高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中的金橙Ⅱ和苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ

[目的]建立同时测定食品中的金橙Ⅱ和苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)。[方法]食品中的金橙Ⅱ和苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ经乙醇提取后用反相高效液相色谱—二极管阵列检测器(DAD)测定。[结果]该方法中的5种色素均能实现有效分离,并在0.2～1 000μg/ml范围呈良好的线性关系;相对标准差小于5%;平均回收率为:金橙Ⅱ76.5%～116.0%,苏丹红Ⅰ85.9%～114.8%,苏丹红Ⅱ90.3%～116.7%,苏丹红Ⅲ78.1%～114.7%,苏丹红Ⅳ79.5%～117.0%;最低检出浓度为:金橙Ⅱ0.04 mg/kg,苏丹红Ⅰ0.04 mg/kg,苏丹红Ⅱ0.07 mg/kg,苏丹红Ⅲ0.05 mg/kg,苏丹红Ⅳ0.08 mg/kg。[结论]该方法能有效去除其他组分的干扰,并具有很高的精密度和准确度,能同时测定食品中的金橙Ⅱ和苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ5种禁用色素。     

液-质联用法同时测定食品中罗丹明B和苏丹红染料

目的:建立同时测定食品中非法添加的罗丹明B和苏丹红工业染料的液相色谱-串联离子阱质谱法。方法:样品经正己烷提取、中性氧化铝固相萃取柱净化后,以甲醇(A)和1%甲酸(B)为流动相经BioBasic-18 PIONEER柱(150 mm×2.1 mm,5μm)梯度洗脱分离,串联离子阱质谱在电喷雾电离正离子(ESI+)-全扫描(full)-二级质谱(MS/MS)模式下测定罗丹明B和苏丹红含量。结果:方法的线性范围:罗丹明B0 ng/ml～20 ng/ml,苏丹红0 ng/ml～100 ng/ml,r≥0.992。方法的定性检出限为:罗丹明B与苏丹红I、II、III、IV分别为0.1μg/kg、0.5μg/kg、5.0μg/kg、2.0μg/kg、2.0μg/kg。罗丹明B与苏丹红在3种基质高、低两个浓度水平的加标回收率85.2%～109.5%,精密度<20%。结论:本方法灵敏、准确,可用于食品中罗丹明B和苏丹红等非法添加的工业染料的同时测定及确证。     

辣椒制品中苏丹红1的极谱法快速测定

目的建立单扫描极谱法测定辣椒制品中苏丹红I。方法用硼砂介质,二阶导数极谱波定量测定苏丹红I。结果苏丹红Ⅰ含量在1.0～10μg之间线性关系良好,相关系数r=0.9993。最低检出量为0.25μg,平均相对标准偏差(RSD)为6.3%～7.7%(n=5),加标回收率为88.5%～95.1%。结论本法快速,简便,准确、灵敏。适用于辣椒制品中苏丹红I的测定。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定痕量苏丹红I

目的:建立了反相高效液相色谱法测定痕量苏丹红I的新方法。方法:以四氢呋喃-酸性水溶液为流动相,紫外检测器测定。结果:在0.20~100.00μg/ml浓度范围内色谱峰面积与苏丹红I的浓度有良好的线性关系,回归方程为A=5.7414C+0.565,相关系数r=0.9997,检出限为82 ng/ml,测定下限为0.20μg/ml,RSD为0.48%~4.34%(m=6,n=11),加标回收率为98.07%~99.85%。结论:实验在国标法的基础上改进了样品处理方法和流动相,样品处理简单,流动相简单且毒性小,线性范围广,准确性好,灵敏度高,应用于辣椒粉样品中苏丹红I的检测,结果准确。     

碘-四氯化碳萃取光度法间接测定食品及水中痕量铜

[目的]探讨用碘四氯化碳萃取光度法间接测定食品及水中痕量铜。[方法]在pH=3.0～4.0的介质中,Cu2 氧化I-定量析出I2(2Cu2 4I-=Cu2I2↓ I2),碘四氯化碳萃取光度法间接测定食品或水中的痕量铜。[结果]铜浓度在5.0～25.0μg/ml范围内,符合比耳定律,其摩尔吸光度系数为ε=9.0×104,检出限为5.0μg/ml。[结论]通过方法的回收率试验以及其它测定方法进行比较,得到了较为满意的结果。     

RP-HPLC同时测定辣椒油中苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ

目的:采用RP-HPLC法建立辣椒油中苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ含量的测定方法。方法:辣椒油样品经提取、净化后,以所选流动相梯度洗脱,在波长480 nm(苏丹红Ⅰ)和520 nm(苏丹红Ⅱ,苏丹红Ⅲ,苏丹红Ⅳ),柱温35℃,流速1.00 ml/min色谱条件下进行测定。结果:苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ在0.32μg/ml～8.00μg/ml时具有良好的线性,相关系数均为0.9999;加标回收率在87.9%～100.5%,相对标准偏差在0.90%～2.07%;苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ的检出限分别为4.0μg/kg,5.0μg/kg,5.5μg/kg和4.5μg/kg。结论:该方法操作简单,准确性高,易于操作,能够满足实际检测的需要。     

免疫共振散射法测定奶粉中牛IgG

[目的]建立奶粉中IgG的免疫共振散射测定方法.[方法]取适量经0.45μm微孔滤膜过滤的奶粉水溶液于10 ml比色管中,依次加入0.5 ml pH 7.0的Tris-HC1缓冲溶液,0.5 ml 10 mg/ml PEG-2M溶液,0.6 ml的25μg/ml羊抗牛IgG溶液,纯水定容至5.0 ml,混匀后于37℃水浴中温育30 min,测定470 nm处的免疫共振散射光强度.[结果]牛IgG含量与免疫共振散射光强度在0～10μg/mll范围内线形良好(γ=0.999 9);样品测定的相对标准偏差在1.54%～5.27%之间;回收率在86.0%～99.2%之间.[结论]免疫共振散射法测定牛初乳奶粉中IgG方法简单、快速且准确,适用于初乳奶粉中牛IgG的测定.     

双份饭中铁、锌、钙的火焰原子吸收测定法

目的建立火焰原子吸收法测定双份饭中铁、锌、钙的方法。方法样品经馄合酸(硝酸+高氯酸=4+1)消解后,钙用20g/L的氧化镧溶液定容,铁、锌用纯水定容后直接测定。结果铁浓度在0.20～2.00μg/ml范围时,相关系数为0.9996,加标回收率为96.5%～102.7%,检出限(3σ)0.006μg/ml;锌浓度在0.10～1.50μg/ml范围时,相关系数为0.9997,加标同收率为95.0%～101.5%,检出限(3σ)0.004μg/ml;钙浓度在1.00～10.00μg/ml范同时,相关系数为0.9994,加标回收率为96.8%～103.6%,检出限(3σ)0.008μg/ml。结论该方法简便快捷,测定结果准确可靠,适合于双份饭分析。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定食品中苏丹红1、2、3、4的方法研究

目的：高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中苏丹红1、2、3、4。方法：色谱柱为C18柱，以0．1％醋酸水溶液和乙腈为流动相梯度洗脱，流速1．0mL／min，紫外-可见光二级管阵列检测器。结果：该方法苏丹红的线性范围均为0．5～20μg／ml，相关系数均为0．999以上(n=5)；最低检出限为0．02μg／ml；回收率均为97．6％～104％。结论：该方法操作简便，是食品中苏丹红的快速而准确的检测方法。     

高效液相色谱法测定化妆品中苏丹红染料的方法研究

目的高效液相色谱法同时测定化妆品中苏丹红染料Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的含量.方法采用C18色谱柱(150mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈水=9010,流速为1.0 ml/min,检测波长为500 nm.结果该方法线性范围在0.5～10μg/ml,相关系数0.999,最低检出限分别为0.04、0.06、0.03、0.03μg/ml,精密度及回收率均符合要求.结论该方法能够快速准确测定化妆品中苏丹红染料Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.