建立群体免疫屏障控制甲型肝炎流行的效果研究

目的 大面积接种甲型肝炎(甲肝)疫苗，建立群体免疫屏障，控制甲肝周期性流行效果评价。方法 对甲肝易感人群进行逐步免疫覆盖，并选择不同流行强度地区的人群进行抗—HAV IgG监测，分析评价甲肝疫苗累计接种率与人群免疫水平、甲肝发病率之间的相关性。结果 ①1993—2000年8年间累计接种甲肝疫苗1981805人份，累计接种率为34．15％，学龄前儿童、中小学生、15—45岁年龄组人群累计接种率分别为84．46％、82．23％、15．14％。2000年甲肝发病率仅为8．26／10万。②1998年人群抗—HAV IgG阳性率为74．24％，至2000年抗—HAV IgG阳性率达83．68％，其中2—4、6—8、13—15、20一、30—39岁年龄组的抗—HAV IgG阳性率已分别达到74．02％、68．49％、79．41％、85．71％、90．80％。③相关与回归分析，人群甲肝疫苗累计接种率与甲肝抗体阳性率存在正相关关系，r全市＝0．91，F=15．10，P＜0．03。结论 大面积接种甲肝疫苗后，人群甲肝抗体阳性率达到85％左右，有效地构筑了甲肝的群体免疫屏障，阻断了甲肝后续的周期性流行，甲肝发病率控制在历史最低水平。     

阜阳市甲型肝炎监测结果分析

目的了解阜阳市甲型肝炎的发病趋势和人群甲型肝炎疫苗免疫状况,为防治甲型肝炎提供科学依据。方法对甲型肝炎疫情资料及健康人群甲型肝炎免疫状况(甲肝疫苗接种率,抗-HAVIgG检测)进行调查及分析。结果自1990年以来,甲型肝炎的发病率基本上处于下降的趋势,无明显的发病高峰年。发病以0~14岁为多,其中5~9岁发病率最高(77.15/10万)。抽查人群甲肝疫苗接种率为28.37%(246/867),其中15岁以下儿童接种率为57.98%(189/326);761名健康人群抗-HAVIgG阳性率81.21%。在小于15岁的人群中有甲肝疫苗接种史的抗-HAVIgG的阳性率为94.52%(138/146),明显高于无免疫接种史的人群(55.37%,67/121)(2χ=56.88,P<0.01)。在无甲肝疫苗接种史的人群中,抗-HAVIgG阳性率随年龄而上升,20岁以上人群的阳性率几乎都在90%以上。结论加强15岁以下儿童甲型肝炎疫苗的免疫接种,是控制甲肝发生与流行的重要措施。     

浙江省甲型肝炎疫苗免疫对象的选择

:为探讨甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )疫苗接种的合适年龄 ,对浙江省甲肝疫情、人群甲肝抗体水平进行了系统分析 ,结果表明 :浙江省甲肝发病年龄 4岁为高峰 ,人群甲肝抗体阳性率小年龄组较低 ,1～ 6岁阳性率 <5 0 %。目前开展甲肝疫苗免疫接种的对象以 3岁合适     

冻干甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗H2株的安全性和免疫原性研究

为观察H2 株冻干甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )减毒活疫苗接种人体后的安全性和免疫原性 ,选择广西壮族自治区蒙山县一小学学生 (年龄 7～ 12岁 ) 16 4人和浙江省台州市椒江区一幼儿园儿童 (年龄 3～ 6岁 ) 114人为接种对象 ,免疫前筛选抗甲肝病毒IgG抗体 (抗 HAV IgG)阴性 ,血清丙氨酸氨基转移酶 (SGPT)正常 ,无肝炎病史、症状和体征者 ,分别接种 2个批号的H2 株冻干甲肝活疫苗。观察接种疫苗后 30min ,8、2 4、4 8、72h的局部及全身反应 ,以后隔天记录体温及其它有关临床反应。接种疫苗后 1、2个月采静脉血测定SGPT及抗 HAV IgG ,同时长期随访检测免疫后13、2 4个月血清抗 HAV IgG水平。检测用酶免疫测定 (EIA)竞争抑制法 ,用世界卫生组织 (WHO)提供的标准品(含 10 0mIU/ml)进行标定。结果显示 :在整个观察期间 ,所有观察者未见中、强反应及其它临床反应发生 ,SGPT检测结果无异常升高。H2 株冻干甲肝活疫苗具有良好的安全性。接种疫苗后 2个月抗体阳性率为 99 1%～10 0 0 % ,13～ 2 4个月阳性率仍高达 97 8%～ 98 9% ;免疫后 2个月抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)达 16 0 7mIU/ml,在免疫后 2 4个月抗体GMT仍维持在 4 4 8 3mIU/ml。表明H2 株冻干甲肝活疫苗安全性良好 ,接种后有较高的抗体阳转率和GMT。     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗(H_2株)10年流行病学效果观察

目的　观察在甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )高发县、区用甲肝减毒活疫苗 (H2 株 )大面积接种后长期的流行病学保护效果。方法　选择浙江省嵊泗县和椒江区二个试点。二组小学生定群研究 ,观察 4年。试点内 1～ 15岁儿童普遍接种甲肝活疫苗。部分研究对象作血清中和试验、免疫回忆反应及免后 10年抗体检测。结果　接种组与未接种组甲肝发病率差别具有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ,疫苗保护率为10 0 %。疫苗接种率与甲肝发病率二者具有明显负相关。全人口甲肝发病率分别下降了 94.5 %和90 .3% ,1～ 15岁儿童组发病专率分别下降了 96 .9%和 97.9% ,10年期间没有发生甲肝流行。血清学检测结果 :免后阴性血清 ,用体外中和法验证有 6 3.8%仍有中和作用 ,加强免疫 1针后回忆反应明显。免后 10年抗 HAV IgG的阳性率为 80 .2 %。结论　甲肝减毒活疫苗 (H2 株 )长期的流行病学效果明显。通过普遍接种甲肝活疫苗 ,第一次在甲肝高发地区和高发年龄组消除了甲肝的发生与流行     

以免疫策略为主 控制甲肝发病的效果评价

目的了解甲肝疫苗免疫接种策略对控制甲肝的长期流行病学和免疫学效果。方法从1992年开始,在全市1～14岁儿童和其他重点人群中接种甲肝疫苗,坚持先试点再推广,依靠政策引导进行规范的免疫接种。自1996年开始将甲肝疫苗接种纳入满周岁儿童常规免疫。应用ELISA法进行血清学免疫效果检测甲肝抗-HAVlgG,收集潍坊市1992～2007年历年的甲肝疫苗接种资料、1959年以来甲肝疫情资料、疫苗接种前后的血清免疫学效果随访检测资料,采用Excel2003建立数据库,采用spss13.0统计软件进行检验、直线相关及回归分析。结果1992～2007年全市共接种甲肝疫苗3281800余人份,其中1992年1～14岁儿童接种率只有0.72%,之后逐年提高,1999年达到86.17%,2001年之后均超过90%,满周岁儿童接种率达95%以上。接种疫苗后甲肝发病率快速下降,全人群报告发病率由1992年的25.96/10万下降到1994年的6.38/10万,2002年以后已连续6年控制在1/10万以下,彻底改变了甲肝在潍坊市的流行发病规律,1～14岁人群甲肝疫苗接种率与发病率呈显著负相关(r=-0.89,P<0.05)。自1993～2007年全市共减少甲肝发病31963人,1999年与2006年调查1～14岁儿童甲肝抗-HAVlgG的阳性率分别为88.46%和86.56%,与1989年相比差别均具有统计学意义,其他人群抗体阳性率亦保持在较高水平。结论开展1～14岁人群甲肝疫苗免疫接种,并把满周岁儿童接种纳入计划免疫管理,具有预防和控制甲肝流行的流行病学和免疫学效果,安全性良好。规范和加强疫苗接种的监督管理,强化政府职能是落实甲肝疫苗预防甲肝策略的重要措施。     

甲型肝炎减毒活疫苗的免疫原性研究

为了对国产规范化的、滴度为 10 6 5TCID50 /ml的甲型肝炎 (甲肝 )减毒活疫苗 (H2 株 )的免疫原性进行研究 ,随机整群选取 3个不同地区的 1790名 3～ 7岁儿童 ,经检测抗甲肝病毒抗体 (抗 HAV)和乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )病毒表面抗原 (HBsAg)均为阴性的 4 13名儿童作为研究对象 ,按出生年月随机分为实验组 (单月 ) 2 0 7名和对照组 (双月 )2 0 6名 ,分别接种甲肝减毒活疫苗和乙肝疫苗 ,并对 2 0 7名实验组中的儿童随机抽取 10 0名儿童 ,在接种后 2～ 3d进行随访 ,观察接种甲肝减毒活疫苗后不良反应情况。于接种疫苗后 3个月和 12个月分别采集实验组和对照组部分观察对象血清标本 ,检测抗 HAV。结果显示 :实验组中的 10 0名儿童接种疫苗后 ,未见接种局部有明显红肿热痛、皮疹等反应 ,体温无明显增高 ,疫苗的安全性良好。实验组 3个月抗 HAV阳转率为 84 10 % ,1年阳性率为86 39% ,说明疫苗的免疫原性良好。在滴度为 10 6 5TCID50 /ml的剂量下 ,可推广使用。     

儿童普及接种甲肝疫苗对人群甲肝抗体水平的影响

目的　研究儿童中普及接种甲肝活疫苗后 ,对人群甲肝总抗体水平的影响。方法　选择浙江省台州市椒江城区 ,按不同年龄分成 7组 ,分别于 1991年疫苗接种前及 2 0 0 0年儿童普及接种疫苗后 9年 ,检测正常人群 72 0名和 80 3名甲肝总抗体。血清检测法ELISA。结果　疫苗接种后人群总抗体阳性率有显著的提高。青少年及儿童 ( 18岁以下 )抗体阳性率由接种前的 2 9 84%提高到接种后的 6 4 15 % (P <0 0 1)。成人组( 2 5～ 35岁 )抗体阳性率从 78 9%到 84 5 % ,没有显著差别 (P >0 0 5 ) ,但未见有下降趋势。结论　儿童普及接种甲肝活疫苗后显著地提高了人群的总抗体水平 ,同时没有发现疫苗接种后易感人群的后移     

大连市15岁以下儿童甲型肝炎抗体水平检测分析

目的对大连市15岁以下儿童进行甲型肝炎抗体动态监测,了解不同地区甲肝的流行状况及疫苗接种后的免疫效果。方法用ELISA方法对大连市15岁以下儿童进行甲肝肝炎抗体（抗一HAV）测定。结果共采集样本680份,测得抗一HAV阳性者369份,阳性率为54．26％;郊区与市区阳性率有显著差异（X2=17．93,P〈0．05）,男、女阳性率无显著性差异（X2=2．50,P〉0．05）。结论大连市2—15岁以下儿童甲肝抗体水平较低,应加强对此类人群甲肝疫苗的免疫覆盖率。     

攀枝花市健康人群甲型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

目的了解和分析攀枝花市全人群甲型病毒性肝炎(甲肝)病毒(HAV)感染情况及免疫状况;为进一步完善攀枝花市甲肝的防治策略提供参考依据。方法采用分层整群抽样方法,抽取攀枝花市东区等5个县(区)全人群常住人口,分7个年龄组,每个年龄组抽取约20人,总共686人,血清标本686份,采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法对血清中抗HAV-Ig G进行血清学检测。结果攀枝花市人群HAV-Ig G阳性率为93.15%,5~6岁组抗HAV-Ig G阳性率为96.12%,20岁以上组阳性率为95.92%,7~14岁组最低;剔除甲肝疫苗接种史不详者,有免疫史的500人中,甲肝疫苗的接种率为75.40%;抛出未到接种年龄的人群,1.5~2岁组甲肝疫苗接种率最低(58.51%),其次为15~19岁组(62.22%);在有免疫史的500人中,抗HAV-Ig G阳性率为93.20%,7~14岁最低(83.13%),其次为15~19岁组(86.67%);2008年之前出生的人血清抗中HAV-Ig G阳性率(90.1%)低于2008年之后出生的人血清中抗HAV-Ig G阳性率(95.6%);2008年之前出生的人甲肝疫苗接种率(36.4%)明显低于2008年之后出生的人甲肝疫苗接种率(69.5%)。结论既往攀枝花市的甲肝疫苗接种策略显著提高了儿童和青少年人群的甲肝抗体水平,但接种甲肝疫苗产生的抗体滴度存在随着时间推移逐渐消退的可能,需要考虑加强免疫,重视7~14岁年龄组人群甲肝疫苗的补种。应加强甲肝防治知识的健康教育,继续实行以保护易感人群和切断传播途径为主的综合防制策略。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Die sogenannte Vinylchlorid-Krankheit—eine berufsbedingte Systemsklerose?

Zusammenfassung Es wurden 13 Arbeiter untersucht, die zwischen 1 3/4 und 18 Jahren in einem PVC-herstellenden Betrieb beschäftigt waren. 8 von ihnen wiesen sklerodermieartige Hautveränderungen (Abb. 2) auf, die histologisch charakterisiert sind durch Verbreiterung und Homogenisierung der kollagenen Faserbündel (Abb. 3 u. 4) sowie Fragmentation und Rarefizierung der elastischen Fasern (Abb. 5). Bei 7 Patienten bestanden trommelschlegelartige Auftreibungen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 1). 11 Patienten zeigten Durchblutungsstörungen der Extremitäten (4 von diesen ein Raynaud-Syndrom) und 6 Patienten Acroosteolysen einzelner Fingerendphalangen (Abb. 6, Tabellen 1–3).Darüber hinaus bestand bei allen Patienten eine Thrombocytopenie, bei 12 Patienten eine Splenomegalie, bei 11 Patienten eine Einschränkung der Leberfunktion (erhöhte BSP-Retention). An der Leber ließ sich histologisch bei den 5 laparoskopierten Patienten eine deutliche Fibrosierung der Portalfelder nachweisen. Bei 4 Patienten bestanden Oesophagusvaricen (Tabellen 4 u. 5). 8 Patienten zeigten eine Partialinsuffizienz mit Hinweisen für vorwiegend restriktive Veränderungen.Die hier beschriebenen Veränderungen gehen weit über das bisher bekannte Acroosteolysesyndrom hinaus. Es wird der dringende Verdacht geäußert, daß langfristige Vinylchlorid-Exposition dieses komplexe Krankheitsbild verursacht. Daher wird für diese systemische Krankheit die Bezeichnung Vinylchlorid-Krankheit vorgeschlagen.Wir danken Frau E. Voigtländer für die Herstellung der klinischen und histologischen Abbildungen.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.