幼儿社会性和情绪发展与行为问题的相关性研究

【目的】对2～3岁幼儿社会性和情绪发展与行为问题的关系进行探讨。【方法】随机抽取全国14个城市24～36个月儿童2692人,应用"儿童社交情绪筛查量表"和"行为问题"调查问卷对儿童家长进行现场调查,对幼儿的社会性和情绪发展的外化、内化、失调、能力四个维度的发展与儿童行为问题的发生进行了对照研究并进行了偏相关分析。【结果】外化、内化、失调和能力四个维度为阳性与阴性的儿童中行为问题的发生均有差异;外化或失调维度得分高的儿童易出现攻击行为,不易出现抑郁行为;内化维度得分高的儿童易出现社会退缩;能力维度得分高的儿童不易出现破坏和社会退缩行为。【结论】幼儿社会性和情绪发展与行为问题的发生有显著的相关性;幼儿社会性和情绪的健康发展有利于减少儿童行为问题的发生。     

幼儿社会性和情绪发展现况研究

目的:了解武汉市幼儿社会性和情绪发展状况。方法:随机抽取12~36个月幼儿520名,应用“幼儿社会性情绪发展”和“幼儿背景”调查问卷对儿童家长进行现场调查。结果:520名幼儿中,外化、内化、失调和能力四个维度阳性率分别为21.54%、11.73%、15.77%和21.35%。除了能力维度阳性率女童高于男童外,其余各维度阳性率均无性别差异。不同年龄段男童的内化维度、失调维度和能力维度得分差异均具有显著性;不同年龄段女童的能力维度得分差异具有显著性。与美国耶鲁大学的研究相比,武汉市幼儿的外化维度得分偏高,能力维度得分偏低。结论:应制定符合中国实情的“幼儿社会性和情绪发展评价量表”和评价标准,以早期评价和指导幼儿社会情绪的健康发展。     

幼儿感觉统合失调与气质的关系及干预措施探讨

[目的]探讨幼儿感觉统合失调与气质的关系并提出干预措施.[方法]从成都市一级幼儿园中用整群抽样的方法随机抽取两个幼儿园,对园内193名儿童进行感觉统合能力和气质的评定.采用carey<3～7岁儿童气质量表>测查儿童气质,<儿童感觉统合评定量表>测试儿童感觉统合能力.[结果]不同气质类型儿童中感觉统合正常和失调构成有统计学差异.在易养型儿童中,感觉统合正常的儿童所占的比例最大.在启动缓慢型儿童和难养型儿童中,有感觉统合失调的儿童比例较大.感觉统合失调儿童在活动水平、趋避性、适应度、情绪本质、坚持度五个维度上与正常儿童差异有统计学意义.不同气质类型儿童在前庭失衡、学习能力发展不足两个能区的差异无统计学意义;在触一觉功能不良、本体感失调两个能区上差异有统计学意义.[结论]幼儿感觉统合失调与气质特点有关,应针对不同的气质特点采取不同的抚养和教育方式,预防感觉统合失调和行为问题的发生.     

聊城市1～14岁儿童睡眠行为调查研究

[目的]研究聊城市1～14岁各年龄阶段儿童睡眠行为异常的发生及不良习惯的存在现状,分析可能影响儿童睡眠行为问题发生的高危因素.[方法]2004年7～9月间在聊城市7个县市2个区随机抽取1 080名无疾病和无异常出生史的正常儿童,在严格质量控制的条件下由作者负责对其家长、儿童家庭环境与睡眠健康问卷调查.应答率97.96%.[结果]聊城市1～14岁儿童睡眠行为异常发生率为71.15%;其中城市儿童发生率80.9%,农村儿童发生率61.4%,差异有显著性（χ^2=12.38,P＜0.05）.睡眠特殊习惯发生率、害怕单独睡眠发生率、说梦话、不按时睡觉等发生率城市儿童均高于农村,差异有显著性（χ^2=7.51～91.94,P＜0.05）.影响儿童睡眠行为的主要因素有：母亲文化程度、职业、入睡需帮助等.[结论]聊城市1～14岁儿童睡眠行为异常发生率较高,其中城市儿童明显高于农村,主要原因是以社会、家庭环境因素为主,尤其是城市母亲工作节奏紧张,家居环境不安静,不能养成儿童良好的睡眠习惯.     

儿童感觉统合失调与家庭环境影响因素调查分析

[目的]研究感觉统合失调与家庭环境因素的关系.[方法]采用感觉统合评定量表和家庭环境量表(FES),分别对1 131名学龄前儿童进行检测、分析.[结果]感觉统合失调率32.54%;通过分析不同父母亲文化程度、是否为独生子女等儿童之间感觉统合失调情况差异有显著性(P＜0.05).而不同性别、孕期有无高危、喂养方式等因素之间感觉统合情况差异无显著性(P＞0.05).家庭环境因素中亲密、情感、矛盾、知识、娱乐、组织在感统失调与未失调组之间差异存在显著性(P＜0.05).[结论]儿童感觉统合失调与家庭环境因素有一定关系.     

行为问题儿童的"亲子互动"干预研究

[目的]探讨亲子互动训练（exploring together,ET）计划是否适用于干预儿童的行为问题.[方法]在用Achenbach儿童行为父母问卷（CBCL）检出有行为问题的61例儿童中,同时测量了家庭不利因子和父母-儿童交互作用.将其分为干预组（35例）和异常对照组（26例）,用ET计划对干预组儿童及其父母进行为期8周的干预,8周后对两组儿童和家长重新发放上述量表进行调查并进行评价.[结果]干预治疗后,干预组的父母儿童交互作用和儿童行为尤其是外向性行为问题发生了变化,CBCL总分也下降,与干预前比较差异有显著性（P＜0.05）,同时干预组与异常对照组比较差异也有显著性（P＜0.05）.[结论]用亲子互动训练计划干预儿童行为问题是可行和有效的.     

深圳市1 252名幼儿早期社会性发展现状分析

【目的】 探讨深圳市1~3岁幼儿早期社会性发展的特点及影响因素。 【方法】 随机抽取深圳市各区幼托机构1 252名1~3岁幼儿,采用自拟社会人口学问卷及《中国城市婴幼儿社会性和情绪发展量表》 (CITSEA)进行调查。 【结果】 1)被试外显、内隐、失调行为及社会能力问题检出率分别为11.90%、7.4%、11.9%及8.8%。深圳市与国家14城市幼儿前期社会性发展问题构成差异有统计学意义;2)幼儿社会能力、强迫行为及注意力等随年龄增大而增强;3)女童除外显行为低于男童,内隐行为及社会能力发展均高于男童;且除失调行为外,男女童外显、内隐行为及社会能力问题偏离程度均存在性别差异;4)父母年龄、受教育程度及主要抚养人等因素与幼儿社会性发展有关。 【结论】 深圳市幼儿早期社会性发展有其独特性;父母良好的行为、抚养方式及亲子互动关系均为促进幼儿社会性健康发展的重要因素。     

学龄前角色转换期大孩与独生子女情绪行为问题比较

  目的  比较重庆市某城区学龄前角色转换期大孩与独生子女的情绪行为特征。  方法  数据来源于一项有关角色转换期大孩的队列研究,分别从重庆市主城某区的两家医院和19所幼儿园招募882名大孩[(3.58±1.25)岁]和329名独生子女[(3.98±1.02)岁]作为研究对象,并由其母亲填写1.5~5岁儿童行为量表父母版(CBCL)和自编问卷。  结果  大孩和独生子女的整体情绪行为问题得分分别为(25.17±18.82)和(31.75±18.64)分。秩和检验结果显示,大孩在各维度、内外化行为问题和整体情绪行为问题的得分均低于独生子女(P值均＜0.05)。χ2检验结果显示,在内、外化行为问题和整体情绪行为问题的检出率方面,独生子女(12.77%,13.07%,14.59%)均高于大孩(8.28%,8.28%,8.16%)(χ2值分别为5.62,6.36,11.09,P值均＜0.05)。多重线性回归结果显示,在调整了儿童年龄、性别、家庭经济压力、气质类型、家庭氛围以及家庭类型等变量后,独生子女在内化问题、外化问题和整体问题的得分均仍然高于大孩(B值分别为1.54,2.32,6.81,P值均＜0.05)。  结论  学龄前角色转换期大孩整体情绪行为问题较独生子女少,且大孩各类情绪行为问题得分和检出率均低于独生子女。     

四省学前儿童膳食维生素A摄入调查

[目的]了解黑龙江、甘肃、宁夏、安徽地区部分学前儿童膳食维生素A（vitamin A,VA）摄入情况.[方法]以食物频率咨询法调查8154名儿童.膳食VA摄入不足：每人每周摄入富含VA动物性食品≤4次.[结果]儿童每周摄入富含VA动物性食品（动物肝脏、奶类、蛋类、鱼肝油）次数（宁夏、黑龙江、安徽、甘肃分别为4.30、5.14、6.60、7.22）及膳食VA摄入不足率（%）（58.59、50.60、37.83、34.92）差异均有显著性（F=176.92,χ2=252.53,P均＜0.0001）.不同年龄儿童每周富含VA动物性食品摄入次数（＜2岁、2～4岁、＞4岁组分别为7.66、6.08、4.84）和膳食VA摄入不足率（%）（28.41、41.96、55.47）差异均有显著性（F=281.21,χ2=375.72,P均＜0.0001）.[结论]约35%～59%的调查儿童膳食VA摄入不足,以宁夏、黑龙江儿童摄入情况较差.应增加儿童富含VA动物性食品的摄入.     

6～11岁注意缺陷多动障碍儿童行为问题分析

[目的]分析不同性别、不同年龄及不同智商水平注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disor-der,ADHD)儿童行为问题发生的特点和差异,为临床上ADHD的治疗和干预提供参考依据.[方法]对门诊符合DSM-Ⅳ诊断标准的321名ADHD儿童进行Achenbach儿童行为量表(CBCL)检查和瑞文标准推理测验(CRT),比较不同性别、不同年龄、不同智商水平ADHD儿童行为问题发生的特点和差异.[结果]ADHD男童在多动、违纪、攻击性方面行为因子得分显著高于女童,而女童在抑郁、社交退缩方面行为因子得分显著高于男童(P值均＜0.05).行为问题的检出率有随年龄增大而增高的趋势,其中在交往不良、多动、攻击性、违纪方面,9～11岁年龄组与6～8岁年龄组相比,差异有显著性(P值均＜0.05).智商优秀组、中间组、边缘组三组行为问题的发生率分别为71.8%,83.6%,100%,差异无显著性(P＞0.05),但边缘组和优秀组相比,差异有显著性(P＜0.05).[结论]ADHD儿童行为因子得分存在性别差异;随年龄增大行为问题有增加的趋势;智商边缘者更容易出现行为问题.     

Prospective Analysis of Peer and Parent Influences on Smoking Initiation Among Early Adolescents

The nature and relative importance of psychosocial influences on smoking initiation among early adolescents are topics of substantial research interest. Students (N = 1081) from four middle schools were surveyed at the beginning and end of the sixth grade. Baseline predictors were regressed on smoking initiation at end of sixth grade. In bivariate, logistic regression analyses association with problem behaving peers, perceived prevalence, and depression were positively associated and adjustment to school, perceived social competence, parent expectations, parental monitoring, and parental involvement were negatively associated with smoking initiation. In multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for sex, race, and school, peer affiliation and perceived prevalence were positively associated, whereas social competence and parental monitoring were negatively associated with smoking initiation. A significant interaction between parental involvement and peer affiliation indicated that among teens with problem behaving friends only those with parents who were relatively uninvolved were are at increased risk for smoking initiation. This finding held for boys, girls, Whites, Blacks, and teens living in single parent families. These findings provide evidence that antecedent parenting behaviors may protect early adolescents against smoking even in the context of negative peer affiliation.     

Making the Invisible Visible: Are Health Social Workers Addressing the Social Determinants of Health?

This study explored the ways in which health social workers (HSW) address the social determinants of health (SDH) within their social work practice. Social workers (n?=?54) employed at major hospitals across Toronto had many years of practice in health care (M?=?11 years; SD?=?10.32) and indicated that SDH were a top priority in their daily work; with 98% intentionally intervening with at least one and 91% attending to three or more. Health care services were most often addressed (92%), followed by housing (72%), disability (79%), income (72%), and employment security (70%). Few HSW were tackling racism, Aboriginal status, gender, or social exclusion in their daily practice.     

对构建公立医院社会评价体系的思考

文章通过对新时期公立医院的社会功能、社会责任，以及不同时期公立医院社会政策的解读．提出在对新时期公立医院社会功能与社会责任科学界定的基础上，从社会的视角探索构建公立医院社会评价体系的必要性，并针对社会评价的目的和原则、评价主体、评价方法及评价指标体系等阐述了思考建议。     

Enhancing social networks: a qualitative study of health and social care practice in UK mental health services

People with severe mental health problems such as psychosis have access to less social capital, defined as resources within social networks, than members of the general population. However, a lack of theoretically and empirically informed models hampers the development of social interventions which seek to enhance an individual's social networks. This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study, which used ethnographic field methods in six sites in England to investigate how workers helped people recovering from psychosis to enhance their social networks. This study drew upon practice wisdom and lived experience to provide data for intervention modelling. Data were collected from 73 practitioners and 51 people who used their services in two phases. Data were selected and coded using a grounded theory approach to depict the key themes that appeared to underpin the generation of social capital within networks. Findings are presented in four over‐arching themes – worker skills, attitudes and roles; connecting people processes; role of the agency; and barriers to network development. The sub‐themes which were identified included worker attitudes; person‐centred approach; equality of worker–individual relationship; goal setting; creating new networks and relationships; engagement through activities; practical support; existing relationships; the individual taking responsibility; identifying and overcoming barriers; and moving on. Themes were consistent with recovery models used within mental health services and will provide the basis for the development of an intervention model to enhance individuals’ access to social capital within networks.     

美国医院社会工作的历史发展过程与历史经验

美国是医院社会工作与医务社会工作的主要起源地,是世界上医院社会工作与医务社会工作最发达的国家。美国医院社会工作与医务社会工作的历史发展经验、服务范围、工作技巧、发展动力源泉、理论政策争论和发展趋势值得中国卫生、社会工作教育实务界参考借鉴。     

Multiple aspects of preschool children’s social cognition: relations with peer acceptance and peer interaction style

Three aspects of young children’s social cognition – accurate encoding of social cues, hostile attributions and response access/generation – were assessed among 128 children (64 girls) attending three‐, four‐, and five‐year‐old classrooms (ages ranged from 36 to 73 months). Hostile attributions and the quality of strategy generation were both significantly associated with teacher‐rated peer competence and aggressiveness, even when children’s receptive vocabulary scores and age were controlled. For girls, hostile attributions, but not cue encoding or response generation, was associated with teacher ratings of competence and aggression. For boys, hostile attributions were associated with teacher ratings of competence, and response generation was associated with teacher ratings of competence and aggression. Regression analysis, controlling for sex, age and receptive vocabulary, revealed that both hostile attributions and the quality of social strategy generation, but not encoding of cues, made unique, significant contributions to the prediction of teacher ratings of competence and aggression.     

Social Connection in Long-Term Care Homes: A Scoping Review of Published Research on the Mental Health Impacts and Potential Strategies During COVID-19

ObjectivesGood social connection is associated with better health and wellbeing. However, social connection has distinct considerations for people living in long-term care (LTC) homes. The objective of this scoping review was to summarize research literature linking social connection to mental health outcomes, specifically among LTC residents, as well as research to identify strategies to help build and maintain social connection in this population during COVID-19.DesignScoping review.Settings and ParticipantsResidents of LTC homes, care homes, and nursing homes.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE(R) ALL (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycINFO (Ovid), Scopus, Sociological Abstracts (ProQuest), Embase and Embase Classic (Ovid), Emcare Nursing (Ovid), and AgeLine (EBSCO) for research that quantified an aspect of social connection among LTC residents; we limited searches to English-language articles published from database inception to search date (July 2019). For the current analysis, we included studies that reported (1) the association between social connection and a mental health outcome, (2) the association between a modifiable risk factor and social connection, or (3) intervention studies with social connection as an outcome. From studies in (2) and (3), we identified strategies that could be implemented and adapted by LTC residents, families and staff during COVID-19 and included the articles that informed these strategies.ResultsWe included 133 studies in our review. We found 61 studies that tested the association between social connection and a mental health outcome. We highlighted 12 strategies, informed by 72 observational and intervention studies, that might help LTC residents, families, and staff build and maintain social connection for LTC residents.Conclusions and ImplicationsPublished research conducted among LTC residents has linked good social connection to better mental health outcomes. Observational and intervention studies provide some evidence on approaches to address social connection in this population. Although further research is needed, it does not obviate the need to act given the sudden and severe impact of COVID-19 on social connection in LTC residents.     

社会因素与人群健康状况关系研究

目的:探讨影响人群整体健康水平的主要社会因素,为卫生工作转变思想提供参考。方法:以173个国家2000年度卫生、经济、民主政治、教育、社会发展以及能源利用等指标数据为研究对象,运用多元逐步回归分析方法筛选变量,并建立社会因素与人群期望寿命的关系模型。结果:影响人群健康状况的主要社会因素不是经济投入和卫生工作,而是社会资本要素。结论:提高人群整体健康水平的有效途径是建立并充分利用社会资本。