天津市20041名3～6岁入托儿童血脂水平分析

目的 了解天津市3～6岁儿童血脂水平和血脂异常检出率.方法 采集天津市48所幼儿园20041名3～6岁儿童末梢血,采用东芝120全自动生化分析仪检测血浆总胆固醇(TC)和甘油三酯(TG)水平.结果 20041名入托儿童TC和TG分别为(4.17±0.69) mmol/L和(0.86±0.44) mmol/L;血脂异常总检出率为11.4％,其中TC异常检出率为7.1％,TG为4.9％,两项均异常的检出率为0.6％.不同性别儿童TC异常检出率女童高于男童,差异有统计学意义(x²=51.77,P＜0.001).不同年龄组儿童TC和TG异常检出率的差异均有统计学意义(x²=10.29,P=0.016;x²=10.93,P=0.012),但未见明显的年龄变化趋势.不同肥胖程度儿童TC异常检出率的差异无统计学意义,TG异常检出率差异有统计学意义(x²=211.8,P＜0.001),肥胖儿童TG异常检出率明显高于正常和超重儿童.城乡地区儿童TC和TG异常检出率差异均有统计学意义(x²=22.09,P＜0.001;x²=11.26,P=0.001),TC异常检出率城市儿童高于农村,TG异常检出率农村儿童高于城市.结论 天津市3～6岁儿童血脂异常率较高,且存在性别、年龄、肥胖程度、地区差异,应有针对性开展儿童血脂异常筛查与干预.     

天津市成年体检人群血脂动态变化及血脂异常发生率的比较

目的 探讨连续2年健康体检人群血脂水平和血脂异常的动态变化以及血脂异常的发生率.方法 收集2010年和2011年连续2年在天津市某中心医院健康体检中心进行体检的701人的体检结果,包括总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)等数据.对该人群不同组别各年份的血脂水平、血脂异常检出率及发生率进行统计分析.结果 (1)男女血TG和TC含量2年间自身比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05);各年份50岁以下TG平均水平以及2年差值的平均水平、各年份30岁以下TC平均水平,均显示男性高于女性,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).各年份50～岁以上男女的TC平均水平以及女性的TG平均水平,均高于各自其他年龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).(2)各年份40岁以下男性的TG、TC异常检出率高于女性,而且50岁以上女子TC异常检出率高于其他各年龄组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).男女各年份TC异常检出率均显示随年龄增长而增高的趋势.(3)男性TG异常发生率(20.2％)高于女性(5.63％),差异有统计学意义(x2=-21.846,P＜0.01),而男女TC异常发生率(分别为7.79％、4.87％)之间差异无统计学意义(x2-1.932,P＞0.05),并且男女50岁及以上组TC异常发生率均高于50岁以下组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).结论 男女健康查体者各年龄组TC和TG 2年间的平均水平和异常检出率无明显变化,40岁以下成年男子TG和TC异常检出率和发生率高于女性,而50岁以上女子TC异常发生率较高.长期进行血脂监测在健康查体人群中非常必要.     

天津市24343例7岁以下儿童肥胖水平调查

目的:了解天津市7岁以下儿童肥胖流行病学特征,探索儿童肥胖的影响因素和干预措施.方法:通过收集天津市幼儿园24 343名7岁以下儿童的身高和体重资料,并对结果进行统计分析.结果:天津市2012年7岁以下儿童肥胖患病率为8.22％,不同年龄段儿童肥胖患病率存在统计学差异(x2=354.9,P＜0.001);不同性别儿童肥胖患病率亦存在统计学差异(x2=161.8,P＜0.001);城市与农村儿童肥胖患病率比较,存在统计学差异(x2=20.07,P＜0.001).结论:儿童肥胖处于一个较高的水平,故应引起社会和家庭的高度重视,通过加强健康教育、促进儿童保健、合理饮食,适当运动等综合措施,降低儿童肥胖患病率,提高全民的健康水平.     

2010年新疆维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族成年人血脂异常的流行特点

目的 分析2010年新疆地区维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族成年居民血脂异常的患病现状及分布特点.方法 2010年采用分层整群随机抽样方法,抽取年龄≥18岁的维吾尔族居民3625名,男性1773名,女性1852名,年龄为(42.89±15.95)岁;哈萨克族居民4148名,男性1649名,女性2499名,年龄为(44.14±13.27)岁;汉族居民3733名,男性1563名,女性2170名,年龄(49.66±12.24)岁,共调查了11 506名.进行问卷调查和身体检查,抽取空腹静脉血检测TG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C.结果 维吾尔族调查对象TG、TC、HDL-C和LDL-C水平分别为(1.31±1.03)、(4.44±1.20)、(1.41±0.62)和(2.44±0.81) mmol/L;哈萨克族分别为(1.24 ±0.99)、(4.55±1.31)、(1.41±0.62)和(2.40±0.87) mmol/L;汉族分别为(1.62±1.34)、(4.60±1.10)、(1.16±0.68)和(2.23±0.93) mmol/L.维吾尔族、哈萨克族及汉族血脂异常患病率分别为:42.4％(1537/3625)、31.6％(1311/4148)、30.2％(1127/3733),标化患病率分别为:42.4％、31.8％、28.2％,维吾尔族血脂异常患病率高于哈萨克族和汉族,差异有统计学意义(x2=179.87,P＜0.01).维吾尔族、哈萨克族和汉族男性血脂异常的标化患病率分别为52.6％、35.4％、33.2％,维吾尔族男性高于哈萨克族和汉族男性,差异有统计学意义(x2=159.19,P＜0.01).汉族、维吾尔族、哈萨克族高TG血症标化患病率分别为:9.3％,9.3％,17.3％,汉族高TG血症患病率高于维吾尔族及哈萨克族(x2=172.55,P＜0.01).哈萨克族的TC异常标化率(6.9％)高于维吾尔族(5.2％),差异有统计学意义(x2=10.20,P＜0.01).维吾尔族、哈萨克族、汉族的低HDL-C血症标化患病率分别为:33.6％,20.8％,11.1％,维吾尔族高于哈萨克族和汉族(x2 =552.82,P＜0.01),哈萨克族高于汉族(x2=138.01,P＜0.01).3个民族间的高LDL-C血症差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 新疆地区3个民族血脂异常患病率均高于全国患病率,且存在民族、年龄及性别间差异.     

2013年新疆汉族成人城乡居民血脂异常患病率及相关因素研究

目的 了解新疆汉族成人城乡居民血脂异常患病率及相关因素.方法 样本为多阶段分层整群抽取的新疆5个市县3 095名20～80岁的汉族居民,其中城市居民1 970人(63.65％).本文比较了城乡居民血脂总胆固醇(total cholesterol,TC),甘油三酯(triglyceride,TG),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low density lipoprotein-cholesterol,LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol,HDL-C)异常患病率及相关因素.结果 血脂异常总患病率为28.11％,城市居民总患病率高于农村居民(30.00％ vs 24.80％,x2=9.58,P=0.002);高TC血症患病率为7.69％,城市高于农村(8.83％ vs 5.69％,x2=9.97,P=0.002);高TG血症患病率为19.97％,城市高于农村(21.47％ vs 17.35％,x2 =7.61,P=0.006);高LDL-C血症患病率为4.52％,城市高于农村(5.33％ vs 3.11％,x2=8.16,P=0.004);低HDL-C血症患病率为7.40％,城市与农村差异无统计学意义(7.56％ vs7.11％,X2=0.21,P=0.644).多因素Logistic回归显示,超重和肥胖是血脂TG、HDL-C异常共同的独立相关因素(均有P＜0.05).结论 新疆五市县汉族成人血脂水平高于全国.城市居民血脂异常水平高于农村.控制超重和肥胖是预防新疆汉族城乡居民血脂异常的重要手段.     

天津市红桥区60岁以上社区居民血糖和血脂筛查结果

目的了解天津市红桥区60岁以上社区居民血糖、血脂异常情况和不同年龄段的变化特点。方法对4 745例60岁以上不同年龄段社区居民的空腹血糖(GLU)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)的检测结果进行报告和比较分析。结果 GLU异常检出率32.1%,TC异常检出率28.0%,TG异常检出率36.6%。结论 GLU异常检出率在不同年龄和不同性别间差异无统计学意义;TG和TC女性异常检出率和水平明显高于男性,差异有统计学意义;TG和TC异常检出率和水平随着年龄的增长有逐渐下降趋势。     

胜利油田某单位职工血脂变化趋势分析

目的 了解近年来胜利油田某单位职工血脂异常情况及其变化趋势,为采取有效预防措施提供依据.方法 利用胜利油田某单位2006～2008年体检资料,引入重复测量资料分析方法分析血脂异常的变化情况.结果 每年血脂异常检出率性别间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);而重复测量资料分析结果显示,不同性别间血脂异常差异有统计学意义(x2=4.79,P=0.0287),不同年份血脂异常差异有统计学意义(x2=44.30,P＜0.0001),而性别与年份间交互作用无统计学意义(x2=1.72,P=0.4231).结论 ①血脂正常与否与性别有关,男性检出率高于女性;②血脂正常与否与时间存在正相关关系,随时间递增检出率递增;③血脂异常检出率与年龄存在线性趋势.     

云南省布朗族成年居民血脂异常现状及影响因素分析

目的 了解云南省布朗山区布朗族成年居民血脂异常患病现状及其影响因素,为血脂异常的防治提供依据。方法 2019年11月采用随机整群抽样方法选取布朗山乡967名18岁及以上成年居民,采用问卷调查、体格检查及实验室检测的方法获取相关资料。结果 布朗族成年居民血脂异常检出率为50.36%,混合型高脂血症检出率为8.39%,高胆固醇（TC）、高甘油三酯（TG）、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）检出率依次为13.99%、35.13%、7.77%和28.19%。不同性别（x2=5.044,P=0.025）、年龄段（x2=30.212,P<0.001）之间血脂异常检出率差异有统计学意义;患糖尿病（x2=15.230,P<0.001）、患高尿酸血症（x2=24.191,P<0.001）血脂异常高于正常人群;饮酒（x2=6.417,P=0.011）、红肉摄入过量（x2=7.003,P=0.008）人群高TG检出率也较高。多因素logistic回归分析显示,≥30岁、红肉摄入过量、患糖尿病、患高尿酸血症是血脂异常的危险因素。结论 布朗族成年居民血脂异常患病率较高,应尽早采取干预措施。     

某学院40岁以上教职工的血压、血脂、血糖检测及结果分析

[目的]了解40岁以上教职工高血压的患病和血脂、血糖的异常情况,以指导教职工进行日常的自我保健,提高教职工健康水平.[方法]检测血压、血清总胆固醇(TC)、血清三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和血糖(FPG),分析不同性别人群各项指标的差异.[结果]高血压患病率男性和女性分别为54.63%和33.82%,二者间差异有统计学意义(χ2=10.630,P＜0.001)TG异常检出率男性与女性分别为33.34%和14.71%,二者间差异有统计学意义.TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和FPG的异常检出率,男性与女性比较差异无统计学意义.TC异常检出率高血压与非高血压人群分别为30.48%和15.11%;TG异常检出率高血压与非高血压人群分别为34.29%和20.86%,二者间差异有统计学意义.[结论]男性教职工的高血压患病率、TG异常检出率高于女性教职工;TC和TG异常检出率高血压人群高于非高血压人群;TC、HDL-C、LDL-C和FPG的异常检出率,男性与女性教职工无明显差异.     

银川吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢异常现状

了解宁夏银川、吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢相关指标的异常情况,为预防儿童相关慢性疾病的发生提供基础数据.方法 在银川市兴庆区、金凤区、西夏区和吴忠市分层随机整群抽取小学、初中和高中在校学生1 786名,对抽取的中小学生进行身高、体重的测量,采集空腹静脉血,测定总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C).结果 银川、吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢相关指标TC,TG,LDL-C,HDL-C的异常检出率分别为1.5%,14.5%,0.4%,33.7%,男生LDL-C异常检出率(0.8%)高于女生(0.1%),差异有统计学意义(x2=4.825,P=0.028).脂代谢相关指标年龄分布,TC,LDL-C异常集中在9~11岁,而TG,HDL-C异常检出率随年龄增长呈上升趋势;脂代谢水平比较,TC,LDL-C水平女生高于男生(t值分别为-2.602,-2.607,P值均<0.05),TC,LDL-C,HDL-C随年龄的增长呈下降的趋势,TG则随年龄的增长呈上升趋势,4项指标在年龄间差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为13.541,13.813,18.738,20.327,P值均<0.01).回、汉族中小学生脂代谢异常检出率差异均无统计学意义;汉族学生TC水平高于回族学生,差异有统计学意义(t=2.990,P=0.003).TC,TG,LDL-C异常检出率在不同体型学生间差异均有统计学意义,肥胖组和超重组学生的TC,TG,LDL-C水平均高于正常组学生(P值均<0.05),且均随BMI增加而逐渐升高.结论 银川、吴忠两市中小学生脂代谢相关指标的异常检出率不容乐观,超重和肥胖是中小学生脂代谢异常的影响因素之一.需重视中小学生肥胖的预防,对肥胖超重的学生进行脂代谢的相关检查和必要干预.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.