菌对抗菌药物的耐药性存在明显的种间差异,屎肠球菌和酪黄肠球菌的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌和鸟肠球菌;共检出β-内酰胺酶阳性株2株,占0.7%,万古霉素中介和耐药菌株各占3.5%和3.9%,且90.5%的菌株分离自胆汁和大便标本.结论肠球菌可引起临床各类感染,多重耐药肠球菌分离率及万古霉素敏感性降低菌株不断出现,应引起临床重视.     

肠球菌的体外耐药监测

目的了解肠球菌属耐药状况,指导临床合理用药.方法对临床标本中分离出的148株肠球菌属用K-B法进行药敏试验,并将结果进行统计分析. 结果 148株中粪肠球菌占81.8%,屎肠球菌占9.5%,耐久肠球菌占8.8%;耐药结果显示:除四环素和万古霉素外,屎肠球菌对其他8种抗菌药物的耐药率明显高于粪肠球菌;氨基糖苷类高耐株的耐药率明显高于非高耐株. 结论为合理使用抗菌药物,预防耐万古霉素肠球菌的产生与流行,应注重对肠球菌属进行标准化检测.     

粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药特征

目的了解粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌在临床标本中的分布及对常用抗菌药物的耐药性,比较不同标本中两种肠球菌的耐药性,为临床治疗提供参考。方法常规法进行菌种鉴定,纸片扩散法进行药物敏感试验。结果420株肠球菌属,来源于尿液、脓液分泌物、痰液,分别占43%、20%、14%位居各类标本中的前3位,粪肠球菌对青霉素、氨苄西林和哌拉西林/他唑巴坦的耐药率分别为23.0%、17.6%和21.2%,明显低于屎肠球菌对这3种抗菌药物的耐药率(90.0%、87.0%和87.7%),而屎肠球菌对氯霉素和四环素的耐药率分别为7.9%和24.6%,明显低于粪肠球菌对这两种抗菌药物的耐药率(43.8%和74.4%),两种肠球菌中,未发现万古霉素耐药株;尿液标本中粪肠球菌对呋喃妥因的耐药率明显低于屎肠球菌。结论临床标本中,肠球菌属在尿液中的分布最高;粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌的耐药谱明显不同,在治疗时,应根据不同的菌种选择用药,由于肠球菌属对万古霉素的耐药率极低,在重症感染时,可选用万古霉素进行治疗。     

243株肠球菌属临床分离株分布及抗菌药物敏感性分析

目的统计与分析海军总医院2008-2010年分离的肠球菌属对抗菌药物敏感试验结果,了解肠球菌属在临床各病区的分布情况以及抗菌药物敏感性,从而为肠球菌属的合理用药提供科学依据。方法按常规方法进行肠球菌属的分离培养与鉴定;用VITEK-32细菌鉴定仪进行菌株的鉴定;用K-B法进行抗菌药物药物敏感性试验,Bio-Mic药敏分析仪进行药物敏感性测定;用Whonet5.4软件进行药敏结果的统计和分析。结果 2008-2010年海军总医院共分离出243株肠球菌属,其中屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌、铅黄肠球菌、鹑鸡肠球菌、鸟肠球菌、耐久肠球菌、海氏肠球菌分别占56.0%、28.8%、7.0%、4.1%、2.1%、1.6%、0.4%,分离率占前3位的标本类型依次为尿液、分泌物和血液,共206株,占84.8%;尿路感染中以粪肠球菌为主,其次是屎肠球菌和铅黄肠球菌,屎肠球菌和铅黄肠球菌耐药率更高;检出率占前3位的科室分别为ICU、泌尿外科和呼吸内科;屎肠球菌耐药性高于粪肠球菌,对屎肠球菌耐药率最高的前3位抗菌药物分别是氨苄西林、青霉素和红霉素,耐药率分别为100.0%、97.1%和93.4%;对粪肠球菌耐药率最高的前3位抗菌药物分别是红霉素、四环素和左氧氟沙星,耐药率分别是80.0%、42.9%和38.6%。结论海军总医院分离的肠球菌属以屎肠球菌为主,肠球菌属间耐药性存在较大差异,治疗时应根据耐药特点及耐药性差异选择相应的药物,目前万古霉素仍然是治疗肠球菌属感染的有效药物。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Empathic processes: perception by medical students of patients'' anxiety and depression

Perceptions by medical students of patients' affective states were investigated, and the effect of the students' own emotions on such perceptions. One hundred and one fourth-year medical students rated the levels of anxiety and depression of three women patients presented on videotape, rated their own levels of anxiety and depression and completed a questionnaire on aspects of the rating process. Students had widely different and often inappropriate perceptions of patients' levels of anxiety and depression. Students who consistently overrated anxiety or depression in patients, compared to those who consistently underrated, were themselves significantly more anxious or depressed. These data suggest a need in medical education for systematic teaching of empathic skills and for recognition of potential bias in clinical decision-making arising from the clinician's own emotional state.