LC／MS／MS法分析食品中微量苏丹红I、II、Ⅲ、IV

目的：建立快速、准确、高灵敏度的测定食品中苏丹红I、II、Ⅲ、IV的分析方法。方法：采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用法，以乙腈-0．1％甲酸进行梯度洗脱，流速0．3ml／min，采用C18柱分离，以多反应监测（MRM）方式进行检测，分析时间仅为5min。苏丹红I、II、Ⅲ、Ⅳ用于定量分析的离子分别为m／z249→93、277→120、353→197、381→224。结果：苏丹红I、II、Ⅲ、IV的线性范围分别为1．1616-290．4、1．2608—315．2、1．184～296．0、1．1664～291．6ng／ml，25份食品中有3份检出苏丹红I,II、Ⅲ、IV含量超过50μg/kg，其余检出均微量。结论：此方法选择性强，灵敏度高，可作为含各种辣椒的食品中苏丹红I、II、Ⅲ、IV的有效分析检测方法。     

辣椒制品中对位红和苏丹红的高效液相色谱同时测定法

目的探讨液相色谱对辣椒制品中对位红,苏丹红I、II、Ⅲ、IV的同时检测方法。方法用乙醚提取后于旋转蒸发仪上浓缩至1ml,用甲醇定容至5ml,进液相色谱分析,以保留时间定性,峰面积定量。结果在方法选定的条件下,对位红,苏丹红（I、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、IV）不同水平加标回收率范围为：对位红为97．3％－103.0％,苏丹红I为96．8％～102．0％,苏丹红Ⅱ为96．5％～102．0％,苏丹红Ⅲ为93．5％－105．0％,苏丹红Ⅳ为92．3％－102．0％。结论该方法简便、易行,适用于辣椒制品中对位红、苏丹红的测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定蛋黄中苏丹Ⅰ～Ⅳ及对位红

[目的]建立高效液相色谱（HPLC）快速测定蛋黄中苏丹红、对位红的方法。[方法]蛋黄样品经乙腈提取、超声波萃取，提取液经离心、过滤后的样液经高效液相色谱紫外-可见光检测器测定，外标法定量。[结果]该方法在0．2mg／kg～2．0mg／kg范围内添加回收率为97．0％～102％，变异系数小于5．0％，最低检出浓度为0．05mg／kg。[结论]方法具有高效、快速、稳定的特点，能满足日常检验工作的需要。     

高效液相色谱法测定辣椒油中苏丹红的不确定度评定

目的建立高效液相色谱法测定食品中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ（GB／T19681—2005）的不确定度分析方法，以评定测定箩果的质量，找出主要影响因素。方法根据方法GB／T19681—2005，建立不确定度的数学模型，系统分析计算不确定度各分量。结果当苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ含量分别为0．30、0．22、0．38、0．40mg／kg时，其扩展不确定度分别为0．01、0．01、0．02．0．02ms／kg（k=2）。其中回收率对测量不确定度影响最大。结论此方法适应于评估按照GB／T19681—2005测定食品中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ含量的不确定度。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定食品中的苏丹红1号

目的：建立反相高效液相色谱法测定食品中的苏丹红1号的方法。方法：食品中的苏丹红1号经乙醇提取后用反相高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测器（DAD）测定。结果：该方法线性范围从0．5～1000μg／ml，标准差为0．18，相对标准偏差为0．73％，平均回收率为95．43％，最低检出限为0．2ng，最低检出浓度为0．02mg／kg。人工合成色素（柠檬黄、日落黄、胭脂红、苋菜红、亮蓝、靛蓝、靛蓝）不干扰其测定。结论：该方法线性范围广、精密度高、准确度好、选择性强，完全能满足食品中苏丹红1号的定性定量分析。     

薄层色谱测定食品中苏丹红染料方法的探讨

目的：探讨一种测定食品中苏丹红染料的简便、快捷、灵敏、准确的方法。方法：利用薄层色谱法测定食品中苏丹红染料。结果：方法的最低检出限为0．6mg／kg，标准偏差（兄妨）为苏丹红Ⅰ：2．7％、苏丹红Ⅱ：2．5％、苏丹红Ⅲ：2.3％，平均回收率苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ和苏丹红Ⅲ均为88％。结论：用薄层色谱法测定食品中苏丹红，方法简便、易行，灵敏度、精密度、回收率较高，结果可靠。     

薄层色谱法测定海椒面中苏丹红

目的：建立测定海椒面中苏丹红的薄层色谱法。方法：利用特性用乙腈-氯仿混合提取，薄层色谱展开、分离，根据hRs值不同，逐一准确定性苏丹红Ⅰ、苏丹红Ⅱ、苏丹红Ⅲ、苏丹红Ⅳ，再利用苏丹红Ⅰ-苏丹红Ⅳ特有的最大吸收波长不同，以浓度C为横座标，以吸光度Y为纵座标，用比色法定量。结果：回收率为81．9％～95．5％，精密度RSD为4.5％～5.7％，检出限为0．19-0．58μg。相关系数：r=0．9995。结论：薄层色谱法可用于测定海椒面中苏丹红Ⅰ～Ⅳ号。     

凝胶渗透-液相色谱法检测食品中的苏丹红Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅲ,Ⅳ号

目的：建立一种快速、廉价、实用的食品中苏丹红的检测方法。方法：采用正已烷萃取，凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）法处理样品，去除样品中的大分子油脂和大分子天然色素，最后用高效液相色谱（HPLC）-紫外（UV）法检测食品样品中的苏丹红Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ号（以下简称Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ）。结果：用凝胶渗透色谱法能完全去掉各种食品样品中分子量较大的油脂和天然色素等干扰物，至少可去掉样品中多达2g的油脂。按Ⅰ，Ⅱ，Ⅲ，Ⅳ的顺序，方法检测出限分别可达3、4、4、6μg／kg。过凝胶柱的回收率分别为110％-118％，108％-116％，115％-128％，122％-132％（上样量2μg，n=3）和120％-130％，101％-130％，135％-144％，138％-146％（上样量20μg，n=3）。标准曲线浓度范围在0．1—100mg／L时线性关系仍然很好，在对每个浓度水平单次进样的情况下相关系数分别为0．9999，0．9999，0．9981，0．9987。结论：本法技术指标及可操作性优于优于国标GB／T19681—2005。     

食品中苏丹红系列和对位红的测定方法研究

[目的]参照欧盟和我国国家标准测定方法,建立食品中苏丹红系列化合物和对位红的液相色谱测定方法。[方法]样品中色素化合物经有机溶剂提取、氧化铝吸附、梯度洗脱得以测定,并采用光谱与色谱方法重点对洗脱剂强度与萃取活性关系、色谱优化条件等进行研究。[结果]采用本文方法同时完成食品中苏丹I、II、III、IV、及Red7B、BlackB、ParaRed等的测定,苏丹OrangeG作为干扰色素不影响本测定,整个测定过程能达到快速、半自动化运行,最低检测限均可达到0.010mg/kg,符合有关法规的要求。[结论]本方法通过对国家标准方法的研究和改进,使对苏丹红的检测在检测范围、速度等方面均有所扩展和提高,适用于一般实验室开展日常食品监测和检测。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定红辣椒粉中苏丹红染料的研究

目的研究反相高效液相色谱法同时测定食品中苏丹红Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的优化条件,为检测食品中苏丹红提供依据。方法反相高效液相色谱法。结果在本文设定的条件下,各苏丹红染料均在0~20μg/m l范围内线性良好(r=0.9997-0.9999),样品加标回收试验的相对标准偏差RSD(%)为1.7~8.9,回收率为91.5%~101%,检测限为10μg/kg。结论本方法适合测定红辣椒粉中的苏丹红染料。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.