产超广谱β-内酰胺酶菌医院感染的危险因素

目的：探讨产超广谱β－内酰胺酶（ESBLs)菌株医院感染的危险因素。方法：对医院2000年7－12月间52例患者ESBLs阳性引发医院感染的危险因素进行1：1病例对照研究。结果：产ESBLs菌株引发医院感染率占34．90％，病死率为5．76％；感染部位以下呼吸道和泌尿道为主；发生医院感染的危险因素Logistic回归分析为呼吸道插管，泌尿道插管；免疫抑制药、第三代头孢菌素使用。结论：有上述危险因素存在的患者要严密监测有无感染发生，缩短住院时间，尽量减少插用导尿管及其他插管，谨慎应用第三代头孢菌素和免疫抑制剂均可减少感染的发生。     

恶性血液病医院感染危险因素分析

目的 分析恶性血液病医院感染的危险因素。方法 回顾性调查1993-1999年恶性血液病患者发生医院感染的诸因素。结果 恶性血液病医院感染与其病情，恶性程度，住院时间长短。白细胞计数，化疗及多种抗生素的应用有明显关系；感染的病原菌依次为白色念珠菌，铜绿假单胞菌，大肠埃希菌，肺炎克雷伯菌等。结论 恶性血液病本身，长期住院、化疗、免疫抑制剂及多种抗生素的应用是医院感染的危险因素。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者医院感染的特点及其危险因素分析

目的 了解系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者发生医院感染的特点及其危险因素.方法 将597例SLE患者根据其细菌学检查结果分为医院感染组与对照组进行对比分析.结果 呼吸道与肺部感染占36.0%,尿路感染29.0%,血液感染19.9%,其他感染15.1%;75.8%的患者医院感染发生缓慢或隐匿,感染多系条件致病菌引起,其中G-杆菌占45.6%,G+球菌40.9%,其他病原菌13.9%;SLE发生医院感染的独立危险因素是:肺部病变>3个系统器官受损,血浆白蛋白<30 g/L,长时间大剂量应用糖皮质激素(GC),应用超大剂量GC冲击疗法,GC联合应用细胞毒免疫抑制剂治疗,入院前应用广谱抗菌药物,住院时间>3周.结论 SLE患者发生医院感染以呼吸道及肺部感染最常见,机会性G-杆菌和G+球菌是其主要病原菌;临床表现不同于一般病原菌感染,原发病情控制后应尽可能减少GC的用量,谨慎应用超大剂量GC和GC联合细胞毒免疫抑制剂;尽量缩短住院时间有可能减少SLE患者医院感染的发生.     

肝病患者医院感染的危险因素分析

目的探讨医院肝病患者感染率及感染发生的危险因素,并根据危险因素制定相应的护理预防对策。方法对医院2009年1月-2012年12月在医院诊治的864例肝病患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,将96例感染患者设为感染组,未发生医院感染的768例患者设为对照组,比较两组患者的差异,探讨导致医院感染发生的危险因素;采用SPSS18.0软件进行统计分析,计数资料比较采用χ2检验。结果 864例肝病患者发生医院感染96例,感染率为11.11%;其中呼吸道感染35例占36.46%,消化道感染28例占29.17%,泌尿生殖系统感染18例占18.75%,皮肤软组织感染5例占5.2%,腹腔感染10例占10.42%;患者年龄大、住院时间长、合并其他疾病、留置导管、进行侵入性操作、未合理应用抗菌药物预防以及应用免疫抑制剂等是医院肝病患者发生医院感染的危险因素(P<0.05)。结论肝病患者医院感染的发生率较高,感染发生的危险因素主要有患者年龄大、住院时间长、合并其他疾病、留置导管、进行侵入性操作、未合理应用抗菌药物以及应用免疫抑制剂,应根据上述危险因素进行积极干预及护理。     

贵阳市综合医院医院感染的综合因素研究

目的 探索医院感染的危险因素，为制定防治对策提供依据。方法 于2000年4月对贵阳市4所综合医院住院患者中的106例医院感染者进行了危险因素病例对照研究。结果 抗生素应用二联以上、住院天数≥4周、免疫抑制剂（激素）的使用、细胞毒药物的使用4项因素为院内感染的危险因素。结论 预防和控制NI的关键是预防和控制NI的危险因素。     

长期住院老年患者医院感染临床分析

目的了解长期住院老年患者医院感染状况及其影响因素。方法对我院干部病房１９９１～１９９７年每次持续住院时间在１８０天以上的老年患者１５人１９例次进行了医院感染回顾性临床分析。结果平均住院天数４４２天；医院感染人均５．８次；感染率８４．２％。主要危险因素为住院周期长、基础疾病严重、大量使用抗生素、应用免疫抑制剂及侵袭性操作。医院感染病死率４１．７％。结论因慢性或重症疾病而长期住院老年患者，医院感染发生率高，并成为直接或间接致死原因，应引起重视。     

新生儿重症监护室医院感染监测

目的 探讨新生儿重症监护室(NICU)的医院感染率及危险因素。方法 采用目标性监测的方法对某院2002年1～12月NICU所有住院患儿进行主动(前瞻)监测。结果 共出院新生儿1790人，其中130例发生医院感染，医院感染率为7．26％；感染部位构成比排序为：下呼吸道29．23％，皮肤26．92％，上呼吸道25.38％，胃肠道12．31％，口腔4．62％，其他1．54％。结论 NICU医院感染率高；各种侵袭性操作、败血症、早产儿活力不足、低体重出生、住院时间长、抗感染药物应用不合理等是NICU医院感染的危险因素。     

免疫受损者医院感染调查与危险因素分析

目的了解接受免疫抑制剂治疗患者医院感染的特点与危险因素。方法采用回顾性调查方式,对2003年1月—2004年6月在某院接受免疫抑制剂治疗患者的免疫抑制治疗天数、感染前使用抗菌药物与否等因素与医院感染进行调查分析。结果2 247例患者,发生医院感染的人次和例次率分别为9.08%、11.79%,其中以急性白血病患者医院感染率最高(22.50%),其次为系统性红斑狼疮患者(16.54%);医院感染部位以下呼吸道为主(24.53%),其次为口腔(18.49%),发生的时间主要在接受免疫抑制剂治疗后(占58.11%);医院感染发生之前的住院天数、抗菌药物和免疫抑制剂使用天数≥7d与<7d者比较,及外周血白细胞≤1.0×109/L或≥20.0×109/L时,医院感染率明显增高。结论接受免疫抑制剂治疗者基础疾病不同,医院感染发生率不同;医院感染的发生与患者住院天数、抗菌药物和免疫抑制剂使用天数以及血白细胞的质和量有关,且医院感染部位有其自身特点。     

再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染相关因素分析与预防

目的探讨再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染的危险因素,并提出相应预防措施,降低医院感染发生率。方法选取再生障碍性贫血患者208例,统计患者医院感染的发生部位及临床资料,并采用logistic回归分析进行再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染相关因素分析。结果 208例患者中发生医院感染48例、96例次,感染率23.08%、例次感染率46.15%;其中以上呼吸道感染和肺部感染最为常见,分别占26.04%和18.75%;再生障碍性贫血患者中年龄≥60岁、住院时间≥30d、有侵入性操作、白细胞计数2.0×109/L、合并其他疾病、应用抗菌药物以及应用激素或者免疫抑制剂等感染率明显高于其他感染,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);经logistic回归分析,患者的年龄、住院时间、侵入性操作、白细胞计数、合并其他疾病、应用抗菌药物以及应用激素或者免疫抑制剂是引起再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论再生障碍性贫血患者并发感染的危险因素较多,应通过针对性的预防措施予以积极预防。     

神经外科患者医院感染的危险因素分析与防治措施

目的探讨神经外科患者发生医院感染的相关因素及防治措施,为预防神经外科患者医院感染提供参考依据。方法选择2012年3月-2014年3月神经外科收治的1 094例住院患者,回顾性分析发生医院感染患者的临床资料,探讨其发生医院感染相关因素,所有数据采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 1 094例患者发生医院感染78例,感染率7.13%;发生医院感染部位依次为呼吸道、泌尿道、胃肠道及创口等,分别占48.72%、26.92%、15.38%及2.56%;神经外科患者发生医院感染危险因素为高龄、住院时间长、合并基础疾病、有吸烟与饮酒史、存在意识障碍、长期应用抗菌药物及进行侵入性操作。结论神经外科患者发生感染有多种危险因素,应制定相应的预防措施,以降低神经外科患者发生医院感染的概率。     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.     

Psychopathological features of a patient population of targets of workplace bullying

BACKGROUND: A strong association between workplace bullying and subsequent anxiety and depression, indicated by empirical research, suggests that bullying is an aetiological factor for mental health problems. AIMS: To evaluate levels of stress and anxiety-depression disorder developed by targets of workplace bullying together with outcome at 12 months and to characterize this population in terms of psychopathology and sociodemographic features. METHODS: Forty-eight patients (36 women and 12 men) meeting Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror criteria for bullying were included in a prospective study. Evaluations were performed at first consultation and at 12 months using a standard clinical interview, a visual analogue scale of stress, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) scale, the Beech scale of stress in the workplace and a projective test (Picture-Frustration Study). RESULTS: At first consultation, 81% of patients showed high levels of perceived stress at work and 83 and 52% presented with anxiety or depression, respectively. At 12 months, only 19% of working patients expressed a feeling of stress at work. There was a significant change in symptoms of anxiety while there was no change in symptoms of depression. Stress at work and depression influenced significatively capacity to go back to work. At 12-month assessments, workers showed a significantly better score on the HAD scale than non-workers. Over half the targets presented a neuroticism-related predominant personality trait. CONCLUSION: Workplace bullying can have severe mental health repercussions, triggering serious and persistent underlying disorders.     

The rise and fall in incidence of malignant mesothelioma from a British Naval Dockyard, 1979-1999

BACKGROUND: The incidence of malignant mesothelioma in Britain is predicted to rise over the next 15-25 years because of past failure to protect the workforce against inhalation of asbestos. In British Naval dockyards, alternative insulation materials and respiratory protection were introduced from the mid-1960s. Aims This study was carried out to investigate the effects of these control measures on mesothelioma deaths in dockyard workers. METHODS: Cases of mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum between 1979 and 1999 in workers from the Devonport Naval Dockyard, south-west England, were sought from coroners' and medico-legal records. RESULTS: Three hundred and one cases were identified, 7% peritoneal. The peak incidence occurred in 1991 with 25 cases per annum (quadratic model fit R(2) = 74.2%, P < 0.001) and we predict that by 2003 the incidence will fall to fewer than five cases per annum. The mean time between first exposure and presentation was 48.5 years [95% confidence interval (CI) = 47.3-49.8], but this was significantly shorter in the more heavily exposed trades, when compared with the less heavily exposed (42 years, 95% CI = 39.0-45.0, versus 49.5 years, 95% CI = 48.2-50.9). Those with higher exposure were also at significantly greater risk of peritoneal disease (P < 0.023, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSION: The reduction in incidence of mesothelioma is greater than can be accounted for by reduction in numbers of dockyard workers over the last 50 years. Changes in insulation materials and improved industrial hygiene measures introduced into the Devonport Dockyard from the mid-1960s have resulted in an earlier decline in the incidence of malignant mesothelioma than that predicted for the British workforce as a whole.     

Organophosphate toxicity and occupational exposure

The ubiquitous organophosphates present a continuing health hazard in agriculture, public health eradication programmes and as chemical warfare agents. Despite significant progress in understanding the potential mechanisms of toxicity far beyond the commonly accepted mechanism of cholinesterase inhibition in intentional exposures, the precise health effects following occupational exposures are yet to be completely defined. A much greater understanding exists of the clinical features of organophosphate poisoning. These are characterized by a triphasic response involving an initial acute cholinergic phase, an intermediate syndrome (both associated with high mortality) and a disabling but non-lethal delayed polyneuropathy. The delayed polyneuropathy may occur in the absence of the cholinergic or intermediate phases. However, progress is still required in order to improve the quantification and assessment of occupational exposures and the implementation of appropriate preventive measures. Finally, evidence-based guidelines for appropriate or optimal therapeutic interventions following poisoning are required urgently and collaborative work with colleagues in developing countries, where the occurrence of organophosphate exposures is more frequent, may provide the answers.     

Miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners

This report documents a case series of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in miners at a deep underground metalliferous mine in tropical arid Australia. During the summer months of February and March 1999, all cases of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs in underground miners seen at the mine's medical centre were clinically examined and administered a questionnaire. Twenty-five patients were seen, an incidence of 56.4 cases per million man-hours. Miliaria rubra was most often located between the ankle and knee (88% of cases). Twenty-four percent had concurrent folliculitis and 20% had concurrent tinea. Thirty-two percent had a personal history of asthma. Walking through ground-water and splashing of the legs was common. Three to 4 weeks of sedentary duties in air conditioning was generally required to achieve resolution of miliaria rubra. The incidence of miliaria rubra of the lower limbs is 38% of the incidence of heat exhaustion at the same mine. The length of disablement is greater, however. Atopics may be at increased risk of miliaria rubra. Control measures are discussed.     

Planning research

The starting point for any research project should be a question.Once this has been defined and the relevant scientific literaturereviewed, a protocol should be drawn up. This will be used notonly as a guide to the conduct of the study and in the preparationof the final report, but also in seeking any financial supportand approvals that are required for the investigation. A protocolis normally arranged in sections covering the background tothe study, the question(s) that it will address, the methodsthat will be used for the collection and analysis of data, thestatistical power of the investigation (where relevant), anyethical considerations, and the financial input that will beneeded. A pilot study is often helpful where aspects of thestudy method are untried or of uncertainvalidity.     

Stress in the Norwegian police service

BACKGROUND: High levels of stress have been attributed to the conditions of police work, but there is little empirical evidence for this. AIMS: To develop a new instrument to measure job stress in the police; to assess the most severe and frequent police stressors; to compare levels of stress according to the demographic and organizational factors; and to study stress in relation to personality traits, work locus of control and coping strategies. METHODS: A comprehensive nationwide questionnaire survey of 3272 Norwegian police at all hierarchical levels, including the Norwegian Police Stress Survey (NPSS), the Job Stress Survey, the Basic Character Inventory, the Work Locus of Control Scale, and the Coping Strategies Scale. RESULTS: Work injuries were appraised as the most stressful but least frequent stressor and job pressure was reported the least severe but most frequent stressor. Females experienced job stressors less frequently, but appraised them as more severe than men did. Older police officers reported more job pressure severity and fewer work injuries. The police in districts where peer support was planned but not implemented, and who worked in districts with more than 50,000 inhabitants, perceived the lack of support more severely than others. The correlations between stress and personality traits, work locus of control, and coping were moderate. CONCLUSIONS: The NPSS captures police-specific stressors that are not adequately measured by global stress instruments. The study of stress in police work should preferably involve a nationwide use of police-specific stress instruments.